CDN Brokering. Content Distribution Internetworking
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1 CDN Brokering Alex Biliris, Chuck Cranor, Fred Douglis, Michael Rabinovich, Sandeep Sibal, Oliver Spatscheck, and Walter Sturm AT&T Labs--Research March 12, 2001 Content Distribution Internetworking Definition: Interoperation between CDNs Benefits Cost Deploying caches in all POPs of all ISPs is expensive Capacity Additional protection from bursts or expected high-volume events Network connectivity Bypass congested peering links Expanded footprint Challenges Added management complexity Requires some level of interoperability of CDNs CDI IETF working group is being formed 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 2 1
2 Possible Mechanisms Most mechanisms apply to both intra-cdn and inter-cdn redirection Generally classified into Application level and DNS level Layer 5-7 based systems HTTP redirect URL rewriting Interception proxies DNS-based systems Anycast DNS extension Pure DNS redirection 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 3 Intelligent-DNS (IDNS) Brokers between multiple CDNs using DNS-based redirection Uses live load feedback and static proximity for load balancing Longer time scale than CDNs (5min feedback loop) CDNs can recover individual faults and performance bottlenecks Consists of three components DNS engine Brokering policy module Measurement, provisioning and configuration agents 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 4 2
3 IDNS Architecture DNS Engine SNMP DNS Machine Agent Interface Control Component SNMP DNS/Control Interface Config Agent Mgmt. Agent Control Machine Load Agent Config Server Mgmt Server various CDNs 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 5 Issues/Mechanisms Capacity reservation Currently manual off-line reservation process IDNS has to be aware of capacity reservations on CDNs Load Feedback Simple HTTP-based protocol providing Total available capacity Load generated by brokered sites Selection Do not overload CDNs Optimize proximity Reduce cost React to failures Redirection DNS-based Accounting Off-line by aggregating CDN-provided accounting information 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 6 3
4 Redirection 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 7 Performance DNS request rate How fast can we resolve DNS requests using our tables Redirection overhead How much time does the additional DNS round-trip add Overall performance Simple case study in which CDN brokering increases performance 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 8 4
5 DNS Request Rate In the experiment we configured randomly: 1-10 CDNs customers regions The control component generated table updates based on agent input : Never Every second As fast as possible Multiple client site DNS servers generated DNS requests as fast as possible 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 9 DNS request rate Requests per second 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 10 5
6 Redirection overhead Methodology Use client site DNS servers as relay Determine latency from measurement machine to relay Ask relay for recursive resolution of DNS name in question and measure the latency Setups tested Regular Web Site Average of 4 Web sites accelerated by 4 different CDNs Site brokered between 4 CDNs Experiments Cold client site DNS server (3 days experiment interval) Lukewarm client site DNS server (70 min. experiment interval) 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 11 Redirection overhead - Results General DNS delay 260ms cold 218ms lukewarm DNS delay added by CDN 582ms cold 538 ms lukewarm DNS delay added by CDI 150ms cold 87ms lukewarm 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 12 6
7 Geographic Distribution 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 13 Overall performance Depends on CDN setup Completely overlapping CDNs No performance gain CDNs from example before (partly overlapping) Throughput increases from 50KByte/sec and 52KByte/sec average for each CDN individually to 82KByte/sec Pays for overhead within a few Kbytes Even better performance gains expected if ISPs enter the CDI business 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 14 7
8 Related Work CDN brokering Content Bridge Content Alliance IETF CDI BOF (working group) DNS-based redirection Many vendors and CDNs Content Alliance (Cisco) Inter-CDN cooperation IETF Content Distribution Internetworking (CDI) WG Used within CDNs, not across them until now DNS performance Cache validation & prefetching (Cohen and Kaplan) Proximity (Shaikh and Tewari) Content Bridge (Inktomi) CDN-to-ISP cooperation 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 15 Conclusions IDNS provides a first step in making CDI real Successful brokering of live site among 4 CDNs Long way to go until CDI is as widespread as L3 peering Substantial industry-wide interest in CDI 3/11/2001 CDN Brokering 16 8
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