Pre- assessment. Los Lagos Region Southern Octopus fishery (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) for MSC standard version 2.0

Transcription

1 Pre- assessment Los Lagos Region Southern Octopus fishery (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) for MSC standard version 2.0 Client: SOUTHERN OCTOPUS MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE Certification unit: Los Lagos Region, Chile Date: November 2018 Consulting team: Dr. Luis Miguel Pardo M Sc. Andres Olguin 1

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS... 2 GLOSSARY INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PRE-ASSESSMENT Pre-Assessment Objectives Scope of the Pre-Assessment Certification / Assessment Unit Compatibility of the Target Fishery with the MSC Program STATE OF ART BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND... 9 Morphology... 9 Geographical Distribution... 9 General Anatomy Reproduction Fertility Parental Care Larval Development Age and Growth Natural Mortality Ecology Aquaculture FISHING ACTIVITY Fishery Development Fishing gear Small-scale Fishing Fleet Fishing Areas CPUE per Port Historical Body Weight Average Recorded by Port ADMINISTRATION MEASURES Areas of Benthic Resource Exploitation and Management (AMERB) Management Committee Management Plan MSC VERSION 2.0 FISHERIES STANDARD Principle 1: Sustainable target stock Outcome Stock Status Recovery Plan Harvest strategy Harvest Control Rules and Tools Information and Monitoring Assessment of Stock Status Principle 2: Ecosystem Primary Species Outcome Management Strategy Information Secondary Species Outcome Management strategy Information Endangered, Threatened or Protected Species (ETP)

3 Outcome Management Strategy Information Habitat Outcome Management Strategy Information Ecosystem Outcome Management Strategy Information Principle 3: Effective Management Fishery Policy and Governance Legal and/or Customary Framework Consultations, Roles and Responsibilities Long term Objectives Fishery Specific Management System Specific Fishery Objectives Decision-Making Process Compliance and Enforcement Monitoring and Management Performance Evaluation CONCLUSION Main Fishery Strengths for MSC Certification Main Fishery Weaknesses for MSC Certification Recommendations for Overcoming Detected Weaknesses Current Research Score Summary Table REFERENCES ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX

4 GLOSSARY AMERB: CA: CPUE: CSA: IFOP: FIPA: FONDECYT: MSY: RBF: SERNAPESCA : SICA : SUBPESCA : UoA: UoC: VME: Areas of Benthic Resource Exploitation and Management Consequence Analysis Catch per Unit Effort Consequence Spatial Analsys Institute for Fisheries Development Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Fund National Fund for Scientific and Technological Maximum Sustainable Yield Risk-Based Framework National Service of Fisheries Scale Intensity Consequence Analysis Gubernamental Subsecretary of Fisheries Affairs Unit of Assessment Unit of Certification Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem 4

5 1. INTRODUCTION Cephalopod fisheries have experienced exceptional growth worldwide and in Latin America during the last quarter of the century, increasing from 0.5% to 7% of total Latin American fishing catches since 1990 (Markaida and Gilly, 2016). The catches of these fisheries now account for one third of the global cephalopod catch, with Latin American countries accounting for approximately two thirds of this total and East Asian countries accounting for the remainder (Markaida and Gilly, 2016). In Chile, the cephalopod fishery industry is mainly dominated by four species: the squid (Loligo gahi), cuttlefish (Dosidicus gigas) and two species of octopus Octopus mimus and Enteroctopus megalocyathus. For the two octopus species, several studies on have established a clear pattern of geographical distribution for each. In the case of E. megalocyathus, its distribution in Chile begins near Puerto Montt and continues to the Strait of Magellan. A clear indication that this is the species that is being taken by the local fleet of fishermen from the regions of Los Lagos, Aysén and Magallanes is the fact that it is often called the "Southern Octopus", though it is known as the red octopus on the Atlantic coast. The ECOS Research Center has requested this pre-assessment for certification under the MSC 2.0 standard in order to evaluate the chances of success of a future comprehensive evaluation of the Southern Octopus fishery in Los Lagos region of Chile. This work responds to the urgent need to sustainably harvest marine resources and follow responsible fishing practices. 2. OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OF THE PRE-ASSESSMENT 2.1- Pre-Assessment Objectives The main objective of this pre-assessment is to obtain a recommendation based on the merits of the Southern Octopus (Enteroctopus megalochyatus) fishery operating in the Los Lagos region, Chile, for the eventual certification of the fishery under the MSC standard, version 2.0. In order to fulfill this objective, the following actions were performed: 5

6 1.- Review of existing information on the biology of the Southern Octopus; 2.- Description of the Southern Octopus fishery; 3.- Identification of the information and / or knowledge gaps that permit certification under the updated MSC standard (2.0); 4.- Recommendation if the fishery should or should not pass the complete certification process under a criterion of fishery strengths and weaknesses according to the MSC standard Scope of the Pre-Assessment This pre-assessment document aims to describe the Southern Octopus (Enteroctopus megalochyatus) fishery for the region of Chile known as the Los Lagos Region to determine the likelihood of success of a full assessment of the fishery in the future, as well as the potential obstacles that the fishery might face in obtaining acceptable scores based on the MSC principles and the necessary actions to be applied to the fishery to increase the probability of its certification under MSC standard Certification / Assessment Unit The certification unit (UoC) refers to the stock of the target species, fishing gear and the fleet operating in the area requested by those seeking certification, in this case, the Los Lagos Region Southern Octopus fishery (E. megalochyathus) captured through semi-autonomous diving. The assessment unit (UoA) is defined by the stock of the target species combined with the fishing gear and the fleet that exploits the resource in the geographical location where the fishing activity takes place. This includes fishermen that are not included in the UoC. In this case, it has been proposed that the UoA include all the regions where octopus capture are registered with local vessels through semi-autonomous diving operations in the regions of Los Lagos, Aysén and Magallanes. It should be noted that the Los Lagos region and the area north of the Aysén region is where almost all of the fishing activity is concentrated. However, given that there is little information on the limits of octopus stocks along the south-austral zone of Chile, octopus fishing should only be performed in already established extractive areas as a precautionary principle. This proposed UoA will, in the future, allow other fishermen that are not included in the current UoC to share the certification previously agreed upon with those who are already certified Compatibility of the Target Fishery with the MSC Program The Southern Octopus fishery is within the scope of the principles and criteria of the MSC standard. Therefore, it is a fishery that can begin the evaluation process for its certification. This implies that it does not intentionally fish superior vertebrates, has not been subject to any international controversy, or use poisons or explosives in its operation. In addition, forced labor is not used in this fishery. 6

7 3. STATE OF ART With the objective of compiling the currently available scientific and technical information on the Southern Octopus (revision, September 2018) that could be potentially usable in a complete evaluation in the future, a systematic search of information was carried out through the use of: 1.- Specialized databases; ASFA Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts Oceanic Abstracts, Google Scholar, OceanDocs and BEIC (Electronic Library of Scientific Information of CONICYT) were consulted. This last database includes SCOPUS, ISI and SCIELO. 2.- Libraries specialized in the Marine Sciences; Fisheries Development Institute (IFOP), Institute of the Sea of Peru (IMARPE, Callao), the National Institute of Fisheries Research and Development (INIDEP, Argentina) and the National Fisheries Institute of Ecuador (INP, Guayaquil) 3.- Virtual libraries of Universities with career programs associated with the Marine Sciences through BEIC (Electronic Library of Scientific Information of CONICYT); Universidad de Austral de Chile, Universidad de Concepción, University of Magallanes, Universidad de Los Lagos, Universidad de Valparaíso, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. The national and international review of references was carried out using the following key words: Cephalopod, Cephalopoda, Enteroctopus and Enteroctopus megalocyathus. The collected references were categorized into thematic areas in order to visualize knowledge gaps about the species (TABLES I and II). 7

8 CROP COMMUNITY FISHERIES POPULATION AUTO ECOLOGY BIOLOGY Table I. Summary of the information registered in the database of websites referring to the Southern Octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus by type of source. Review period: SOURCE Class Genus Species Cephalopod Enteroctopus E. magalocyathus Scientific Journals Books Technical reports General Journals Professional Journals Table II. Information registered in website databases referring to specialized literature on the Southern Octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus, by thematic area. Review period: References in ANNEX I. Research areas Distribution 52, 90, Taxonomy and morphology 7, 87, 96 32, 42, 90, 68, 103 3, 41, 77, 101 Reproduction and development 85 32, , 35, 37-39, 44, 45, 46, 69, 74, 75, 98, 100 Evolution 54, 96 Age and growth 31, 33, 62, 63, 78 4 Physiology and biochemistry 40 38, 97 Behavior 70, 71 70, 71 Trophic relationships 60, 95 2, 30, 34, 42, 49, 51, 55, 56, 57, 59, 63, 71, 91, 93, 94 Relationship with environment 79, 80 Population structure Recruitment Connectivity 28, 36-39, 48, 53, 81, 89 General Background 65, 82, , 68, 90 27, 47 Capture and unloading 5, 6, 7 8 a a 26 Effort and CPUE 5, 6, 7 1, 8 a a 26, 27 Small-scale fishing 5, 6, 7 1, 8 a 17, 32 27, 29, 88 Socio-ecology Ecosystems Species Interaction 60, 95 2, 30, 34, 55, 56, 57, 59, 90, 93, 94, 95, , 89 Parasites - Diseases 50, 92 Aquaculture 43, 61, 63, 71, 78 36, 46, 66, 97, 98, 99, 100 8

9 4. BIOLOGICAL BACKGROUND Morphology Enteroctopus megalocyathus is a mollusk belonging to the Class Cephalopoda, Family Enteroctopodidae (Strugnell et al., 2014) (Figure 1). This species is characterized by a gray or reddish-brown skin color, a thick-walled oval mantle and smooth skin texture. The head is relatively narrow with the neck well marked. The specific identification is mainly based on the characteristics of the third hectocotolized right arm that contains a well-known groove (called a spermatoforal sulcus; Ré, 1980), covered by a fold of the interbrachial membrane that continues up to the beginning of the calamus. The gills are large, with each external hemibranch consisting of 11 to 13 lamellae, including the small terminal. The upper mandible is short, wide and roughly triangular (Garri and Ré 2002). The mandibles and the radula are some of the taxonomic characters that are most often used in the identification of cephalopod species as they are hard, resistant and easily preserved structures (Mangold & Young, 1998; Vega, 2011). Gacitúa and Oyarzún (2001) performed a multivariate analysis of the morphometry of Enteroctopus megalocyathus from three localities in southern Chile (Ancud, Quellón, Melinka) and compared them with Octopus mimus specimens from Iquique. The results indicated a clear separation between octopus species from northern and southern Chile and a high morphological overlapping among the three southern locations in E. megalochyatus. Therefore, the accumulated knowledge about the species exploited in northern Chile is not necessarily applicable to the populations exploited in southern Chile, although these were considered to be the same resource until the 1990s. Figure 1: Red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus. (Photo: Argentine Union of Small-Scale Fishermen). Geographical Distribution The Southern Octopus is distributed along the coast of the Magellan biogeographical province, extending latitudinally from Puerto Montt (42 LS) to the Strait of Magellan (53 LS) in Chile (Ibáñez et al., 2009). In Argentina, the species was described from the San Matías Gulf (41 30 'LS) to the Strait of Magellan and Malvinas Islands (55 LS) (Ré, 1998) (Figure 2), but Brunetti (2010) extended this range into the Atlantic area (34 S and 55 S). For the 9

10 Pacific coasts, Chong et al. (2001) indicated that the limit of distribution in Chile could be extended farther north, at least to the area of Corral, in the Region of Los Rios (40 LS). Figure 2: Latitudinal distribution of Enteroctopus megalocyathus in Chile and Argentina. General Anatomy The body of this species is soft and flexible, properties which allow them to hide in spaces 10 times smaller than their bodies. The typical shell of mollusks is vestigial in this species. The eight arms of the octopus have sticky suckers that allow them to capture their prey. The eyes, the brain and three hearts of the octopus are housed in the head while the rest of the viscera are located in the mantle (Barnes, 1986; Rocha, 2003). They have five salivary glands that flow into the oral cavity and a U-shaped digestive system, with dorsal disposition of the esophagus and stomach and ventral of the caecum and intestine. The color of the organs is creamy-yellowish, except for the digestive gland (dark brown), the digestive glandular appendages (white-creamy) and the ink sac (dark blue to black) (Garri and Ré, 2002). The latter secretes a blackish liquid, known as ink, which they use to cloud the water in order to hide when they feel threatened. The ink is expelled through the siphon. The Southern Octopus has a complex nervous system, with ganglia around the esophagus forming an authentic brain. The brain is divided into two parts, which are called the suprasophageal mass and the subesophageal mass based on their positions with respect to the esophagus. This species has a system of giant muscle fibers that control the powerful and synchronous contractions of the mantle muscles, which allow for the regulation of the pressure output of the pallial cavity, thereby enabling them to rapidly escape. Octopus eyes are organs that are analogous to those of other vertebrates but are of a different evolutionary and embryonic origin. However, the structures are very similar (Barnes, 1986). 10

11 4.5 Reproduction The Southern Octopus has two genders that are separated by sexual dimorphism, though there are reports of rare cases of hermaphroditism (Ortiz and Ré 2006). Males have an arm adapted for reproduction called a hectocotylus, which is used for the transfer of the spermatophore (spermatic packets) to the females during mating after a pre-copulatory ritual (Gutiérrez et al., 2012). Differing accounts of the reproductive cycle of females in E. megalocyathus have been given depending on the study location. For example, Ré (1984), in studying these individuals present in the Golfo Nuevo (Argentina), established 2 annual mating periods, one occurring between September-October and another minor one taking place between May-June. In the case of the tenth region in Chile, females showed mature gonads between July and December in the town of Ancud though gonad maturation occurred between September to March in Quellón and Queilén (Chong et al., 2002, Barahona et al., 2010). Chong et. al. (2001) determined, in the towns of Ancud and Quellón, the body weight achieved at sexual maturity. In females, it was recorded to be 1329 grams (g) and 1424 g in males. However, Barahona et al. (2010) recorded this same weight for males and females in Ancud and recorded it to be around 1,500 g and 1,600 g, respectively, whereas, in Queilén, the values of the estimates were around 1,200 g in males and 1,300 g in females. Barahona et al. (2010) provided an analysis of the structure of the total weight of the different stages of maturity based on macroscopic observations of the gonad of both sexes in specimens that had been captured in Ancud and Queilén. In general, the authors stated that females in an immature state are found to weigh 258 g in Ancud and 398 g in Queilén. However, the highest frequency of specimens was recorded at 700 g in both sectors. It was possible to record females at maximum maturity as having a minimum weight of 1,300 g in the two localities. In males, the individuals of 215 g and 428 g in Ancud and Queilén, respectively, were catalogued in a state of immaturity, while mature individuals had a minimum weight of 700 g in both sectors, with a greater frequency in the 2,300 g (Barahona et al., 2010). Fertility Estimates of potential fertility in natural populations recorded by Chong et al. (2001) recorded up to 20,000 oocytes per female. However, this estimate is far higher than those reported by Ortiz (2009; 2011) for this species in the Province of Chubut (Argentina), which recorded between 1,429 and 6,940 oocytes, with higher values being recorded in larger females. On the other hand, Uriarte et al. (2008), under laboratory conditions, reported fecundities of 3,000 to 5,000 eggs for females of E. megalocyathus whose total weight varied between 1.7 and 3.3 kg. Those specimens had been fed a mixture of crab and fish and conditioned at 12ºC. Meanwhile, Farias et al. (2011) obtained between 2,025 to 2,233 eggs in females fed a diet of fish or a fish-crab mixture equivalent to 10% of the body weight of the octopus. 11

12 Parental Care The development cycle follows known patterns for octopus cephalopods. Firstly, oviposition takes place, meaning that the female places the ovacapsules in natural caves and stays near them in order to take protect them from potential predators. This "nesting" occurs between December and February (Chong et al., 2001). During its development, the embryos grow exponentially in length and weight, fed by the protein and the lipids of the external yolk sac. Experiments carried out by Uriarte et al. (2014) in a controlled environment established that at 11 C, full embryonic development and hatching required 168 days after spawning. However, in nature, advanced embryos have been described as completing their development in 80 days (Ortiz et al., 2006). Larval Development Ortiz et al. (2005; 2009) described the eggs and paralarvae and established that these are clearly distinguishable from the rest of the cephalopod species described for the southwestern Atlantic due to their size, morphology and - in the case of the paralarvae - by the arrangement and position of the chromatophore area. On the other hand, Uriarte et al. (2018) determined that the range of thermal tolerances of Southern Octopus paralarvae varied between temperatures above 16 C and below 8 C as temperatures outside of that range could affect paralarvae during embryo incubation. Villanueva and Norman (2008) indicated that, during the planktonic period, paralarvae feed on crustaceans as their main prey. Strong positive phototaxis is a common response for paralarvae, but this response is reduced, disappears or reversed after establishment. Vega et al. (2000) recorded the presence of paralarvae of this species between February and March in the Moraleda channel (Aysén region), with sizes (DML 1 ) that oscillated between 2.1 and 8.3 mm. Carrasco et al. (2012) analyzed the samples collected by the ship CIMAR 11 (from Seno de Reloncaví to Boca del Guafo) registering the presence of E. megalocyathus paralarvae (5.0 mm to 12.1 mm DML). Pardo-Gandarillas et al. (2016) analyzed samples of zooplankton collected during the austral spring seasons of 2008 and 2009 in fjords and Patagonian channels of southern Chile between 46 S and 53 S. Their results extended to the south the known range of cephalopod paralarvae, including E. megalocyathus. The presence of paralarvae in these fjords supports the hypothesis of their use as spawning grounds for many species of squid and octopus from different families. The idealized life cycle of the Southern Octopus is presented in Figure 3. 1 Dorsal Mantle Length 12

13 Figure 3: Octopus life cycle (Modified from Olguín 2007) (Photographs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 of Sheila Castellanos Martínez, 5 of Age and Growth Barahona et al. (2010), using the stilettos as a tool for determining age in southern octopi (validated by Márquez and Rè, 2009), indicated that the age range estimated for females sampled in Chiloe, corresponded to between 35 and 230 days and in males between 39 and 248 days. These same authors, using the mandibles, estimated an age range of 57 and 197 days for females and 49 and 211 days for males. Chong et al. (2001) indicated that there is great variability in both total weight and total length for the same number of increases in the mandible. The experiments for the validation of micro-increments made under laboratory conditions, achieved in only one replicate, verified the relatively daily formation of such increments (the number of increments determined after the marking was 28, generated in a period of 31 days). These authors established that these daily increases in E. megalocyathus have already been reported for other octopus species such as O. vulgaris (Raya and Hernández, 1998) and O. mimus (Araya et al., 1999). On the other hand, the determination of growth parameters through the analysis of size distribution was carried out by Barahona et al. (2010) using the 13

14 PROJMAT SCLA ELEFAN ELEFAN, SCLA and PROJMAT modules between 1997 and 2008 and were grouped into biannual periods (Table III). Table III: Growth parameters obtained by adjusting the Southern Octopus size and structural data using ELEFAN, SCLA and PROJMAT. Values of Linf in gr. Nd = no data. Parameters L infinite K t L infinite Nd Nd K Nd 4.46 Nd 3.59 t Nd Nd L infinite K t (Source: Barahona et al., 2010) Natural Mortality The natural mortality value (M) weighted by the inverse of the variance calculated by Barahona et al. (2010) for E. megalocyathus was 0.81 yr-¹ in females and 0.95 yr-¹ for males. While Chong et al. (2001) indicated that the results of natural mortality gave values between 1.9 and 2 yr-¹, respectively. Ecology Enteroctopus megalocyathus Gould (1852) is an intertidal and subtidal species associated with caves, cracks and ledges (Ortiz, 2009). An opportunistic predator, this species hunts a wide variety of prey, among the most important of which are bivalves (Orensanz 1986), but mainly decapod crustaceans (Chong et al., 2001, Ibañez et al., 2001, Pérez et al., 2006). Cannibalistic behavior has been recorded, especially in smaller specimens (Chong et al., 2001) or in situations when food is scarce and / or population density is high (Ibáñez and Chong, 2008). 14

15 Among the predators of the Southern Octopus are the sea lion Otaria flavescens, the dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis, the piebald dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii, the yellow-crowned, papua and magallanes penguins, cormorants and several species of sharks and rays (Koen-Alonso, 1999, Koen-Alonso et al., 2000, 2001, Libenson, 1996, Romero et al., 2011, Schiavini et al., 1996, Riccialdelli et al., 2013, Laptikhovsky et al., 2001, Schiavini and Rey, 2004, Schiavini et al., 2005, Clausen et al., 2005, Scioscia et al., 2014). With respect to fish, sea salmon and the southern cod have been found in the stomachs of this species (Ibáñez et al., 2001, Arkhipkin et al., 2001). Aquaculture The Southern Octopus species offers ideal conditions aquaculture. The females are easy to keep in captivity, and there is little aggression between males and females. It is also possible to condition females by putting them in ponds for periods up to four months. In addition, the species produces large eggs, on average 10 mm, which allows the length of their paralarvae life to be predicted ideal when dealing with the challenge of producing a crop of juveniles. In this context and based on years of research (started in 2010 with funds from FONDEF D09 I 1153), the Institute of Aquaculture of the Austral University of Chile has developed a line of study examining the sustainable production of juveniles of the Patagonian red octopus ( Enteroctopus megalocyathus) led by Dr. Iker Uriarte. One of its milestones is the production of the first juveniles of this species, which was possible after developing the methodology for conditioning broodstock, hatching the eggs and growing the planktonic paralarvae. Uriarte and Farias (2014) provided experimental evidence that showed that it is possible to produce juveniles of E. megalocyathus to supply the production of broodstock. This is possible because broodstock can be reproductively conditioned in tanks, controlled fertilization allows embryos in development to be produced, incubation of eggs throughout the embryonic period produces viable paralarvae and paralarvae breeding allows for benthic juveniles to be successfully obtained. 15

16 5. FISHING ACTIVITY 5.1 Fishery Development SERNAPESCA has reported that the fishing of octopus in the southern part of the country first began in 1986 in the Los Lagos Region (1 ton). Since 1991, reporting on catches have been regular and have shown that annual catch has not exceeded 350 tons and have recorded an average annual catch of t. From 2002 to 2011, catch notably increased, with the highest historical catch occurring in 2008 with 1,736 t. During the years , catch did not exceed 1,000 t and fluctuated between 490 t and 640. Meanwhile, during the first quarter of 2018, 313 t have been recorded (Figure 4). From 1 rt October 2008 by Decree. Ex. Nº 1308 was established a moratoria for Southern Octopus, from to During this periods only captures were authorized under resaeach fishery. The catch volumes recorded in the regions of Aysén and Magallanes have been presented as largely irrelevant in the global context, since capture data to date has shown catch levels to be 102 t and 8 t, respectively, whereas more than 12,000 t have been extracted in the Los Lagos Region. These low catches are due to the fact that the octopus, despite being recognized as a harvestable resource, is mainly extracted as a result of an increased regional focus on the king crab fishery (Claudio Vargas, SERNAPESCA region of Magallanes). Figure 4. Landing (t) of Southern Octopus. Period (Source: SERNAPESCA). Year 2017 preliminary figures. Year 2018 preliminary information through June. Landing from 2009 to 2011 corresponding to research fishing only (shaded area). 16

17 Of the total of 187 coves that are officially recognized in the Region of Los Lagos (DS No. 240/ ), only in 58 of these areas have had octopi extracted in the last nine years. Of these, only seven recorded a constant rate of catch over this period ( ): Ancud, Calbuco, Chonchi, Dalcahue, Queilén, Quellón and San Antonio. Together, these seven areas accounted for 86.6% of the total catchs recorded during this time period. By comparing historical catch rates based on two sources (IFOP and SERNAPESCA) in four major marine fishing centers in the Los Lagos Region, one can observe substantial differences between the information obtained by IFOP in relation to official figures regarding octopus catch. Small coincidences were observed in some years, but significant gaps between the two sources of information were clear for most of the time period (Figure 5). This is likely the result of how the information is obtained (IFOP uses observers at ports while SERNAPESCA uses information derived from fishing returns that are completed by fishermen). Figure 5. Landing (t) of Southern Octopus recorded by different sources (IFOP and SERNAPESCA) at four important fisheries sites in the Los Lagos Region. Period A) Ancud; B) Dalcahue; C) Quellón; D) Queilén. 2 Amended by D.S N 237 of August 14, 2009, published in the D.O N dated November 21,

18 5.2. Fishing gear In southern Chile, the fishing of the Southern Octopus is carried out by semiautonomous diving (Figure 6) from 1 to 48 m of depth, where the diver uses a hook as an accessory for catching octopi (Barahona et al., 2010). With this fishing accessory (Figure 7), males, females and juveniles with less than the legal weight are caught indiscriminately. The fishing of females during the incubation process results in leaving eggs unprotected and uncared for, significantly increasing the likelihood of embryonic mortality and putting population recovery at risk (Dalzell, 1996, Bjordal, 2002). Figure 6. Hoocka semi-autonomous diving system. Left: motor, compressor and air accumulator are shown. Right: yellow hose 9 mm in diameter and 100 m long. (Credits: Paulo Mora). Figure 7. Hook used to capture octopi by shellfish divers from the Los Lagos Region. (Credits: A. Olguín). In addition to the hook there are other techniques of octopus fishing that are less common in Chile (Figure 8) but have the advantage of obtaining a live animals without injuries. 18

19 Figure 8. Various types of traps used to capture octopuses. a) Spanish pot type trap, b) Shelter type trap, c) Squid refuge type trap (Source: Barahona et al., 2010). 5.3 Work Force Based on official information from SERNAPESCA that has been updated to September 2018, the number of fishermen authorized to extract octopi in the south is 2,071 (broken down by region and capture method in Table IV). It should be noted that there is a significant number of fishermen registered and authorized to capture this species using traps even outside of the range of distribution range of species. Table IV: Number of small-scale fishermen, separated by category and region, that are authorized as of September 2018 to extract octopus from southern Chile. REGION DIVER SHORE GATHERER TRAPPER GRAND TOTAL Bío Bío Araucanía Los Ríos Los Lagos Aysén Magallanes Total (Source: SERNAPESCA) The information collected by IFOP (Spanish acronym of National Institute for Fishery Promotion) at the most important fisheries sites in the Los Lagos Region (San Rafael, La Vega, Ancud, Quemchi, Dalcahue, Queilén and 19

20 Quellón, representing 84% of catchs) indicates that the number of shellfish divers who have extracted the resource between 1995 to 2017 has fluctuated between 62 (year 2000) and 807 people (year 2003). Small-scale Fishing Fleet Official information up to 2013 (SERNAPESCA) has indicated that the number of local fishing boats authorized to extract octopi in the regions of Los Lagos, Aysén and Magallanes was a total of 1,193 ships, of which 681 (57%) were based in the Region of Los Lagos, while 181 (15%) and 331 (28%) vessels were based in the regions of Aysén and Magallanes, respectively. Since the publication of Resolution Ex. No (12/11/2013), the authorization to extract octopi in the south was given exclusively to the shellfish divers. This meant that it was not necessary for the vessel that involved in the catch to be registered and/or authorized to extract this resource. Fishing Areas The study carried out by the "Pupelde Consulting" between March and June 2012 (registered by Fishery Research) indicated that the fishermen (136 divers, 77 vessels) based at 7 different coves (Chonchi, Curanue, Dalcahue, Queilen, Quellón, Quemchi and Quicaví) exploited 41 fishing areas (Figure 9). The following locations were the most important in terms of catch size: San Pedro Island (associated with the Quellón port) Canal Dalcahue, Isla Apiao and Quehui Island (associated with the ports of Dalcahue and Queilén). These locations, in turn, were also the most visited areas. On the other hand, the information gathered by IFOP indicated that, between 1995 and 2017, a total of 233 fishing areas were exploited by the local fishing fleet of the ports monitored in the Los Lagos Region (Figure 10). In contrast, in the Aysén Region, the Southern Octopus was captured across only 41 fishing areas (Figure 11). 20

21 Figure 9. Fishing areas visited by the local fishing fleet to capture Southern Octopus between March to June 2012 (Figure taken from Pupelde Consulting, 2013). Figure 10. Fishing areas located in the Los Lagos Region visited by the local fishing fleet for the fishing of Southern Octopus. Period (Source: IFOP). 21

22 Figure 11. Fishing areas located in the Aysén Region visited by the local fishing fleet for the fishing of Southern Octopus. Period (Source: IFOP). Over time, the number of areas visited by fishermen increased abruptly in The maximum number of sites of 119 was recorded in Since then, it has fluctuated around 90 areas that are visited annually (Figure 12). Figure 12. Total number of fishing areas visited by the local fishing fleet that extract southern octopi at the ports monitored by IFOP in the Los Lagos Region. Period 1995 to 2017 (Source: IFOP). 22

23 CPUE per Port The analysis of the CPUE for the period for the port of Ancud (Figure 13) shows that it has remained relatively stable at around 9 to 12 kg of octopus per hour of diving. In 2017, the lowest performance was recorded for the entire time series. On the other hand, there was no correlation between effort and CPUE. Figure 13. Annual historical series of CPUE (kg octopus / diving time) of Southern Octopus recorded at the fishing site of the port of Ancud. Period (Source: IFOP). In the port of Quellón, the CPUE fluctuated more and was only relatively stable from 2013 to 2017 during which time it varied between 15.5 and 19 kg of octopus per hour of diving. A relationship between effort and CPUE during this period was not observed in either case (Figure 14). Figure 14. Annual historical series of CPUE (octopus kg / hour of diving) of Southern Octopus recorded at the fishing site of the port of Quellón. Period (Source: IFOP). 23

24 Historical Body Weight Average Recorded by Port In Ancud, the individual weight structure of specimens taken from the fishing site (years 1997 to 2017) ranged from 128 g to 7,500 g in males and from 205 g to 8,000 g in females, with the weight of most specimens being mainly distributed between 1,300 g and 2,800 g and between 1,000 g and 2,900 g in males and females, respectively (Figure 15). Individuals over 5,000 g (for either sex) were rare as no more than 170 specimens out of 15,414 individuals sampled fit this criteria during the entire time series analyzed. The modal weight of males and females was located at 1,950 g and 2,050 g, respectively. The percentage of specimens caught that were under the legal minimum weight (1 kg) was 6.7% for males and 7.7% in females. Figure 15. Weight structure of octopi monitored at the fishing site in Ancud. Period A) Males B) Females. EBPML: Issues under legal minimum weight (Source: IFOP). In the port of Quellón, the individual weight structure of specimens at the fishing site (years 1997 to 2017) ranged from 206 g to 6,000 g in males and from 100 g to 7,000 g in females., with the weight of most specimens being mainly distributed between 1,000 g and 1,800 g in both sexes (Figure 16). As was the case in the Ancud sector, the capture of octopi weighing more than 4,500 g (51 out of a total of 8,534 individuals sampled during this period) has been sporadically reported. The modal weight for both males and females was 1,350 g. The specimens caught under the legal minimum weight (1 kg) reached 12.2% in males and 15.6% in females. 24

25 Figure 16. Weight structure of octopi monitored at the fishing site in Quellón. Period A) Males, B) Females. EBPML: Issues under legal minimum weight (Source: IFOP). Finally, for both males and females, average values of weight at fishing sites have shown a significant annual fluctuation. However, there has been no downward trend over time in both ports monitored by IFOP (Figure 17 and 18). Figure 17. Ancud. Temporal series of the average annual body weight (g) of Southern Octopus per year, differentiated by sex, registered in fishing sites. Period A) Males B) Females. (Source: IFOP). PML: minimum legal weight; PMS weight (1): corresponds to weight at first sexual maturity according to Chong et al. (2001); PMS weight (2): corresponds to weight at first sexual maturity according to Barahona et 25

26 al. (2010). Figure 18. Quellón. Temporal series of the average annual body weight (g) of Southern Octopus differentiated by sex, registered in fishing sites. Period A) Males B) Females. (Source: IFOP). PML: Minimum legal weight; PMS weight (1): weight at first sexual maturity according to Chong et al. (2001); PMS weight (2): weight at first sexual maturity according to Barahona et al. (2010). 26

27 6. ADMINISTRATION MEASURES Current Regulations This resource is partially protected by a fishing ban during the period of reproduction that covers octopi between the northern limit of the Los Ríos Region and the southern limit of the Magallanes Region. This ban occurs from October 15 to March 15 of each calendar year (D. Ex No. 791/2016). During the fishing ban, the capture, commercialization, transport, processing, preparation and storage of this species and any products derived from it are prohibited, in accordance with the provisions of articles 110, 119 and 139 of the General Fisheries and Aquaculture Law. In addition, Supreme Decree No. 137 (05/10/1985) prohibits the fishing of octopi that weigh less than 1 kilogram of total weight. However, this measure is not regulated by resolution in this region applying an extension of the regulation of Octpus vulgaris from the northern of Chile. Resolution Ex. No (12/11/2013) affects the regions from the Bío Bío regions to the Magallanes Region and standardizes the fishing of the Southern Octopus as a resource while eliminating records of the common octopus from the Maule Region to the Magallanes Region. Decree Ex N 698 (11/16/2017) establishes a fixed value for fines for the period for the octopus resource, which is set at 40.4 UTM per ton. The indicated value is valid for a period of one year, beginning from the date of publication (online ) (in FDO ), in accordance with article 174 of the General Fisheries and Aquaculture Law. Res Ex. No (08/30/2018) extends the suspension of registration of all categories of fishermen from the Los Ríos, Los Lagos and Aysén regions who are approved to extract the Southern Octopus in the Local Fishermen Registries for a period of 5 years from the date of the resolution s publication (08/31/2018). This measure is in accordance with article 1 and article 50 of the General Fisheries and Aquaculture Law. Areas of Benthic Resource Exploitation and Management (AMERB) To date (September 2018), only two management areas located in the Los Lagos Region identified the Southern Octopus as their target species. These areas are Chaumán and Guapilacuy Sector B. In 2003, through Exempt Resolution No of the Fisheries Subsecretariat, the management and exploitation plan for the Pihuio management area (Los Lagos Region) was approved and assigned to a syndicate of independent workers, small-scale fishermen, shellfish divers, assistants and similar professions known as "La Mesana de Pugueñun". However, in 2017 (Res. Ex. No. 2523), this approval expired. Subsequently, in August 2018 through R. Ex. No. 2744, the Syndicate of independent workers, fishermen and seaweed extractors known as the Golfete de Quetalmahue was authorized to manage and exploit the benthic resources in the Pihuio management area. The union must present a project of management and exploitation of benthic resources in the requested area within eight months. 27

28 28

29 Management Committee In accordance with Res. Ex. No (05/13/2015), the process of designating the titular and alternate members of the Management Committee of the Southern Octopus Fishery in the Los Lagos Region was initiated. This committee is composed of seven representatives of local fishermen involved in the fishing of the Southern Octopus in the Los Lagos Region, 2 of whom are based in Ancud, 2 from Quellón, 1 from Dalcahue, 1 from Calbuco and 1 from Queilén-Chonchi. A representative of the Southern Octopus processing plants located in the region is also included. On behalf of the public sector, 2 officials of SUBPESCA, 2 of SERNAPESCA, 2 of DGTM and MM are also included and, as in all of the previous cases, one representative is the official office holder while the other is a substitute. In 2016, according to Res. Ex. N 1239, the committee became an official member of the private sector of the Southern Octopus Fisheries Management Committee for the Los Lagos Region. Since its formation, this Committee has held 9 meetings, starting on July 7, The ninth meeting was held on December 4, As of September, the Committee has not held a session in The goals/objectives that this Committee has set are as follows: 1) Improve negotiating ability during the commercialization processes. 2) Protect the resource and keep business on schedule. 3) Manage the resource efficiently and sustainably. 4) Succeed in basing resource management on the following four aspects: Governance, Sustainability, Knowledge and Agreements. 5) Focus on the following areas: study of the fishery, capture diversity and capture coordination. 6) Generate the necessary support for the Ancud representatives so that they can have flexibility in their participation in the plan. 29

30 6.5 Management Plan To date, no management plan for this fishery has been submitted. 30

31 7.- MSC VERSION 2.0 FISHERIES STANDARD The MSC certification is mainly based on compliance with three basic principles that ensure a sustainable fishery: Principle 1: Sustainable target stocks Principle 2: Environmental impact of fishing Principle 3: Effective management Each of these principles is separated into different components that are evaluated by experts. Depending on the information and analysis, each of these components is given a score that must exceed a value of 60 in order to be considered certifiable Principle 1: Sustainable target stock The main idea of this principle is to ensure that the population of the target species does not show signs of overexploitation. This implies that the population must fluctuate around an objective biological reference point, such as the MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield), and above a capture level that could endanger future catch. Outcome Stock Status If there is no stock assessment of the fishery and no biological reference points, the score for this performance indicator would be less than 60. In this case and in order to support data-deficient fisheries, the MSC allows this principle to be evaluated through a risk-based framework analysis (RBF). This analysis implies an evaluation of the effects of the fishing activity on resource sustainability and the ecosystem, taking into account the known biological characteristics of the species and the fishing equipment used. Alternatively, a stock assessment could be implemented according to biological traits of species. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there is no current stock assessment. Therefore, in order to pass this item, this component should be evaluated by RBF. 31

32 It should be noted that the only currently MSC-certified octopus fishery in the world has used RBF to score this component (the small-scale trap fishery of the octopus Octopus vulgarisof the West Asturias cofradias). This rarity is due to the particular combination of biological characteristics of octopi that does not prevent an adequate stock assessment or the estimation of MSY relative to catch. These characterisics include the following: (1) population fluctuations are highly dependent on climatic and environmental factors, (2) octopi are normally semelparous species (only one reproductive event in an individual s lifetime), (3) octopi exhibit accelerated growth and (4) octopi have a short life span. In the consultant s opinion, there is sufficient biological-fishery information (catch data from IFOP, fecundity, parental care behavior of females, capsular and larval development times, growth, weight at sexual maturity, seasonal reproduction and geographical distribution) to begin a RBF assessment. With this information, the most vulnerable subcomponents of the stock include the following: 1.- Population Size 2.- Reproductive Capacity 3.- Structure of Sex, Size and Age 4.- Geographical Distribution Reproductive capacity is the more most vulnerable subcomponent given that the hook used by fishermen is not selective in regards to different population components. Thus, females in the process of incubation and protection of egg capsules can be extracted. This obviously reduces the probability of survival of these larvae and their establishment as juveniles and adults. Finally, it is necessary to emphasize that there is an ongoing effort to implement an adequate methodology to assess the octopus stock. (FIPA "Fishery characterization and stock assessment of the Southern Octopus resource in the X Region ; Universidad Austral de Chile, Carlos Molinet). Probable score: Scored under 60 as there is no stock assessment of the fishery and no biological reference points. However, current research could cover this gap (FIPA ). Alternatively, this indicator could be score via RBF. A priori, a consequence analysis (CA) could score 60 if embryo mortality in the capsules left unprotected by incubating females is evaluated. Regardless, the RBF is an extensive protocol and would have to be carried out by a group of experts. Recovery Plan For stocks that have been depleted, there must be evidence of population recovery over a set period. In the case of the Southern Octopus, no score is given for this performance indicator, and it should be evaluated by RBF first. 32

33 Harvest strategy Harvest Strategy The capture or harvest strategy refers to whether there are established and precautionary management measures that allow the target population to fluctuate around the MSY or another objective reference point. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there are different control measures that have been established by the national fishing authority. 1.- Fishing ban during reproduction for the regions from Los Ríos to Magallanes (D. Ex. No. 791/2016), i.e. the entire geographical range of the species in Chilean territory. 2.- Res Ex. No (08/30/2018) extends for five years from the date of its publication (08/31/2018) the suspension of the registration of additional fishermen in the Local Fishermen Registries of the Los Ríos, Los Lagos and Aysén regions for all categories. In other words, this fishery is closed to new users. A minimal weight of 1 kg is not legally defined for the Southern Octopus but is instead applied to this species by extension of the legal minimum weight for the Northern Octopus (Decree ex N 137, 10/05/1985). This measure should, however, be effective, given available information that shows that individuals weighing more than 1 kg are reproductive adults. However, given that the most common fishing practice cannot discriminate between juveniles and adults in advance and is lethal, the protection of juveniles is difficult. The hook used can injure or kill animals inside of their dens, which means that individuals protected by law could be captured but not landed (i.e., discarded). Only a change in the fishing gear (e.g. non-lethal hook, traps) could correct this problem. Additionally, the reproductive season ban only coincides with the mating and spawning periods but does not include the incubation period when females are protecting their egg capsules. Finally, the closing of the local fishermen registry 33

34 is a measure that should prevent an increase in fishing pressure and thus the over-exploitation of the resource. The trajectory of this fishery indicates that the landings have regularly fluctuated around 500 t over the last 5 years. In addition, the IFOP records ( ) of fishing yield (CPUE = kg octopus / diving hour) for the two main ports of the resource (Ancud and Quellón) has been stable for CPUE over at least the past 5 years. It is striking that the performance is not associated with effort (diving hours). The latter could indicate that the performance can not necessarily be used as an index of relative stock abundance. As is the case with other octopi, it is likely that the population fluctuates very closely with oceanographic and climatic variables (Otero et al., 2008, 2009). Probable score: Score between The trajectory of the fishery has shown stability in last years, but it is necessary that the fishing gear avoids the capture of juveniles (i.e., the development of a non-lethal hook) and that reproductive bans match better with the incubation periods of females for each fishing zone. Harvest Control Rules and Tools Capture control rules refer to rules governing the rate of exploitation in a situation where the fishery has been determined to be over-exploited and future catch could be threatened as a result (i.e. adaptive management). In the case of the Southern Octopus, there are no measures that can be applied in an adaptive and precautionary manner if the stock shows signs of overexploitation due to fishing. There are two marine exploitation management areas for benthic resources 3 (AMERB) in the UoA, where the Southern Octopus is registered as a target species. By law, these areas must generate annual stock studies, and based on this information, a catch quota for the area must be obtained. In total, these areas are, however, a small part of the UoA. The management committee can fulfill this requirement and has recommended control measures (biological bans and registration bans) in light of scientific and technical information provided by IFOP monitoring. Unfortunately, this committee is only from the Los Lagos region and has not yet held a session for this year (year 2018). 3 Co-management system based on territorial user rights fisheries polices (TURFs) between local fishing groups (i.e. unions) and the national fisheries administration (SUBPESCA) 34

35 Probable score: Less than 60 as there is no adaptive management strategy that covers the entire UoA. There is a management committee for the Southern Octopus but only for Los Lagos region; Moreover, there is courrently no management plan for this resource. Information and Monitoring This performance indicator determines if the available information adequately describes the status of the resource stock and is capable of aiding the design of the capture strategy and the application of catch control rules. The scoring issues are (a) range of information, b) monitoring and c) comprehensiveness of information. In the case of the Southern Octopus, the detailed monitoring performed by the IFOP (fishing effort, individual size and sex of the landed individuals) is essential for compliance with this performance indicator. It should be noted that this monitoring is independent and carried out by scientific observers at the main ports, which contrasts with the SERNAPESCA statistics, which consist of forms filled out by the fishermen themselves. Unfortunately the IFOP monitoring is focused in the main ports of Chiloe and does not cover the entire UoA. Probable score: Less than 60 as there is no information about of status of population for all of the UoA, only for the two principal ports in Chiloe. For the entire UoA (Los Lagos to Magallanes), only the SERNAPESCA database is available (range of information). There is a lack of information on the delimitation of the stock (connectivity and stock limit), which does not allow observers to know what specific population is being monitored. The abundance of stock is not monitored. In the case of a delimited UoA (Los Lagos), the score will improve (at least 60), because IFOP has detailed and constant monitoring over a relatively long time (> 10 years), including enough information about size structure, productivity and fleet activity to help elaborate a capture strategy (Comprehensiveness of information). Assessment of Stock Status This indicator refers to how available information is used to determine stock status and evaluate the effectiveness of the capture strategy. In the case of the Southern Octopus, this component is not evaluated since a RBF has been suggested. 35

36 Probable score: When using RBF, this component receives a score of 80 by default. In other case, this performance indicator scores <60 because there is not a stock assessment to date Principle 2: Ecosystem The main idea of this principle is to evaluate the impact of the fishing activity on five different ecosystem elements: 1. Primary species (managed resource) 2. Secondary species (unmanaged resource), 3. Endangered, threatened and protected species, 4. Habitat, and 5. Ecosystem. Primary Species In the case of the Southern Octopus, the hooked fishing gear is very selective to the target species and no other organisms would be accidentally captured by the fishing activity. However, there are fisherman records on by catch of fishes like; Congrio colorado (Genypterus chilensis), Rollizo (Pinguipes chilensis) and Chancharro (Helicolenus lengerichi). Outcome This refers to the fact that the fishing activity poses no risk of serious damage to primary species population or prevents population recovery if a population falls below a limiting reference point. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there are no official records of captures of non-target main primary or minor primary species involved in the fishing activity due to the type of fishing gear used. Probable score: Score >80, there are no official records of primary species in the fishery. Fishery gear seem be very selective. Management Strategy This refers to whether there is a management strategy that allows, on the one hand, for the maintenance of the populations of primary species by reducing the incidental fishing of them. Also, this indicator assesses if the fishery evaluates regularly the management strategy. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there are no primary species involved due to the type of fishing gear used. However, there has not been any review or evaluation to assess if there are any principal species associated with this fishery. 36

37 Probable score: Score >80 as there are not official record of primary species in the fishery but there has not been an evaluation to determine if any primary species have been captured. Information This refers to whether there is a permanent monitoring of the fishing activity that includes the non-target species that are accidentally caught as a result of the fishing activity. In the case of the Southern Octopus, permanent monitoring occurs at the main ports, which has not recorded non-target primary species in the catches due to the type of fishing gear used. Probable score: Score between because despite the fact that no other primary species have been officially recorded in the fishery, the aspect issues (information adequacy for assessment to primary species and management strategy) are conditional on the absence of any information on incidental fauna (including primary species) being affected by the fishery. In addition, the assessment of possible bycatch species should be made. An on-board observer program could overcome this latter problem. Secondary Species This component refers to maintaining the populations of secondary species above a biological reference point limit so that the fishery does not hinder the population recovery of secondary species with populations below this limit. In the case of the Southern Octopus, the hooked fishing gear used in its capture is very selective to the target species and no incidental fauna are caught by this activity. Outcome There is no risk of serious damage or risk of preventing the population recovery of secondary species. In the case of Southern Octopus fishing, there are no official record of secondary species being affected due to the selective type of fishing gear used. Probable score: Score >80 as there are no official record of secondary species being affected by the fishery. Fishery gear seems to be very selective. 37

38 Management strategy This performance indicator examines whether there is a management strategy for avoiding irreversible damage to secondary species and whether these strategies are reviewed. In the case of Southern Octopus fishing, there are no secondary species involved due to the type of fishing gear used. However, there has not been a review to evaluate if there are indeed secondary species affected by this fishery. Probable score: Score >80 as there are no official record of secondary species affected by the fishery, but there has not been frequent reviews or any evaluation to determine if secondary species have been captured. Information This performance indicator determines if there is adequate monitoring for evaluating the presence of secondary species and whether that information is sufficient for generating adequate management strategies for these species. In the case of Southern Octopus fishery, there is permanent monitoring at the main ports, which does not register other species involved due to the type of fishing gear used. However, the fishermen have claimed that three species of fishes should be considered as associated fauna to Southern Octopus fishery. This observation reveals that others species are probably being caught in this fishery regardless of the fact that IFOP or SERNAPESCA monitoring has not recorded any. Probable score: Score under 60 due to the lack of on-board observers monitoring the incidental capture of non-target species. Despite the fact that no secondary species have been officially recorded in the fishery, the performance indicator (information adequacy for assessment to primary species and management strategy) is conditional on a true absent of incidental fauna in the fishery activity, which has not yet been demonstrated. Moreover, there are indications that at least three species of fish are being caught but without any biological reference points for managing them. Endangered, Threatened or Protected Species (ETP) This component refers to how the fishery under evaluation affects ETP species. In the case of Southern Octopus fishery, there are no ETP species involved due to the type of fishing gear used. Outcome This performance indicator determines if a fishery complies with the national and international regulations that deal with the protection of ETP species and if that fishery poses a risk of damaging populations of ETP species. In the case of the Southern Octopus fishery, it complies with the current regulations given that there is no fishing of or interaction with ETP species. Probable score: Score >80 as there are no official records of ETP species 38

39 involved the fishery. Fishery gear seem be very selective. Management Strategy This performance indicator refers to whether there is a management strategy that allows compliance with national and international standards for the protection of ETP species. This is done to ensure that the fishery does not impede the recovery of ETP species and that there is a standard protocol of measures that prevent ETP mortality. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there are no established management strategies for the protection of ETP species, mainly due to the fact that the type of fishing gear (hook and semiautonomous diving) is very selective and thus results in no interactions with ETP species. Probable score: Score >80 as there are no records of direct or indirect interaction with ETP in the fishery but there are not a frequent revision or evaluation to determine if ETP species has been affected by the fishing activity. Information This performance indicator refers to whether there is adequate monitoring for evaluating the presence of ETP species and whether the information is sufficient for adequately managing ETP species. In the case of the Southern Octopus fishery, there are permanent monitors at the main ports, but they do not register of mortality of ETP species during fishing task. Moreover, the interaction during the fishing activity is not monitored. Probable score: Score between because observer monitoring does not occur on-board to ensure that there are no direct or indirect interactions with ETP species during fishing activities. Therefore, there is not adequate information, either qualitative or quantitative, of the UoA to evaluate the potential impact of the fishery on ETP species (aspect issue (a))

40 Habitat Outcome This performance indicator refers to the probability that the fishery causes serious or irreversible damage to the habitat within the UoA and evaluates the possibility that the fishing activity reduces the structure and function of the habitat in general and / or affects habitats classified as vulnerable. In the case of the Southern Octopus, the rocky bottom is the habitat where fishing takes place, mainly in sheltered environments. Potentially, the cracks or caves (i.e. shelters) used by octopi could be damaged by divers as a result of the manual removal of the octopi, but this perturbation should be minimal. In respect to vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs), water-cold corals described to the zone of fjords and channels are VMEs, and they overlap with the octopus habitat. However, the gear (which could be classified as gathering by hand, Table PF15 in the MSC guide) seems to create minimal perturbations and probably does not affect corals negatively. Probable score: Score >80 as there is no record within the fishing area regarding the effect of this fishing activity on the rocky sea floor, and the fishing activity is limited to depth of 1-40 m. Although unlikely, octopus fishing could affect water-cold corals (cataloged as VME), which have low recovery rates. Management Strategy This performance indicator refers to whether there is a strategy in place that is designed to ensure the UoA does not pose a risk of serious or irreversible harm to the habitat. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there is no established strategy for this performance indicator. However, due to the selective type of fishing gear used and the closure of fishery registers to new fishermen (both measures are not specific to habitat), minimal impact on habitat could be expected. A specific strategy would still be advisable for a future management plan. Probable score: Score between because this indicator would need to be addressed within a short period following certification. The fishery needs, at least, a partial strategy to ensure the minimal impact on the structure and function of the habitat, especially in any VME. 40

41 Information This performance indicator refers to whether there is adequate information available for determining the risk of damage to the habitat. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there is no specific information on the effect the fishing activity has on the habitat. However, there exists a good description of the fishing gear (Barahona et al., 2010) that would permit an assessment of the effect of the fishery on the habitat under RBF (using CSA). In addition, there is general quantitative information about the environment where both the physical and biological characteristics of the channel area have been described (Häussermann & Försterra 2010 and several FIP reports). In this sense, some rocky sectors with cold-water corals (slow growing) could be considered vulnerable environments. There is information about these VME and the distribution of fishery activity in order to estimate their overlap. Probable score: A score >80 is likely given the available information. Ecosystem Outcome This component refers to the level of damage the fishery can cause to the function and structure of the ecosystem where the fishery is active (UoA). In the case of the Southern Octopus, an RBF is recommended for assessing this subcomponent via a scale intensity consequence analysis (SICA). This is based on estimates of the levels of overlaping of the fishery with respect to the ecosystem, the timing of fishing and the intensity of the fishing activity. Information on background, work force and work days is available. Probable score: Score 80 as the bulk of the fishing activity is focused on a small fraction of the geographic and bathymetric distribution range of the Southern Octopus. Therefore, it is highly improbable that the UoA impacts key elements of the ecosystem. Management Strategy This performance indicator refers to whether there are measures in place that ensure that the fishery does not pose a risk of damaging the ecosystem. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there are no specific measures for assessing eventual damage to the ecosystem. However, the fishing gear and the current regulations, such as the suspension of new fisherman registrations, undoubtedly reduce the risk of adverse effects on the ecosystem. Probable score: Score <60 as there are minimal indirect regulations (i.e. measures) that indicate that there will not be any impacts on the structure and function of the ecosystem (aspect issue a and b). Such a score would be conditional, and this indicator would need to be addressed within a short period following certification. 41

42 Information This performance indicator refers to whether there is adequate information on the impact of the fishery on the ecosystem. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there is no specific study that addresses the potential impact of the UoA on the ecosystem. For example, the area in question lacks a food web of the coastal benthic ecosystem (e.g. Pérez-Matus et al., 2017 for the north-central coast) that incorporates trophic interactions involving the Southern Octopus. However, a literature review revealed a number of investigations that refer to the trophic ecology and indirect interactions of octopi within the UoA. Probable score: Score <60 which takes into account the available information regarding the eco-region of Chiloé and the channels and fjords areas. The fishery activity permits inferences about the potential impact of the UoA on the ecosystem (impact in food web, productivity). However, there is not detailed information in this regard Principle 3: Effective Management This principle refers to the administrative and legal framework that supports the fishery and makes it sustainable. The first component related to this principle refers to the general aspects of the legal and political institutions involved in overseeing the fishery and others like it. The second component refers to the specific fishery under evaluation. 42

43 Chile has had a general law on fisheries and aquaculture (Law 18892) since This law governs the administration, exploitation and conservation of the country s living aquatic resources. This law has been modified many times, but the most important and extensive modification deals with the sustainability of living aquatic resources, access to industrial and small-scale fishing activity, and regulations for research and law enforcement (Law of 2013). Fishery Policy and Governance Legal and/or Customary Framework This performance indicator refers to whether the fishery is governed by a legal or consuetudinary framework that ensures the sustainability of the activity in the UoA, respects the legal rights of fishing users and incorporates a disputeresolution system. In this sense, the pre-certification fishery (Southern Octopus) within the UoA is clearly a part of the small-scale fisheries governed by the General Fisheries and Aquaculture Law. The main objective of this law is to ensure the sustainability of Chilean fishing resources by directly incorporating the opinion of scientific committees into the Decision-making of management measures and biological reference points. In addition, this law also ensures the rights of resource use and intervention in case of conflicts through the Subsecretariat of fisheries and aquaculture. Finally, for fishery-related uses that interact with environmental concerns, Chile has implemented the Environmental Courts as the body for resolving discrepancies involving environmental damage since 2012 (Law 20,600). Probable score: A score > 80 is likely given that other fisheries in Chile have already been certified with the MSC standard and are governed by the same general laws. Consultations, Roles and Responsibilities This performance indicator refers to whether the management system has efficient consultation procedures that are available to all interested or affected parties. 43

44 In this case, the fisheries management system in Chile is formed and supported by law with the responsibility for the system given to the Undersecretary of Fisheries (SUBPESCA created in 1976), a division of the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism. The roles and functions of SUBPESCA are clearly established and publicly known. Queries and other information can be requested through the national transparency law by any Chilean citizen through the SUBPESCA website. There is a regulatory body responsible for fishery statistics throughout the national territory, the National Fisheries Service (SERNAPESCA). In addition, after the enactment of Law , the IFOP, a scientific-technical body, was given the mandate to advise SUBPESCA with biological and fishery information in developing regulatory measures for the fishing industry. Probable score: Score >80. Long term Objectives This performance indicator refers to whether fishery management policies have clear long-term objectives that guide decision-making in such a way that it is consistent with the principles and criteria declared by the MSC standard. The general fisheries and aquaculture law of Chile explicitly establishes a precautionary and ecosystem-focused approach to fishery management as its objective. These criteria are obligations that must be fulfilled by law. Probable score: Score >80 Fishery Specific Management System Specific Fishery Objectives This subcomponent refers to whether the fishery has clear and specific objectives that are designed to meet the standards of MSC Principles 1 and 2. In the specific case of the Southern Octopus fishery, there is no current management plan. Probable score: Score <60. However, the fact that the Southern Octopus management committee was established in 2016 and has had regular meetings and made public records available (SUBPESCA website) suggests that such a plan will exist in the near future, at least for the UoC. 44

45 Decision-Making Process This performance indicator refers to whether the fishery management system incorporates a decision-making procedure that results in measures and strategies that help achieve the objectives of the fishery under evaluation. For the Southern Octopus fishery, the operation of the technical scientific committee of benthic resources, including the Southern Octopus, can be considered a key element of the strategic decision-making processes for this fishery. This committee is composed of scientists from the biological fishing area chosen through a public merit-based competition as well as representatives of IFOP and SUBPESCA. For example, in its third session of 2017, the Committee suggested that the fishing authority extend the temporary suspension of access to the Southern Octopus fishery for 5 more years after the release of the IFOP s fishery performance analysis. Additionally, the management committee of the Southern Octopus of the Los Lagos region is operational. That committee is explicitly focused on this specific fishery and involves the participation of fishermen from different areas of the zone as well as representatives from administrative institutions (SUBPESCA), the Ministry of the Environment (MM) and auditors (SERNAPESCA). Other groups such as scientific researchers may also be invited. Both of these committees propose and offer advice on measures to SUBPESCA that relate to the sustainability of the fishing activity. Probable score: Score between is likely since a specific committee for the management of this fishery exists. However, its effectiveness needs to be verified over time given that there has been no meeting so far in Compliance and Enforcement This performance indicator refers to whether the supervision and control monitoring mechanisms ensure the application and compliance of the fishery with management measures. In the case of the Southern Octopus, there is an official SERNAPESCA registry and a corresponding inspection. Data from IFOP monitoring from between 2012 and 2017 in two of the main ports indicates that percentage of octopi captured that are under the legal weight is around 10% (with a range between 6-15%). On the other hand, there are no data on illegal fishing occurring during the seasonal fishing ban. Probable score: Score >80. 45

46 Monitoring and Management Performance Evaluation This performance indicator refers to whether there is a system for reviewing and evaluating the fishery management system. The current structure of the management committee and its periodic sessions, the monitoring carried out by IFOP and the oversight of SERNAPESCA allow for an adequate level of monitoring and evaluation of this fishery (scoring issue (a)). This revision is only internal, without an external audit (scoring issue (b)). Unfortunately, the IFOP monitoring is currently limited only to the Los Lagos region. Probable score: Score between likely due to the fact that the management committee only covers part of the UoA and does not yet include the regions of Aysén and Magallanes. It is worth mentioning that a population connectivity assessment is needed to fully establish the UoA in this fishery. 46

47 8. CONCLUSION The Southern Octopus fishery is not yet in a position to be certified. However, there are some elements present and others that, if developed, would allow for a successful MSC assessment in the near future. 1.- Main Fishery Strengths for MSC Certification 1. There is good quality monitoring of fishing in the certification unit (Los Lagos Región). 2. The type of fishing gear is very selective to the target resource and causes minimal disturbances to non-target species and the environment. 3. There are no non-target species caught incidentally by the fishing activity. 4. There is good institutional support for fishery management with the operation of a technical scientific committee of benthic resources. 5. The management committee of the southern octopus has been formed and has had periodic meetings and is well represented by stakeholders. 6. There are ongoing research studies (FIPA, FONDECYT) that can address current weaknesses of the fishery. 2.- Main Fishery Weaknesses for MSC Certification 1. There is no evaluation of octopus stock. 2. There is no knowledge of the connectivity of local populations throughout the range of the species. Thus, the UoA cannot be precisely delineated. 3. There is no MSY estimates, only the historical average of catches is available for consideration. 4. The type of fishing gear does not ensure that juveniles are not being caught unintentionally. 5. The period of reproductive closure does not ensure that females are not captured during the incubation period. 6. There is no information about the type and magnitude of bycatch. 7. There is no a legal minimal weight established by law for this species, only one for the Northern Octopus that is used by extention. 47

48 3.- Recommendations for Overcoming Detected Weaknesses 1. The evaluation of classic stock measures in fast-growing and short-lived organisms, with a single reproductive event and high dependence on environmental variables, is not recommended. Therefore, the use of a riskbased framework analysis (RBF) is recommended in order to score component Alternatively, studies currently in progress could enlighten us about possible alternative stock assessment methodologies that could be adequate for this resource. 2. Studies of population limits through molecular methods that assess population structure and connectivity of local populations within the range of this species, including the region of Magallanes and the Atlantic coast, are necessary to define the UoA. 3. The incorporation of on-board observers for fishing vessels active in this fishery, in addition to those already in place at the main ports, would significantly increase the likelihood of certification. This element is critical for all aspect issues regarding information. 4. Research studies examining the spawning seasons and parental care of the females by region are necessary for adjusting the period of the seasonal fishing ban for each zone. 5. A modification of the fishing gear to a non-lethal hook would increase the probability of a successful full assessment, especially in the performance indicator of strategy management (1.2.1.). This measure would be implementing in tandem with a minimal legal weight for the target species. 6. The fishery should define if there are any non-target species (i.e. Rollizo and Congrio). These should be included in the evaluation of MSC Principle Current Research Finally, it should be noted that in 2018 two research fishing permits granted by SUBPESCA have been processed and an FIPA (Fisheries and Aquaculture Research Fund) is currently underway for this resource. Together, this should 48

49 provide valuable information if a full MSC evaluation of the Southern Octopus fishery takes place in the future. 1. Assessing the effects of the environmental variability on cephalopod life history traits: distribution and ecological role of short-life species across southern Pacific boundaries. Requested by Sergio Carrasco (ANNEX 2). 2. In situ monitoring of fishing areas of the Southern Octopus in the Ancud Bay, X region of the Lakes ". Requested by Universidad Austral de Chile (ANNEX 3). 3. FIPA "Characterization of the fishery and stock assessment of the Southern Octopus resource in the X Region. Universidad Austral de Chile, Carlos Molinet. 49

50 1. Traget species 5. Score Summary Table Table IV: Summary of Probably Scores and Justification for the Assessment Tree of the MSC 2.0 Fisheries Standard. Principle 1. Principle Component Performance Indicator Code Score Justifica tion Outcome Stock Status <60 Score under 60, there is not stock assessment of the fishery and no biological reference points. However, current research could cover this gap (FIPA ). Alternatively, this indicator could be score via RBF. A priori, a consequence analysis (CA), could score 60 if embryo mortality in the capsules left unprotected by incubating females is evaluated. In any case, the RBF is an extensive protocol and must be carried out by a group of experts. Stock Rebuilding No Score In the case of the Southern Octopus, no score is given for this performance indicator and it should first be evaluated by RBF. Harvest Strategy (Management) Harvest Strategy Harvest Control Rules and Tools Information and Monitoring Assessment of Stock Status The trajectory of the fishery has shown stability in last years, however it is necessary that the fishing gear avoid the capture of juveniles (mean a non-lethal hook) and reproductive bans match better with the incubation periods of females for each fishing zone <60 There is no adaptive management strategy that covers the entire UoA. There is a management committee of the Southern Octopus but only for Los Lagos region; currently there is no management plan for this resource <60 There is not information about of status of population for all UoA, only this is available for the two principal ports in Chiloe. To full UoA (Los Lagos to Magallanes) only the SERNAPESCA database is available (range of information). There is a lack of information on the delimitation of the stock (connectivity and stock limit), which does not allow observers to know what specific population is being monitored. The abundance of stock is not monitoring. In the case of a delimited UoA (Los Lagos), the score will improve (at least 60), because IFOP has a detailed and constant monitoring over a relatively long time (> 10 years). This including enough information about; size structure, productivity and fleets activity that could help to elaborate a capture strategy (Comprehensiveness of information) >80 When using RBF, this component has a score of 80 by default. In other case, this performance indicator score <60 because there is not stock assessment to date. 50

51 1. Ecosystem Tabla V: Summary of Probably Scores and Justification for the Assessment Tree of the MSC 2.0 Fisheries Standard. Principle 2. Principle Component Performance Indicator Code Score Justificatio n Primary species Outcome Status Management Strategy >80 There are not official record of primary species in the fishery. Fishery gear seem be very selective >80 There are not official record of primary species in the fishery but there are not a frequent evaluation to determine if primary species has been captured. Secondary Species ETP Species Information Despite no species primary are officially recorded in the fishery, the scoring issues (information adequacy for assessment to primary species and management strategy) are conditioned to real absent of incidental fauna in the fishery activity. In addition, the status of the bycatch species should be established. An on-board observer program could overcome this problem. Outcome Status Management Strategy >80 There are not official record of secondary species in the fishery. Fishery gear seem be very selective >80 The fishing gear is very selective for octopus. There are not official record of secondary species in the fishery but there are not a frequent revision or evaluation to determine if primary species has been captures. Information Due to the lack of on-board observers monitoring the incidental captures of nontarget species. Despite no species secondary are officially recorded in the fishery, the scoring issues (information adequacy for assessment to primary species and management strategy) are conditioned to real absent of incidental fauna in the fishery activity. Moreover, there are antecedents about three species of fishes (without biological referent point) that could are being captured. Outcome Status Management status >80 There are not official record of ETP species in the fishery. Fishery gear seem be very selective >80 There are not records of direct or indirect interaction with ETP in the fishery but there are not a frequent revision or evaluation to determine if ETP species has been affected by the fishing activity. Information Because observer monitoring does not occur on-board to ensure that there are no direct or indirect interactions with ETP species during fishing activity. Therefore, there are not adequate information qualitative as well as quantitative of the UoA to evaluate the potential impact to fishery on ETP (scoring issue (a)). 51

52 2. Ecosystem Principle Component Performance Indicator Code Score Justificatio n Habitat Ecosytem Outcome Status Management Startegy Information / Monitoring Outcome Status Management Startegy Information / Monitoring >80 There is not record within the fishing area regarding the effect of this fishing activity on the rocky sea floor and the fishing activity is bounded between 1-40 m of depth. The fishing could affect water-cold corals (cataloged as VME), which show low recovery rates This indicator would need to be addressed within a short period following certification. The fishery needs, at least, a partial strategy to ensure the minima l impact on the structure and function of the habitat, in special in the VME >80 Taking into account the available information rocky shores environment in the UoA. Scoring using CSA >80 Major fishing activity is focused on a small fraction of the geographic and bathymetric distribution range of the Southern Octopus. Therefore, it is highly improbable that the UoA impacts key elements of the ecosystem. In this PI is recommended scoring by RBF through SICA There are minimal indirect regulations (i.e. measures) that plausibly indicate no potential impact in the structure and function of the ecosystem (scoring issue a and b). Such a score would be conditional and this indicator would need to be addressed within a short period following certification Taking into account the available information regarding the eco-region of Chiloé and the channels and fjords areas. The fishery activity allow inferring about the impact of the UoA on the ecosystem (impact in food web, productivity). However, there are not detailed information in this regard. 52

53 3.- Management System Table VI: Summary of Probably Scores and Justification for the Assessment Tree of the MSC 2.0 Fisheries Standard. Principle 3. Principle Component Performance Indicator Code Score Justificatio n Governance & Police Fishery Specific Management System Legal / Customary Framework Consultations, Roles & responsabilities Long Term Objetives Fishery Specific Objetives Decisionmaking Processes Compliance & Enforcement Monitoring & Management Performance Evaluation >80 Other fisheries in Chile have already been certified with the MSC standard and are governed by the same general laws >80 The fisheries management system in Chile is formed and supported by law with the responsibility for the system given to the Undersecretary of Fisheries (SUBPESCA created in 1976), a division of the Chilean Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism. The roles and functions of SUBPESCA are clearly established and publicly known. Queries and other information can be requested through the national transparency law by any Chilean citizen >80 The general fisheries and aquaculture law of Chile explicitly establishes a precautionary and ecosystem-focused approach to fishery management as its objective. These criteria are obligations that must be fulfilled by law <60 There is no current management plan. However, the fact that the Southern Octopus management committee it was established in 2016 and has regular sessions and public records (available on the SUBPESCA website) shows that such a plan will exist in the near future for at least the UoC A specific committee for the management of this fishery exists. However, its effectiveness needs to be verified over time given that there has been no meeting so far in >80 There is an official SERNAPESCA registry and a corresponding inspection. Data from IFOP monitoring from between 2012 and 2017 in two of the main ports indicates that percentage of octopi captured that are under putative the legal weight is around 10% (with a range between 6-15%). On the other hand, there are no data on illegal fishing that occurs during the seasonal fishing ban The current structure of the management committee and its periodic sessions, the monitoring carried out by IFOP and the oversight of SERNAPESCA allow for an adequate level of monitoring and evaluation of this fishery (scoring issue (a)). This revision is only internal, without external audition (scoring issue (b)). Unfortunately, the IFOP monitoring is limited only to the Los Lagos region. 53

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57 Rocha, F., Biología, Ecología, Cultivo y Pesquerías de Cefalópodos. 207 pp +Anexos. Romero M. A., S. Dans, R. González, G. Svendsen, N. García & E. Crespo Solapamiento trófico entre el lobo marino de un pelo Otaria flavescens y la pesquería de arrastre demersal del golfo San Matías, Patagonia, Argentina. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. vol.39 no.2 Sardella, N., M. E. Ré y J. Timi Two new Aggregata species (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) infecting Octopustehuelchus and Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Parasitology. Vol. 86 (5): Schiavini, A., P. Yorio y P. Gandini Los pingüinos de las costas argentinas: estado poblacional y conservación. Revista Hornero (B. Aires). Vol.20 (1): Schiavini, A. y A. Rey Long days, long trips: foraging ecology of female rockhopper penguins Eudypteschrys ocomechrysocome at Tierra del Fuego. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 275: Schiavini, A., R. Goodall A. Lescrauwaet and M. Alonso Food habits of the Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis; Review and new information. Forty-Seventh Report of the International Whaling Commission Annual Report. International Whaling Commission [Annu. Rep. Int. WhalingComm.]. Vol. 47: Scioscia G., A. Raya Rey, R. A. Saenz Samaniego, O. Florentín & A. Schiavini Intra- and interannual variation in the diet of the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) at Martillo Island, Beagle Channel. Polar Biology 37: Schwindt, E Evaluación Nacional de Situación en Materia del Agua de Lastre. Grupo de Ecología en Ambientes Costeros (GEAC), Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT- CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. 71 pp. Strugnell J.M., M. D. Norman, M. Vecchione, M. Guzik, A.L. Allcock The ink sac clouds octopod evolutionary history Hydrobiologia 725: Uriarte, I.; C. Rosas, V. Espinoza, J. Hernández y A. Farías Thermal tolerance of paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Aquaculture Research Vol. 49(6): Uriarte I., Farías A Enteroctopus megalocyathus. In: Iglesias J., Fuentes L., Villanueva R. (eds) Cephalopod Culture. Springer, Dordrecht Vega, M., F. Rocha y C. Osorio Variaciones espaciales y temporales de paralarvas de cefalópodos en el Canal Moraleda (43 S.) Sur de Chile. Ciencia y Tecnología Mar. 23: Villanueva, R. & M.D. Norman Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 46:

58 ANNEX 1 REFERENCES 1. Almonacid, E., L. Guzman, M. Nilo, S. Cornejo y F. Rocha, Investigación áreas susceptibles de explotación del pulpo, XII Región. IFOP-FNDR. Informe Final. 45 pp. + tablas, figuras y fotografías. 2. Arkhipkin, A. Brickle, V. Laptikhovsky, L. Butcher, E. Jones, M. Potter and D.Poulding Variation in the diet of the red cod with size and season around the Falkland Islands (south-west Atlantic). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 81: Baqueiro E. y S. Medrano Atlas Histológico del pulpo del Sur Enteroctopus megalocyathus. En: 4. Baqueiro E., S. Medrano, R. Contreras, N. Barahona, F. Briceño, M. J. Villegas y R. Paredes Eye lens structure of the Octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus: Evidence of growth.journal of Shellfish Research, Vol. 30, No. 2, , Barahona, N., V. Pezo, A. Muñoz y H. Miranda Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 6. Barahona, N., A. Muñoz, V. Pezo, C. Vicencio y A. Olguín Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 7. Barahona, N., C. Vicencio, V. Pezo, A. Muñoz y A. Olguín Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 8. Barahona, N., C. Vicencio, V. Pezo, A. Olguín y M. Ortego Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 9. Barahona, N., A. Olguín, C. Vicencio, V. Pezo, y M. Ortego Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 10. Barahona, N., A. Olguín, C. Vicencio y V. Pezo Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 11. Barahona, N., A. Olguín, C. Vicencio y V. Pezo Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas IFOP. Informe final. 12. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, Z. Young, J. C. Saavedra, M. I. Ortego y C. Toledo, Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP. 116 pp + Anexos. 13. Barahona N., A. Olguín, C. Vicencio, V. Pezo, Z. Young, Patricio Galvez, Marcelo Nilo y E. Palta, Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Fase II. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP. 145 pp + Anexos. 14. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, N. Pezo, G. Muñoz, C. Navarro, N. Salas y P. Araya Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP. 15. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, N. Pezo y L. Aríz Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP. 16. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, N. Pezo, G. Muñoz, C. Navarro, N. Salas y P. Araya Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP. 58

59 17. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, N. Pezo, G. Muñoz, C. Navarro, N. Salas, P. Araya y V. Castillo Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 18. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, N. Pezo, G. Muñoz, C. Navarro, N. Salas y C. Vargas Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 19. Barahona N., C. Vicencio, A. Olguín, N. Pezo, G. Muñoz, C. Navarro, N. Salas y C. Vargas Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 20. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, G. Muñoz, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, C. Vargas, N. Pezo, L. Subiabre, Z. Young, C. Molinet, M. Díaz, P. Díaz, M. Guzmán, A. Aguayo, P. Molina, M. Millanao y C. Salas Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 21. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, G. Muñoz, V. Pezo, P. Mora y C. Vargas Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP. 22. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, G. Muñoz, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, C. Vargas, N. Pezo, L. Subiabre, Z. Young, C. Molinet, M. Díaz, P. Díaz, M. Guzmán, A. Aguayo, P. Molina y M. Millanao Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 23. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, G. Muñoz, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, C. Vargas, N. Pezo, L. Subiabre, Z. Young, C. Molinet, M. Díaz, P. Díaz, M. Guzmán, A. Aguayo, P. Molina y M. Millanao Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 24. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, G. Muñoz, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, C. Vargas, N. Pezo, L. Subiabre, C. Techeira y C. Hurtado Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 25. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, G. Muñoz, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, N. Pezo y L. Subiabre Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 26. Barahona N., A. Olguín, P. Araya, G. Muñoz, C. Vicencio, C. Navarro, N. Salas, N. Pezo, L. Subiabre y J. Parada Programa de Seguimiento del Estado de Situación de las Principales Pesquerías Nacionales. Informe Final. Proyecto Investigación Situación Pesquerías Bentónicas Subsecretaria de Pesca-IFOP 27. Barahona N., A. Olguín, A. Aguilera, V. Pezo, E. Diaz, M. González, D. Subiabre, A. Valdenegro, S. Medrano, E. Bakeiro, B. Bello, M. Araya, J. Peñailillo, R. Contreras, J. Godoy, J. Henriquez, V. Almanza y M. Matamala Caracterización biológico pesquera de las actividades extractivas del recurso pulpo en la X Región. Proyecto FIP Informe Final. 28. Biswas, S., S. Chatterjee and J. Chattopadhyay Cannibalism may control disease in predator population: result drawn from a model based study. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 38: Brunetti, N Cefalópodos. En: Cousseau, M Peces, Crustáceos y Moluscos registrados en el sector del Atlántico Sudoccidental comprendido entre 34 S y 55 S, con indicación de las especies de interés pesquero. INIDEP. Informe Técnico pp. 30. Barrientos, C., M. Gonzalez y C. A. Moreno Geographical differences in the feeding patterns of red rockfish along South American coasts. Fishery Bulletin Oct: Carrasco, S., R. Maltrain, F. Villenas & M. Vega New records of early life-stages of cephalopods in the Chiloé Interior Sea. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 40(1):

60 32. Chong, J., N. Cortes, R. Galleguillos y C. Oyarzún, Estudio biológico pesquero del recurso Pulpo en la X y XI Regiones. Proyecto FIP Informe Final. 207 pp. 33. Chong, J., M. Pardo y M. Araya Determinación de edad y estimación de los parámetros de crecimiento en el pulpo austral Enteroctopus megalocyathus de la Isla de Chiloé, Chile. X Congreso Latinoamericano en Ciencias del Mar (COLACMAR), Septiembre 2003, San José, Costa Rica. Libro de Resúmenes p Clausen, A., A. Arkhipkin, V. Laptikhovsky and N. Huin What is out there: diversity in feeding of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) around the Falkland (Southwest Atlantic). Polar Biology Vol. 28 (9): Crespi - Abril, A., N. Ortiz & D. Galván Decision tree analysis for the determination of relevant variables and quantifiable reference points to establish maturity stages in Enteroctopus megalocyathus and Illex argentinus. Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 72(5), pp Espinoza, V Canibalismo en paralarvas del pulpo rojo patagónico Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould, 1852), cultivadas en ambiente controlado. Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Acuicultura. Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Coquimbo. 37. Farías A., E. Martínez-Montaño, V. Espinoza, J. Hernández, M.T. Viana and I. Uriarte Effect of zooplankton as diet for the early paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus, grown under controlled environment. Aquaqulture Nutrition Volume22, Issue6: Farías, A., J.C. Navarro, V. Cerna, S. Pino y I. Uriarte Efecto de la dieta de los reproductores sobre la fecundidad y composición bioquímica de los huevos del pulpo rojo patagónico Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould 1852). Ciencias Marinas 37(1): Farías, A., S. Pereda, I. Uriarte, J. Dörner, G.Cuzon and C. Rosas Evaluating the Effects of Formulated Moist Diets on Juveniles of Patagonian Octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould 1852). Journal of Shellfish Research 29(4): Farías, A., I. Uriarte, J. Hernández, S. Pino, C. Pascual, C. Caamal, P. Domíngues and C. Rosas How size relates to oxygen consumption, ammonia excretion, and ingestion rates in cold (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) and tropical (Octopus maya) octopus species. Mar. Biol. 156: Garri, G. & L. de Cidre Microanatomy of the digestive system of Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Cephalopoda, Octopoda) of the southwest atlantic. Boletín de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras - INVEMAR, 42(2): Garri, R and M. Ré Morphology of the digestive apparatus of Enteroctopus megalocyathus and Loligo sanpaulensis (Mollusca, Cephalopoda). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia. V (2): González M Land-based cultures: A case study applied to Chilean aquaculture. In: Pham CK, Higgins R. M., De Girolamo M, Isidro E. (eds.), Proc. International Workshop: Developing a Sustainable Aquaculture Industry in the Azores. Arquipélago (Life Mar. Sci.), Suppl. 7, pp Grilo, T. F. y R. Rosa Intersexuality in aquatic invertebrates: Prevalence and causes. Science of The Total Environment. Vol 572: Gutiérrez, R., A. Farías, G. Yany & I. Uriarte Interacciones macho-hembra del pulpo rojo patagónico Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) durante el comportamiento de apareamiento. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research. Vol.40: Gutiérrez, R., I. Uriarte, G. Yany and A. Farías Productive performance of juvenile Patagonian red octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) fed with fresh preys: are relevant the quantity of protein and energy on diets? Acuaculture Research Vol 46: Gutiérrez D., G. Darrigran y C. Damborenea Los Moluscos Marinos de Argentina y su Consumo Museo de La Plata. División Zoología Invertebrados, Sección Malacología. 48. Harrington, K.J., S. Pole-Evans, M. Reeves, M. Bechard, M. Bobowski, D. R. Barber, K. Rexer- Huber, N. Lecomte and K. L. Bildstein Seasonal micro-migration in a farm-island population of striated caracaras (Phalcoboenus australis) in the Falkland Islands. Movement Ecology (2018) 6: Ibáñez, C., N. Cortés y J. Chong, Aspectos trofodinámicos del pulpo Enteroctopus megalocyathus en el Pacífico Suroriental. XXI Congreso Ciencias del Mar. Libro resúmenes: 50 60

61 50. Ibáñez, C., M. Pardo-gandarillas & M. George-Nascimento Uso del microhábitat por el protozoo parásito Aggregata patagonica Sardella, Ré & Timi, 2000 (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) en su hospedador definitivo, el pulpo Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould, 1852) (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) en el sur de Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78: Ibáñez, C. and J. Chong Feeding ecology of Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae) in southern Chile. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK (2008), 88: En: Ibáñez, C., P. Camus and F.J. Rocha Diversity and distribution of cephalopod species off the coast of Chile. Biology Research 5:4, Ibáñez, C.M. y K. Friedemann Cannibalism in cephalopods. Fish Biology and Fisheries, Volume 20, Issue 1, pp Ibáñez, C. M., F. Peña, M. C. Pardo-Gandarillas, M. A. Méndez, C. E. Hernández & E. Poulin Evolution of development type in benthic octopuses: holobenthic or pelago-benthic ancestor? Hydrobiologia 725: Koen-Alonso M., E. Crespo, N. García, S. Pedraza, P. Mariotti & N. Mora Fishery and ontogenetic driven changes in the diet of the spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias, in Patagonian waters, Argentina. Environmental Biology of Fishes 63: Koen-Alonso, M., E. Crespo, N. García, S. Pedraza, P. Mariotti, B. Berón Vera and N. Mora Food habits of Dipturus chilensis (Pisces: Rajidae) off Patagonia, Argentina. ICES Journal of Marine Science, Volume 58 (1): Koen-Alonso, M., E. Crespo, S. Pedraza, N. Garcia and M. Coscarella Food habits of the South American sea lion, Otaria flavescens, off Patagonia, Argentina. Fishery Bulletin Vol. 98 (2): Koen-Alonso, M Estudio comparado de la alimentación entre algunos predadores de alto nivel trófico de la comunidad marina del norte y centro de Patagonia. Tesis para optar al título de Doctor en Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. 180 pp. 59. Laptikhovsky, V., A. Arkhipkin and A. Henderson Feeding habits and dietary overlap in spiny dogfish Squalus acanthias (Squalidae) and narrowmouth catshark Schroederichthys bivius (Scyliorhinidae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK 81: Libenson, L La dieta del cormoran cuello negro (Phalacrocorax magellanicus) y el cormoran real (P. albiventer) en el puerto de Comodoro Rivadavia (Chubut, Argentina). Naturalia patagónica, Ciencias Biológicas 4: Mansilla E Bases sobre el manejo y mantención del pulpo del sur (Enteroctopus megalocyathus): Crecimiento y reproducción. Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia. En: Márquez, F., Ré, M. y N. Ortiz Evaluación de la conchilla vestigial de Enteroctopus megalocyathus como herramienta para la determinación de edad. II Reunión Binacional de Ecología. Libro de Resumenes. 63. Márquez, F. & M. E. Ré Morphological and chemical description of the stylets of the red octopus, Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda). Molluscan Research 29(1): Martínez-Montaño, E.; I. Uriarte, C. Rosas, R. Amthauer, A. Romero & A. Farías Replacing live feed with formulated diets in juvenile Patagonian red octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus). Aquaculture Nutrition, Vol.24(1): Martín, G La pesca artesanal en las costas de Patagonia: Hacia una visión global. Informe Técnico N 7. Fundación Patagonia Natural. 12 pp. 66. Medrano S y J. Godoy Informe Término Proyecto FONDEF D06I1051 (Technical report of Project Commercial ongrowing of Southern Octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) in a Deep Farming System ). Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Arturo Prat, Puerto Montt 67. Olguín A. y G. Jerez Chile. Especies Bentónicas de importancia comercial. Instituto de Fomento Pesquero. 32 pp. 61

62 68. Osorio, C., R. Peña, L. Ramajo y N. Garcelon Malacofauna bentónica de los canales oceánicos del sur de Chile (43-45 S). Ciencia y Tecnología Marina 29 (1): Ortiz N, Ré ME, Márquez F, Glembocki N.G The reproductive cycle of the red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus in fishing areas of Northern Patagonian coast. Fish Res 10: Ortiz, N El modo de vida y la morfología de las paralarvas del pulpo colorado patagónico, Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Libro Resumen XXV Congreso de Ciencias del Mar XI y Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencias del Mar, Viña del mar, Chile. 71. Ortiz, N., M. Ré and F. Marquez First Description of Eggs, Hatchlings and Hatchling Behaviour of Enteroctopus Megalocyathus (Cephalopoda: Octopodidae). Journal of Plankton Research. Vol. 28 (10): Ortiz, N. and M. Ré First report of pseudohermaphroditism in cephalopods. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 72 (3): Ortiz, N., M. Ré y F. Márquez Primera descripción de puestas del pulpo colorado (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) en la costa patagónica. Libro Resumen XXV Congreso de Ciencias del Mar XI y Congreso Latinoamericano de Ciencias del Mar, Viña del mar, Chile. 74. Ortiz N Validation of macroscopic maturity stages the Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Journal of Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom, 93: Ortiz, N., M. E. Ré, F. Marquez & N. G. Glembocki The reproductive cycle of the red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus in fishing areas of Northern Patagonian coast. Fisheries Research (Amsterdam) Tomo 110 (1): Ortiz N Biología poblacional del pulpo colorado Enteroctopus megalocyathus en la costa patagónica norte y central y sus implicancias en el manejo pesquero. Tesis Doctoral. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Universidad de Buenos Aires. 77. Pardo-Gandarillas, M., C. Ibánez, J. Francisco Ruiz, C. Bustos, F. Peña & M. Landaeta Paralarvae of cephalopods in channels and fjords of the southern tip of Chile (46 53 S). Fisheries Research 173: Perez, M., D. Lopez, K.Aguila and M. Gonzalez Feeding and growth in captivity of the octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus Gould, Aquaculture Research. Vol. 37 (6): Ré, M. E. y N. Ortiz Pesquerías de Cefalópodos. Atlas de Sensibilidad Ambiental del Mar y de la Costa Ré, M.E Atlas de Sensibilidad Ambiental de la Costa y el Mar Argentino. Cefalópodos. Enteroctopus megalocyathus. 3 pp. 81. Ré M.E., Kuba L., Márquez F., Hermosilla C Dieta del pulpo colorado (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) en la costa patagónica argentina. VI Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias del Mar, Puerto Madryn, Argentina, Resúmenes, pg Ré, M.E Pulpos octopódidos (Cephalopoda, Octopodidae). En: Boschi, E.E.; Ed. Los moluscos de interés pesquero. Cultivos y estrategias reproductivas de bivalvos y equinoideos. Serie: El Mar Argentino y sus Recursos Pesqueros; Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Mar del Plata. Argentina. 84. Ré M.E Pesquerías costeras norpatagónicas: artes alternativas y optimización. Pulpos. Informe Técnico No. 7 del LAPEMAR-CENPAT (Laboratorio de Peces y Mariscos de Interés Comercial, Centro Nacional Patagónico), 35 pp. 85. Ré M.E Maduración sexual en Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Cephalopoda, Octopoda). Contribuciones del Centro Nacional Patagónico, 93: Ré M. E. y R. Taylor La pesca de pulpos en Argentina. Artes de captura utilizadas y estadísticas pesqueras hasta Contribuciones del Centro Nacional Patagónico, 52: Ré M.E Estudio taxonómico de Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Gould) (Cephalopoda, Octopoda) con notas sobre su biología y pesca. Contribuciones del Centro Nacional Patagónico, 53: RECOPADES Pescadores chilotes innovando para una pesca sostenible del recurso pulpo. En:

63 89. Riccialdelli L., S. D. Newsome, N. A. Dellabianca, R. Bastida, M. L. Fogel & R. N. Goodall Ontogenetic diet shift in Commerson s dolphin (Cephalorhynchus commersonii commersonii) off Tierra del Fuego. Polar Biol. 36: Rocha, F. y M. Vega Overview of cephalopod fisheries in Chilean waters. Fisheries Research (Amsterdam). Vol. 60 (1): Rosas, C., Cuzon, G., Pascual, C., Gaxiola, G., Chay, D., López, N., Maldonado, T., and Domingues P Energy balance of Octopus maya fed crab and artificial diet. Marine Biology Vol. 152 (2): Sardella, N., M. E. Ré y J. Timi Two new Aggregata species (Apicomplexa: Aggregatidae) infecting Octopus tehuelchus and Enteroctopus megalocyathus (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Parasitology. Vol. 86 (5): Schiavini, A., P. Yorio y P. Gandini Los pingüinos de las costas argentinas: estado poblacional y conservación. Revista Hornero (B. Aires). Vol.20 (1): Schiavini, A. y A. Rey Long days, long trips: foraging ecology of female rockhopper penguins Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome at Tierra del Fuego. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 275: Schiavini, A., R. Goodall A. Lescrauwaet and M. Alonso Food habits of the Peale's dolphin, Lagenorhynchus australis; Review and new information. Forty-Seventh Report of the International Whaling Commission Annual Report. International Whaling Commission [Annu. Rep. Int. Whaling Comm.]. Vol. 47: Toll, R The supraspecific classification of the Octopodinae (Cephalopoda: Octopoda): A review. Bulletin of Marine Science. Vol. 49 (1-2): Uriarte, I.; C. Rosas, V. Espinoza, J. Hernández y A. Farías Thermal tolerance of paralarvae of Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus. Aquaculture Research Vol. 49(6): Uriarte I., E. Martınez-Montaño, V. Espinoza, C. Rosas, J. Hernández & A. Farías Effect of temperature increase on the embryonic development of Patagonian red octopus Enteroctopus megalocyathus in controlled culture. Aquaculture Research, 47: Uriarte I., Farías A Enteroctopus megalocyathus. In: Iglesias J., Fuentes L., Villanueva R. (eds) Cephalopod Culture. Springer, Dordrecht 100. Uriarte, I, V. Espinoza, R. Gutiérrez, O. Zúñiga, A. Olivares, C. Rosas, S. Pino and A. Farías Key aspects of egg incubation in Patagonian red octopus (Enteroctopus megalocyathus) for cultivation purposes. Aquaculture. Vol : Vega, M. A Uso de la morfometría de las mandíbulas de cefalópodos en estudios de contenido estomacal. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. vol.39 no.3 Valparaíso Vinuesa, H. y M. Varisco Trophic ecology of the lobster krill Munida gregaria in San Jorge Gulf, Argentina. Invest. Mar., Valparaíso, 35(2): Villanueva, R. & M.D. Norman Biology of the planktonic stages of benthic octopuses. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 46:

64 ANNEX 2 MINISTERIO DE ECONOMTA FOMENTO Y TURISMO SUBSECRETARIA DE PESCA Y ACUICULTURA PINV PULPO AUTORIZA A SERGIO ANTONIO CARRASCO ORDENES PARA REALIZAR PESCA DE INVESTIGACION QUE INDICA. VALPARATSO, 1 3 FEB. Z018 R. EX. N ? VISTO: Lo solicitado por Sergio Antonio Carrasco Ordenes, mediante C.l. SUBPESCA N 13075/2017, de fecha 15 de noviembre de 2017; lo informado por la División de Administración Pesquera de esta Subsecretaría, en Informe Técnico N 046/2018, contenido en Memorándum Técnico LP.INV.l N 046/2018, de fecha 24 de enero de 2018; los Términos Técnicos de Referencia delproyecto "Assessing the effects of enviromental variability on cephalopods' life-history traits: distibution and ecological roles of short-lived species across southeast Pacific boundaries, elaborados por el peticionario y aprobados por esta Subsecretaña; la Ley N ; la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura N y sus modificaciones cuyo texto refundido fue fijado por el D.S. N 430 de 1991, el D.F.L. N 5 de 1983, el D.S. N 461de 1995, ambos delactualministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. CON S 1 DE RA N DO: Que Sergio Antonio Carrasco Ordenes, ingresó mediante carta citada en Visto, una solicitud para desarrollar la pesca de investigación conforme los Términos Técnicos de Referencia del Proyecto denominado Proyecto "Assessing the effects of enviromental variability on cephalopods' life-history traits: distibution and ecological roles of short-lived species across southeast Pacific boundaries. Que mediante Memorándum Técnico (P.INV.l N 046/2018, citado en Visto, la División de Administración Pesquera de esta Subsecretaría, informa que las actividades planteadas en la solicitud califican como pesca de investigación de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el artículo 2 N 29 de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, por cuanto es una actividad extractiva sin fines de lucro y son de interés desde la perspectiva del conocimiento biológico y poblacionalrespecto de las especies de cefalópodos en Chile insular y continental 64

65 Que los propósitos del estudio, en cuyo contexto se inscribe el requerimiento del peticionario, son concordantes con las actividades y objetivos planteados en la proposición técnica. ' Que dicha solicitud cumple con las exigencias dispuestas en el D.S. N 461 de 1995, del actual Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, que establece los requisitos que deben cumplir las solicitudes de pesca de investigación. Que de acuerdo a lo anterior y de conformidad a lo dispuesto en los artículos 98 a 102 de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura y el D.S. N 461 de 1995, citado en Visto, corresponde autorizar la pesca de investigación solicitada. RE S U E LVO: 1.- Autorízase a Sergio Antonio Carrasco Ordenes, R.U.T , con domicilio en Larrondo N 1281, Coquimbo, IV Región, para efectuar una pesca de investigación, de conformidad con los Términos Técnicos de Referencia del Proyecto denominado Proyecto "Assessing the effects of enviromental variability on cephalopods' Lifehistory traits: distibution and ecological roles of short-lived species across southeast Pacific boundaries", elaborados por el peticionario y aprobados por esta Subsecretaría y el informe técnico citado en Visto, los que se consideran parte integrante de la presente resolución. 2.- El objetivo de la pesca de investigación que por la presente resolución se autoriza, consiste en evaluar la relación de rasgos de historia de vida cefalópodos (Familia Octopodidae, Loliginidae, Ommastrephidae) con condiciones ambientales y la subsecuente influencia en distribuciones geográficas, respuestas fisiológicas y roles ecológicos en especies que caocurren en ambientes continentales e insulares del Oceano Pacífico Sureste. 3.- La pesca de investigación se efectuará en un período de 3 años contados desde la fecha de publicación de la presente resolución, de conformidad con lo establecido en el Artículo N 174 de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, a ejecutarse entre la XV Región de Arica y Parinacota y la V Región de Valparaíso. 4.- En el evento de desarrollar parte del muestreo al interior de un espacio costero marino para pueblo originario (ECMPOl, un Área Marina Protegida o de un área de manejo y explotación de recursos bentónicos (AMERBl, el ejecutor deberá coordinar la actividad con el administrador del Área respectiva. 5.- En cumplimiento de los objetivos de la presente pesca de investigación, el peticionario podrá realizar las siguientes actividades: a.- La extracción de un máximo 2000 cápsulas /huevos de cefalópodos, los cuales serán preservados y posteriormente trasladados al laboratorio para análisis de parámetros reproductivos. b.- La extracción de un máximo de 100 capsulas/huevos de cefalópodos obtenidas de la IV Región de Coquimbo, las cuales serán mantenidas vivas en ambiente controlado en la Universidad Católica del Norte (sede Coquimbol, para el análisis de desarrollo embrionario. c.- La extracción de un max1mo de 600 larvas, paralarvas y/o juveniles de las especies de cefalópodos objetivo del estudio. 65

66 d.- La extracción un máximo aproximado de 1800 ejemplares de todo el rango de tallas de las especies secundarias. e.- La extracción de un total de 150 ejemplares de todo el rango de tallas de las especies Robsonella fontaniana, Octopus mimus y Dorytauthis gahi, obtenidos de la IV Región de Coquimbo para su traslado y mantención en ambiente controlado en la Universidad Católica del Norte (sede Coquimbo). 6.- Las embarcaciones artesanales y buzos mariscadores que participen de la actividad deberán contar con toda la documentación al día, de acuerdo a la normativa vigente y deberán ser informados al Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura con un plazo de 72 horas de anticipación a las labores de muestreo. 7.- El peticionario deberá informar a la oficina del Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura correspondiente, con a lo menos 2 días hábiles de anticipación, la fecha y lugar exacta de las actividades de muestreo al Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, para su control y fiscalización. 8.- El solicitante deberá elaborar un informe resumido de las actividades realizadas, que contenga a lo menos información de la obtención de muestras, de los materiales y métodos ocupados. Asimismo, se deberá entregar una base de datos, en formato EXCEL, conteniendo: localización de la red o estaciones de muestreo, número de muestras, número de ejemplares capturados por especie cuando proceda o una cuantificación de la captura y características de los individuos muestreados en el contexto de la autorización. 66

67 ' Además, se deberá disponer los resultados en un archivo electrónico en formato shape el cual deberá estar en coordenadas geográficas (grados, minutos y segundos) referida al datum WGS-84 considerando como atributo la categoría antes mencionada. Lo anterior deberá ser entregado dentro del plazo de 30 días corridos, contados desde la fecha de término del período de pesca autorizado, y deberá entregarse impreso por medio de una carta conductora a la cual se le deberá adjuntar un dispositivo de respaldo digital que contenga una copia del informe más la base de datos solicitada. El incumplimiento de la obligación antes señalada se considerará como causal suficiente para denegar cualquier nueva solicitud de pesca de investigación. 9.- Designase a la Jefa de la División de Administración Pesquera de esta Subsecretaña, como funcionaria encargada de velar por el oportuno y debido cumplimiento de la obligación establecida en el numeral anterior Esta autorización es intransferible y no podrá ser objeto o instrumento de negociación o situación de privilegio alguno Transcríbase copia de esta resolución al Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, a la Dirección General del Territorio Marítimo y Marina Mercante y a la División Jurídica de la Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura. ANOTESE, NOTIFiQUESE POR CARTA CERTIFICADA V PUBLiQUESE EN EXTRACTO EN EL DIARIO OFICIAL POR CUENTA DE LA INTERESADA V A TEXTO INTEGRO EN LOS SITIOS DE DOMINIO ELECTRONICO DE LA SUBSECRETARiA DE PESCA V ACUICULTURA V DEL SERVICIO NACIONAL DE PESCA V ACUICULTURA 67

68 ' ANNEX 3 MINISTERIO DE ECONOMIA FOMENTO YTURISMO SUBSECRETARIA DE PESCA Y ACUICULTURA.x:-:- PINV 232/2017 Pulpo detsu, W!!E/V[./*s:> t. "'"' -? ';!;;: Q. owision ' f.? }Uii\101( : t /jf * >! "t. - AUTORIZA A UNIVERSIDAD AUSTRAL DE CHILE PARA REALIZAR PESCA DE INVESTIGACIÓN QUE INDICA. VALPARAISO, - 5 ENE. ZOlB R. EX..NO! VISTO: Lo solicitado por Universidad Austral de Chile, mediante carta, CL SUBPESCA N de 2017; lo informado por el Departamento de Pesquerías de esta Subsecretaría en Informe Técnico (P.INV.) N 232/2017, contenido en Memorándum Técnico (P.INV) N 232/2017, de fecha 21 de noviembre de 2017; los Términos Técnicos delproyecto denominado "Seguimiento in situ de áreas de pesca de pulpo del sur, en La bahía de Ancud, X Región de Los Lagos ; las Leyes N y N ; la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura N y sus modificaciones cuyo texto refundido, coordinado y sistematizado fue fijado por eld.s. N 430 de 1991, lo dispuesto en eld.f.l N 5 de 1983, delactual Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo; eld.s. N 461de 1995 y el Decreto Exento N 791de 2016, todos delactualministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo. CON S 1 O ERAN O 0: Que mediante carta citada en Visto, la Universidad Australde Chile solicita a esta Subsecretaría la autorización para desarrollar una pesca de investigación de conformidad con los Términos Técnicos delproyecto denominado "Seguimiento in situ de áreas de pesca de pulpo delsur, en La bahía de Ancud, X Región de Los Lagos". Que dicha solicitud cumple con las exigencias dispuestas en el D.S. N 461de 1995, del actualministerio de Economía, Fomento y Turismo, que establece los requisitos que deben cumplir las solicitudes de pesca de investigación. Qué asimismo, mediante Memorándum Técnico (P.INV.) N 41/2015 citado en Visto, la División de Administración Pesquera de esta Subsecretaría, informa que las actividades planteadas en la solicitud califican como pesca de investigación, de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el artículo 2 de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura dado que no tiene fines comerciales. 68

69 ' Que la pesca de investigación que se solicita es de interés desde la perspectiva del conocimiento respecto a la especie pulpo del Sur, considerando la escasa información que se posee acerca de esta especie. Que la presente actividad es necesaria para levantar información de procesos biológicos y fisicos de la especie Enteroctopus megalocyathus en la bahía de Ancud, X Región Los Lagos. Que de conformidad a lo dispuesto en los artículos 98 a 102 de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, corresponde autorizar la pesca de investigación solicitada. RESUELVO: 1.- Autorizase a la Universidad Austral de Chile, R.U.T. N , domiciliada en Avenida Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, X Región, para efectuar una pesca de investigación de conformidad con los Términos Técnicos del proyecto denominado "Seguimiento in situ de áreas de pesca de pulpo del sur, en la bahía de Ancud, X Región de Los Lagos ; elaborados por la peticionaria y aprobados por esta Subsecretaña y el informe técnico citado en Visto, los que se consideran parte integrante de la presente resolución. 2.- El objetivo de la pesca de investigación que por la presente resolución se autoriza consiste en recolectar muestras in situ de pulpo el sur Enteroctopus megalocyathus, para realizar el seguimiento in situ de áreas de pesca en la bahía de Ancud. 3.- La pesca de investigación se efectuará por el término de 6 meses contados a partir de la publicación de la presente resolución de conformidad con el artículo 174 de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, desde la fecha de la presente resolución, en el área marítima de la bahía de Ancud, al interior de la franja de reserva artesanal y aguas interiores de la X y XI Regiones. 4.- En cumplimiento del objetivo de la presente pesca de investigación, la peticionaria podrá realizar el muestreo y extracción, mediante buceo semiautónomo, de 180 ejemplares de la especie Pulpo del sur Enteroctopus megalocyathus. En el caso de necesitar desarrollar parte del muestreo al interior de un Area Marina Protegida o de un Area de manejo (AMERBl, el ejecutante de la pesca de investigación deberá coordinar la actividad con el administrador del área. 5.- La solicitante deberá elaborar un informe resumido de las actividades realizadas, que contenga a lo menos información de la obtención de muestras, de los materiales y métodos ocupados. Asimismo, se deberá entregar una base de datos, en formato EXCEL, conteniendo: localización de la red o estaciones de muestreo, número de muestras, número de ejemplares capturados por especie cuando proceda o una cuantificación de la captura y caracteñsticas de los individuos muestreados en el contexto de la autorización

70 ' Además, se deberá disponer los resultados en un archivo electrónico en formato shape el cual deberá estar en coordenadas geográficas (grados, minutos y segundos) referida al Dátum WGS-84 considerando como atributo la categoría antes mencionada. Lo anterior deberá ser entregado dentro del plazo de 30 días corridos, contados desde la fecha de término del período de pesca autorizado, y deberá entregarse impreso por medio de una carta conductora a la cual se le deberá adjuntar un dispositivo de respaldo digital que contenga una copia del informe más la base de datos solicitada. El incumplimiento de las obligaciones antes señaladas se considerará causal suficiente para denegar cualquier nueva solicitud de pesca de investigación. 6.- Designase a la Jefa de la División de Administración Pesquera de esta Subsecretaría como funcionaria encargada de velar por el oportuno y debido cumplimiento de la obligación establecida en el numeral anterior. ser objeto de negociación alguna. 7.- Esta autorización es intransferible y no podrá 8.- La peticionaria designa como persona responsable de esta pesca de investigación, a don Osear Galindo Villarroel, R.U.T. N , domiciliado en Independencia N 347, Valdivia. 9.- La solicitante deberá dar cumplimiento a las obligaciones que se establecen en la presente resolución, y a las establecidas en la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura y en el D.S. N 461 de El incumplimiento hará incurrir a la titular en el término inmediato de la pesca de investigación sin que sea necesario formalizarlo, y sin perjuicio de las sanciones que correspondan de acuerdo a lo dispuesto en el Título IX y X de la Ley General de Pesca y Acuicultura, ya citada La presente resolución es sin perjuicio de las que correspondan conferir a otras autoridades, de acuerdo a las disposiciones legales y reglamentarias vigentes o que se establezcan El Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura deberá adoptar las medidas y efectuar los controles que sean necesarios para lograr un efectivo cumplimiento de las disposiciones de la presente resolución La presente resolución podrá ser impugnada por la interposición del recurso de reposición contemplado en el artículo 59 de la Ley N , ante esta misma Subsecretaría y dentro del plazo de 5 días hábiles contados desde la respectiva notificación, sin perjuicio de la aclaración del acto dispuesta en el artículo 62 del citado cuerpo legal y de las demás acciones y recursos que procedan de conformidad con la normativa vigente La presente resolución deberá publicarse en extracto en el Diario Oficial, por cuenta del interesado, dentro del plazo de 30 días hábiles contados desde su fecha

71 14.- Transcríbase copia de esta resolución al Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura, a la Dirección General del Territorio Marítimo y Marina Mercante y a la División Jurídica de la Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura. ANOTESE, NOTIFiQUESE POR CARTA CERTIFICADA V PUBLiQUESE EN EXTRACTO EN EL DIARIO OFICIAL POR CUENTA DE LA INTERESADA V A TEXTO INTEGRO EN LOS SITIOS DE DOMINIO ELECTRONICO DE LA SUBSECRETARiA DE PESCA V ACUICULTURA V DEL SERVICIO NACIONAL DE PESCA V ACUICULTURA 71