How semantic relations in word explanations are used in Finnish and Estonian monolingual dictionaries 1. Introduction 2.
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1 Version How semantic relations in word explanations are used in Finnish and Estonian monolingual dictionaries Kristel Uiboaed 1. Introduction In my B.A thesis (Uiboaed 2005) I observed, how is possible generate word explanations automatically based on the information in thesaurus Estonian WordNet. I tried to scrutinise, how is possible using semantic relations generate word explanations. I came to conclusion that WordNet is very good basis when it comes to generating word explanations automatically. As I came to conclusion that semantic relations are very good material for word explanations, in this paper I am going to observe, how monolingual dictionaries use semantic relations in their explanations. Although in BA thesis were more concentrated on the automate generating, the material in thesaurus could be also very useful for dictionaries. I am going to compare Finnish and Estonian monolingual dictionaries. More I am going to concentrate on relations that are in WordNet, so I would like to see, which relations are used and which could be used more in monolingual dictionaries to explain different concepts. So using these relations, dictionaries could be done so, that they would be easier to use in natural language processing, so once compiled the language material would be easier reusable. I have chosen 15 most frequent nouns, verbs and adjectives in Estonian (Kaalep 2002) and their counterparts in Finnish. As I chose the words considering their frequency in language that also means that these words have many meanings. I concentrated on the most common meanings of these words. 2. Definitions Already since Aristoteles has been studied what is the meaning of the word and how to explain it. Nowadays can not be anything easier than take the monolingual dictionary and look up the meaning of the word you do not know. Headwords in the dictionaries have been followed by explanations. Explanations should open the content of the headword this is the semantic information of the headword. For instance Dictionary of Contemporary English uses special definition vocabulary and these words are 1
2 not the most frequent in language, but they are most frequent words in word explanations. (Langemets 2000). The explanation of the meaning describes the meaning of one word using other words usually explanation is some text, that is not always systematic and perfect. The general idea of the explaining is that unknown thing is explained by the means of that is known and more common. Headword and the explanation of the headword have the same meaning they can be mutually replaced. (Langemets 2002) 2.1 Problems of explanations Explanations in monolingual dictionaries have been criticized a lot. Here are some problems given (these examples come from M. Langemets 2002, whose assertions base on H. Béjoint 1994): theoretical justifications missing; no folksy explanations considered; things in the world and linguistic signs are mixed up; unconsistent terminology in one dictionary; there are no connotative meanings denoted; explanations are too vague for coding; etc One of the most criticized thing is circulation in explanations, however this can not be always avoided. 2.2 Some principles of creating explanations Here are given some principles that are used when creating explanations for headwords in dictionaries (based on K. Pükke 2005, who bases on Sydney I. Landau). Circulation has to be avoided. When circulation is used in explanation than there is no point of it. There are two types of circularity: 1) A is explained using B and B is explained using A and 2) A is explained using A. Words that are used in explanations should be clear and commonly used. This mistake is common in speciality dictionaries. The word explained should be clearly defined. 2
3 Word should be possible to replace with the explanation, however this is not always possible to use this principle. Simplicity using sophisticated words in the explanations of simple word should be avoided also more frequent words in language should be used. Polysemy in explanations should be avoided. 2.3 Some types of definitions Paraphrase explaining word with other words. Could be considered as synonymy, but instead of using one word more words are used. could also be used when explaining the word. could be also useful when explaining the word, sometimes there is only antonym given in the explanations, so this should clarify the meaning. Sometimes derivation of word is given to explain the meaning. Rule headword is followed by rule, how the word is used in language. (Langemets 2000) 3. How semantic relations in word explanations are used in Finnish and Estonian monolingual dictionaries The following part of the work scrutinizes how Estonian and Finnish monolingual dictionaries use semantic relations in their explanations. There are used two dictionaries: Eesti kirjakeele seletussõnaraamat - Explanatory Dictionary of Estonian (EKSS) and Nykysuomen sanakirja Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish (NSS). There is used fifteen most frequent nouns, verbs and adjectives in Estonian and their counterparts in Finnish. As these words are very frequent in language they also have a lot of meanings. There is not considered all the meanings of these words, there has been tried to concentrate on one or two most common meanings of a word. There is not important to describe the whole explanations including grammatical information, only is concentrated on semantic relations. Semantic relations in EuroWordNet (EWN) and Estonian WordNet (EstWN) have been mainly considered. There is tried to observe do dictionaries use the possibilities to make the concept clear. The information in thesaurus can help to avoid problems mentioned before in 2.1, especially polysemy, because 3
4 in lexical-semantic database distinguishes in detail all the meanings of the words. Often this is not so clear in dictionaries. 3.1 Nouns Aasta a year EKSS 1 s. 1. ajavahemik, mille vältel Maa teeb tiiru ümber Päikese; kalendriaasta (365, lisapäeva-aastal 366 ööpäeva), lähtepunktiks 1. jaanuar kuu pikkune ajavahemik, lähtepunktiks ükskõik missugune moment. NSS 1. aikamittana : aika, jonka kuluessa maa kiertää kerran auringon ympäri. 2. enemmän tai vähemmän selvärajaiseksi jaksoksi ajateltuna. EKSS uses again hyperonymy and synonymy and also part meronymy. NSS uses only hypernymy. Aeg - time EKSS 1. lõputu, piiramatu kestus, lõputult voolavad tunnid, päevad, aastad jne. 2. (umbmääraselt v. lähemalt, konkreetselt) piiratud kestus, vältus, ajalõik, -vahemik, -järk. 3. kasutada olev, millekski ettenähtud, kuluv jne. ajalõik. NSS 1. tasajatkuiseksi, rajattomaksi käsitettynä. 2. rajallinen t. määräpituinen erä t. jakso aikaa. Both dictionaries use hypernymy. Inimene human being EKSS 1. mõtlemis- ning kõnevõimeline ühiskondlik olend, kes valmistab tööriistu ja kasutab neid keskkonna mõjustamiseks ja muutumiseks NSS.. 1. ihmisistä ylipäänsä, tarkemmin erittelemättä t. rajoittamatta: ihminen elävänä olentona, luomakunnan jäsenenä, kaikkine ruumiillisine ja henkisine ominaisuuksineen. Both of dictionaries use hyperonymy, no other semantic relations are not used. Käsi a hand / a arm EKSS inimese v. ahvi ülajäse randmest sõrmeotsteni; ülajäse tervikuna õlast kuni sõrmeotsteni NSS ihmisen yläraajan uloin osa ranteesta sormien päihin, käsiterä; vrt. kämmen, koura, pivo, nyrkki, rusikka, käpälä, tassu, räpylä. 4
5 In both explanations hyperonymy is used. NSS also uses hyponymy relations, because nyrkki, käpälä etc are parts of hand. In explanations there no more relations used for example holonymy and meronymy (finger) could be also used very successfully when explaining this concept. Kroon - crown EKSS 3. mitme Euroopa riiigi suurem rahaühik NSS 4. a. eräiden maiden rahayksikkö. Again hyperonymy is used, but no other relations. In examples also near synonymy is used (Swedish crown, Estonian crown etc). Laps - child EKSS 1. inimene sündimisest sugulise küpsemise alguseni. 2. kellegi järglane, poeg v. tütar (oma vanemate suhtes). NSS I poika tai tyttö so. Henkilö, joka ei vielä ole saavuttanut sukupuolikypsyyttä; vrt II poika t. tytär; (successor, human being) and hyponymy (son, daughter) is used. In NSS also lots of synonyms were used. Mees a man EKSS 1. meessoost inimene, meesisik, meesterahvas (mõnikord naisele v pois(kese)le vastandatuna); hrl ant. Naine. NSS s. I 1. a. )(nainen. EKSS uses again hyperonymy and synonymy and this time also antonymy is used. NSS uses only antonymy (woman). In both dictionaries a lot of examples have been given. EstWN uses has_instance relations or hyponymy also in addition to already mentioned, but they are represented in examples. Naine a woman EKSS 1. (hrl täiskasvanud) naissoost inimene, naisisik, naisterahvas. 2. abielunaine NSS s. 1. a.)( mies; vrt. vaimo. EKSS uses again hyperonymy and synonymy relations whereas NSS uses only antonymy. In both languages this concept has two quite common meanings: a female person and a wife. 5
6 When explaining the second meaning for instance role_patient relations could helpful when understanding the meaning. EKSS do not even use the antonymy, which in this case is in dictionaries quite common. Päev a day EKSS 1. päikesetõusu ja loojaku vaheline (valge) ajavahemik, ülaloleku aeg (varahommikust hilisõhtuni). 2. kalendripäev, ööpäev (umbmääraselt v. konkreetselt). NSS 1. aika auringon noususta sen laskuun; vuorokauden valoisa osa; )( yö 2 vuorokausi, aika keskiyöstä keskiyöhön; EKSS uses hyperonymy relations, NSS in addition to this also antonymy. On this case also hyponymy and for instance part homonymy could be used. Sõna a word EKSS keele väikseim iseseisev tähenduslik koostisosa (kirjutatuna esitatakse ühe tähe kogumina); selle kõnes v. tekstis esinev vorm, sõne. NSS s. I. kielen(puheen t. kirjoituksen) pienin merkityksekäs (itsenäinen), kirjoituksessa omaksi erilliseksi kokonaisuudekseen yhteen kirjoitettu osa; toisaalta tällaisesta osasta siinä muodossa, missä se kulloisessakin yhteydessä puheessa t. kirjoituksessa esintyy (= sananmuoto t. sane), toisaalta (leksikaalista merk. sisällystä ajatellen) kaikista niistä muodoista, joissa tällainen kielen osa voi esiintyä, t. (ja) (vars. kiel.= kaikista niistä äänneasuista, joissa se saattaa eri aikoina ja eri alueiden puheessa (esim. murteissa) esiintyä. Again hyperonymy is used and collection of letters could be considered as part meronymy. But word also consist of syllables, affixes etc. 3.2 Verbs Jääma to stay EKSS 1. olema, püsima a.(kuskil, mingis paigas) b.(mingis suunas). c.(kellenagi v. millenagi, mingis seisundis, asendis, olukorras v. tegevuses). 2. säilima; alles, üle v. järel olema. 3. muutuma, saama NSS v. perusmerk.: jatkuvasti olla jssak t. jnklaisena (kun jk toinen lähtee t. muuttuu), olla lähtemättä, muuttumatta; 6
7 1. a. jäädä jhk, jklle, jstak, pysyä jssak, joutua olemaan jssak. b. jäädä jkn tehtäväksi, huoleksi, ansioksi tms. 2. a. jäädä jälkeen kilpailussa, paremmuudessa: hävitä olla huonompi. 3. a. jäädä tähteeksi, jäljelle; säästyä, säilyä. 4. a. jäädä olemaan, jhk asemaan, tilaan, vaiheeseen, jnklaiseksi. 5. a. työn, harrastuksen, yrityksen, tavan tms. hylkäämisestä, lopettamisesta, lykkäämisestä. Both dictionaries use hyperonymy, NSS also involve-relationships. When explaining this concept also causation relations could be used. Minema - go EKSS 1. (eesmärgile osutamata:) (eemaldudes edasi liikuma) 2. eesmärgipäraselt (eemale) liikuma, kuhugi v. midagi tegema suunduma 3. lahkuma, kuhugi mujale siirduma NSS I )( tulla. 1. jota luonnehtivat mm v:t lähteä, siirtyä, ajaa, liukua, valua, pudota. EKSS uses hyperonymy and synonymy, NSS uses antonymy and synonymy. Olema to be EKSS 1. väljendab subjekti (olendi, eseme, sündmuse, nähtuse, seisundi, olukorra vm.) üldist, antud hetkel v. minevikus esisteerimise fakti: eksisteerima, olemas olema NSS A. ilmaisemassa eksistenssiä, olemassaoloa. I. ylipäänsä olemisesta. 1. olioista (harv. asioista), jotka ovat todella oelvia, todellisia, eivät siis vain ajateltuja; EKSS uses synonyms, NSS uses no semantic relations. Pidama have to EKSS 1. kohustatud v sunnitud olema midagi tegema NSS I. vrt. pitää a. ilmaisemassa, että (jkn ta jnk) on pakko, velvollisuus, välttämätöntä tehdä jtak. Neither of dictionaries use no other semantic relations except EKSS uses phrasal verbs as synonyms to explain the concept. Saama - get 7
8 EKSS 1. väljendab objekti siirdumist kellegi omadusse, valdusse v. kasutusse, lähtudes selle vaatepunktist, kellele see antakse, võimaldatakse, pakutakse, müüakse jne.; ant. Andma NSS I tapahtumasta, jossa jk, jtak siirtyy, joutuu jkn t. jnk omistukseen, haltuun, yhteyteen, käyttöön, tulee jkn t. jnk osaksi tms., ajateltuna sen kannalta, jonka haltuun, osaksi jne. jtak tulee. This time EKSS uses antonymy, but neither of explanations do not consist of any other semantic relations. Teadma to know EKSS 1. informatsiooni omama, millestki teadlik olema, milleski selgusel, kindle olema; endale aru andma. 2. (ära)tundma, tuttav olema. 3. oskama; taipama, märkama, millegi peale tulema. NSS EKSS uses synonyms to explain the concept, but NSS uses no explanations only examples and grammtaical informations are given. Here could be used for instance causation or involved relationships. Tegema do/make EKSS 1. midagi valmistama, tekitama, looma. NSS A. tilan tai muodon muutoksen aiheuttavasta toimnnasta. I. v:n määräyksenä oleva obj. ilmaisee, mikä tai mitä (ennestään olematonta) valmistetaan, tuotetaan, saadaan aikaan. 1. obj:na jk konkr. esine tms: valmistaa, laittaa. Both explanations use synonyms. Tulema to come EKSS 1. (eesmärgile osutamata:) lähenedes liikuma NSS I. saapumisesta jhk (tav. tulo- tai erosijassa olevan adverbiaalin yhteydessä); )( mennä EKSS uses hyperonymy, but NSS hyponymy and antonymy. Ütlema to say NSS obj:na (t. obj:ksi ajateltavissa) äännös: lausua sana, sanoja (äänne, äänteitä), lause, lauseita; lausua, lausahtaa, virkkaa, ääntää. 8
9 Syntactic information and synonyms are used to explain the concept. Võima can NSS I tapahtumasta, jossa jk, jtak siirtyy, joutuu jkn t. jnk omistukseen, haltuun, yhteyteen, käyttöön, tulee jkn t. jnk osaksi tms., ajateltuna sen kannalta, jonka haltuun, osaksi jne. jtak tulee. NSS uses no semantic relations. 3.3 Adjectives Hea - good EKSS ant halb, paha. 1. adj. oma laadi, omaduste, kvaliteedi poolest hinnatav, väärtuslik, nõuetele vastav. A. (inimeste kohta:) osav, vilunud, võimekas, tubli. b. (omaduste, võimete, oskuste, samuti füüsilise v. psüühilise seisundi seisukohta). NSS )( paha, huono I. 1. siveellisesti arvokas, synnitön, viaton, puhdas, jalo, täydellinen tms. 2. hyväsydäminen, armelias, lempeä, ystävällinen, suopea tms. Both dictionaries use antonymy and a lot of synonyms to explain the concept. There are a lot of examples given under this concept in both dictionaries. Noor - young EKSS.. 1. adj. Suhteliselt alles lühikese eaga eksisteerinud. a.(inimese kohta:) suhteliselt lühikese eaga elanud, mitte veel elatanud; alles lühikest aega teat. Alal tegutsenud, teat. Seisundis olnud.b. (looma kohta). c.(taimede jms. Kohta) d.(alkohoolse joogi kohta:) värske, laagerdamata. NSS a. jolla on (suhteellisen) vähän ikää, vasta vähän aikaa elänyt, olemassa, käytössä [tms.] ollut, äskettäin syntynyt, tapahtunut. Käyttöön, tunnetuksi tms. tullut; )( vanha, iäkäs. EKSS does not use any semantic relations, NSS uses antonymy. Neither of dictionaries do not use for instance state_of relations or other synonyms to explain the concept. Pikk long/tall 9
10 EKSS ant. Hrl. Lühike(ne). 1. ruumiliselt (suhteliselt) suure pikkusega v. ulatusega. 2. ajaliselt (suhteliselt) kaua kestev v. kestnud. NSS )( lyhyt. 1. paikallisesta uottuvuudesta: suurimmalta ulottuvuudeltaan, pituudeltaan, (suhteellisen) suuri. A. oloista, esineistä 2. ajasta ja eril. tapahtumista, olotiloista: kauan kestävä t. jatkuva, hitaasti kuluva tapahtuva t. suoritettava In both languages long is used for items and living things and for time. Both dictionaries use antonymy and also state_of relation is used. And also synonymy is used. Suur - big EKSS 1. (mõtmeilt, pinnalt, mahult keskmist ületav:) pikk (ja lai), kõrge, kogukas; ulatuslik, ruumikas, mahukas. 2. arvuliselt, hulgalt v. protsentuaalselt keskmist ületav, ulatuslik, rohke. NSS.. suuri; )( pieni, vähä is used and NSS uses also antonymy. Uus - new EKSS 1. hiljaaegu valminud, loodud v. omandatud; ant. Vana (2. täh). NSS )( vanha. 1. esineistä t. asioista: joka on äskettäin tehty, syntynyt, ilmestynyt (tms.), jota ei ole ollut kauan olemassa, jota ei olen ennen ollut. Both dictionaries use antonymy. Väike - small EKSS NSS vrt. pienoinen, pikka(ra)inen, pikku, pikku(ru)inen, piskuinen, vähäinen. Painollisena:)( suuri; NSS uses antonymy and synonyms to explain the concept. Vana - old EKSS 1. kaua elanud, pika eaga; ant. Noor. 2. selline, mis on ammu tekkinud v. olemas, kaua kestnud, varase(ma)st ajast pärit; hrl. Ant. Uus. NSS I jolla on paljon ikää, kauan elänyt t. olemassa ollut, kauan sitten syntynyt t. tehty, iäkäs; )( nuori. Again antonymy is used on both cases. 10
11 Vene - Russian EKSS venelastele v. Venemaale omane; venelaste loodud, venelastelt pärinev, venepärane. NSS 1. Venäjään kuuluva, Venäjältä kotoisin oleva, Venäjällä vallitseva, venäjänkielinen Neither of explanations do not use any semantic relations. Viimane - last EKSS 1. lõpus, tagaotsas olev, järjestust, loendit v. rida lõpetav. NSS I. ehdottomasti viimeisestä: kaikkien muiden, kaiken muun perässä, jäljessä oleva, jonka jälkeen ei enää ole mitään muuta samanlaista, viime (II); vrt. ensimmäinen. EKSS uses no semantic relations, but ensimmäinen (first) used in NSS could be also considered as antonym. Võimalik EKSS NSS )( mahdoton; 1. sellainen, joka (yleensä t. määräehdoin) voi toteutua, tapahtua, käydä päinsä, joka voidaan tehdä, toteuttaa, saada aikaan, suorittaa. Again antonymy used. 11
12 3.4 Results The following chart shows how all semantic relations in Estonian and Finnish dictionaries were used. 32% Sematic relations in dictionary explanations Involved 2% State_of 3% 3% 7% Part meronymy 2% 17% 34% Part meronymy State_of Involved As chart shows the most frequent relations are hyperonymy, antonymy and synonymy. Other relations come up much fewer times. Their frequency is much smaller than three most frequent relations, but more or less same compared to all the rest of relations. 12
13 Next two charts show how both dictionaries use separately semantic relations. Part meronymy State_of Semantic relations in Estonain dictionary 19% 3% 6% Part meronymy 3% State_of 3% 25% 41% Semantic relations in Finnish dictionary Involved State_of 40% State_of 3% Involved 3% 24% 9% 21% 13
14 Semantic relations used in verb explanations 18% 6% Involved 6% 24% Involved 46% Semantic relations used in noun explanations 10% 14% 10% Part meronymy 3% 3% 60% Part meronymy 14
15 Semantic relations used in adjective explanations State_of 10% 25% State_of 65% 15
16 Table 1 Noun Verb Adjective Aasta vuosi year Olema olla be Suur iso big Mees mies man Saama saada - get Uus uusi new Aeg aika time Tulema tulla come Viimane viimeinen last Inimene ihminen human Pidama pitää have to Hea hyvä good being Sõna sana word Ütlema sanoa say Vana vanha old Naine nainen woman Tegema tehdä do Väike pieni small Käsi käsi hand Minema mennä go Vene venäjä Russian Päev päivä day Võima saada can Võimalik mahdollinen possible Kroon kruunu crown Jääma jäädä stay Noor nuori young Laps lapsi child Teadma tiedä know Pikk pitkä long 16
17 Table 2 Annotations of semantic relations in Estonian WordNet antonym be_in_state belongs_to_class causes fuzzynym has_holo_location has_holo_madeof has_holo_member has_holo_part has_holo_portion has_holonym has_hyperonym has_hyponym has_instance has_mero_location has_mero_madeof has_mero_member has_mero_part has_mero_portion has_meronym has_subevent has_xpos_hyperonym has_xpos_hyponym involved involved_agent involved_instrument involved_location involved_patient involved_target_direction is_caused_by is_subevent_of near_antonym 17
18 Annotations of semantic relations in Estonian WordNet near_synonym role role_agent role_instrument role_location role_patient role_target_direction state_of xpos_fuzzynym xpos_near_antonym xpos_near_synonym ( 18
19 References Béjoint, Henri Modern Lexicography: An introduction: Oxford UP. EKSS = Eesti kirjakeele seletussõnaraamat, I VI Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut. EuroWordNet; Kaalep, H-J., Muischnek K. Eesti kirjakeele sagedussõnastik. TÜ kirjastus, Tartu. Langemets, Margit Sõnaraamat keeleteaduses: generatiivse leksikoni teooria. Arvutuslingvistikalt inimesele. Tartu Ülikooli üldkeeleteaduse õppetooli toimetised 1. Tartu: Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus, lk Langemets, Margit Sõnaraamatu arvutilingvistiline analüüs: väitekiri magistrikraadi taotlemiseks. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut. NSS = Nykysuomen Sanakirja, I-VI Finland Juva: WSOY. Pükke, Katrin Liikumise ja paiknemisega seotud verbide semantika arvutirakenduste jaoks. BA thesis, Department of General Linguistics, University of Tartu, Tartu. ( TEKsaurus; TEKsaurus; Uiboaed, Kristel Sõnaseletuste genereerimine tesauruse info põhjal. BA thesis, Department of General Linguistics, University of Tartu, Tartu. ( Viberg, Åke What one verb can do: The Swedish verb göra in a crosslinguistic perspective. In: A Man of Measure: Festschrift in Honour of Fred Karlsson on his 60th Birthday. Editors: Mickael Suominen, Antti Arppe. Anu Airola, Orvokki Heinämäki, Matti Miestamo, Urho Määttä, Jussi Niemi, Kari K. Pitkänen & Kaius Sinnemäki. Turku: The Linguistic Association of Finland, 2006 Special Supplement to SKY Journal of Linguistics (ISSN ), Volume 19. Pp WordNet; 19
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