STORAGE AND HANDLING OF LUBRICANTS

Transcription

1 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 1 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF LUBRICANTS 165

2 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 1 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 1 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF LUBRICANTS DESIGNED TO MEET CHALLENGES STORAGE AND HANDLING OF LUBRICANTS STORING LUBRICANTS Packages containing lubricants should, whenever possible, be stored under cover where they will not be exposed to the action of the weather. Small packages such as tins should always be kept in covered storage, as should any package, whatever its size, once it has been opened and its contents partially used. When the outside storage of unopened drums is unavoidable, certain simple precautions must be observed. The drums should preferably be stored on their sides with bungs at 3 o clock and 9 o clock and wooden dunnage or runners should be used to keep them clear of the ground and to prevent rusting of the undersides. They should never be stacked directly on a surface containing clinker, which is particularly corrosive to metal. The drums at each end of a stack must be securely wedged to prevent movement. Regular inspection should be carried out with a view to the detection of leaks and to make sure that identification markings remain clear and legible. If, for any reason, drums have to be stored on their ends, they should be raised off the ground and stored upside down (i.e. with the bungs at the bottom). Failing this, they should be tilted so that rain water cannot collect round and submerge the bungs. Water contamination is undesirable, whatever the grade of lubricant, and it is not always realised that moisture can enter a drum through what appears to be a perfectly sound bung. A drum standing in the open is subjected to the heat of the day and, of course, cools down again at night. This results in expansion and contraction of the contents with the effect that the air in the space above the oil level is subjected, during the day, to slightly higher than atmospheric pressure and, at night, to slight vacuum. These changes in pressure may be sufficiently great to cause a pumping action, known as breathing, in which air is forced out the drum during the day and drawn into it at night. If, therefore, the bungs through which this breathing takes place are surrounded by water, some of this water may be sucked into the drum and, in the course of time, quite considerable quantities may accumulate. Once the seals have been broken and packages have been opened, there is always a danger that, unless the packages are kept properly closed when not in use, impurities such as dust, sand and fibre may enter them. Such contaminants, eventually finding their way into machinery, can cause damage or abrasion or, by blocking oilways, can result in a complete breakdown due to lack of lubrication. An oil drum, or other package, should never be opened by cutting a large hole in it or by completely removing one end, since, even if the hole is kept covered by, for example, a wooden or metal lid, the chances of contamination are greatly increased. Similarly, it is a bad practice to dip an open container into the oil since, not only does this allow dust to enter, but the outside of the dipper itself may be dirty. Drums of oil should, therefore, be placed on their sides on wooden cradles of convenient height and the oil dispensed by means of a tap under which a drip tray is placed. Alternatively, a drum may be stood on its end and the oil withdrawn by means of a hand pump, the pump intake being inserted into the large bung-hole. When oil is stored in bulk it is probable that water or condensation will accumulate and fine dust find its way into the tanks with the result that, eventually, a layer of sludge-like material builds up at the bottom of the tanks and leads, in time, to contamination of the oil. Consequently, it is advisable to have storage tanks fitted with dished or sloping bottoms provided with drain cocks, which will enable dregs to be drawn off periodically. Where practicable, bulk storage tanks should periodically be cleaned out. Insofar as greases are concerned, the drums must, of necessity, have a large opening and, to avoid as far as possible the entry of dirt and water, it is important that the lid or cover should always be replaced firmly and securely as soon as requirements have been taken. Extremes of temperature are not good for lubricants. They should not be stored in any unduly warm place; equally, it is not wise to leave them for long periods in conditions of extreme cold. HANDLING LUBRICANTS The benefits of good, clean storage can be largely nullified if a lubricant becomes contaminated in transit from the store to the machines. The containers used for transporting lubricants on a site and for the storage of small working quantities must be kept clean and should be provided with lids to prevent the entry of dust and dirt. They should be washed periodically with petrol, care being taken to mop and dry them before using them again. Similarly, funnels and other pieces of apparatus must always be kept scrupulously clean, rags and wipers being used for this purpose. Cotton waste or woollen rags should not be used as they tend to leave behind fibres which will eventually find their way into machinery and impair the flow of oil. It is advisable to have separate, clearly marked containers of each grade of oil or grease so the contamination of one with another does not take place. Used and dirty oil should be put into special containers and stored in separate, clearly labelled receptacles unit until disposed of. Every precaution must be taken to see that used lubricants are not allowed to contaminate fresh oils and greases. In general, cleanliness precautions are even more important with grease than with oil. There is always the chance that impurities in oil may sink to the bottom of the tank or container out of harm s way; with grease this cannot happen and any grit or other contaminant which gets into the grease is bound to find its way into lubricators and machinery sooner or later. Grease is more susceptible than oil to the effects of temperature and temperature cyclings. High temperature or prolonged exposure to even moderately high temperatures (e.g. tropical sunshine) may cause oil to separate out with the result that the grease loses some of its lubricating properties. Petrolatum (petroleum jelly) and certain types of grease can be made liquid by heating and, on cooling, will regain their former condition; but these are exceptions and most greases will be ruined if treated in this way. Never, therefore, heat a grease to make it fluid. 166

3 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 1 The lubrication of machinery should be supervised by a responsible person and should be made a routine procedure. For instance, when a machine requires oil-can applications daily, it should become routine to do this job each morning before commencing to use the machine. Where grease lubrication is called for weekly, this should be done, for instance, first thing Monday morning or last thing before shutting down for the weekend. Each operator should know which grades of lubricant are recommended for the equipment in his/her charge and supplies of the correct lubricants and the handling equipment should be readily available to him. As lubricants are dispensed, the quantities should be measured and a record maintained. Store room records should show the quantities issued and the records should be kept for each machine or unit. By this means, regular checks can be made on consumptions and any marked changes noted. These should be investigated at once. Increased consumption is quite often the first sign that a machine is in need of repair, or that its lubricating system requires adjustments; on the other hand, it may mean over-lubrication by the operator. PERSONAL HYGIENE Shell lubricants are quite safe to use provided ordinary care is taken to minimise skin contamination and to avoid breathing oil mist or vapours. However, prolonged improper use can cause dermatitis or other skin conditions or even, where heavy contamination occurs over many years, skin cancer. Those at risk are people who use oils every day over periods of months or years, not those who work with oils only very occasionally. The risks can be avoided by carrying out the following simple health precautions.for advice contact a Poisons Information Centre: TELEPHONE Australia New Zealand or a Doctor (at once) SPECIAL OILS AND COMPOUNDS The types of oil which have been associated overseas with skin disorders appear to be those which have been lightly refined and which contain relatively more polynuclear aromatic compounds. Oils of this type are used in rubber processing. Particular care should be taken in these cases. WHEN WORKING REGULARLY WITH MINERAL OILS FOLLOW THESE SIMPLE RULES REDUCE skin contamination by mineral oils to the minimum and avoid breathing their mists or vapours. PROTECT the skin by using suitable clothing and barrier creams. CLEAN the skin thoroughly if contaminated with oil. CARE for the skin properly. WEAR clean intact clothes. AVOIDING CONTACT WITH MINERAL OILS Contact with mineral oils should be kept to a minimum by using effective splash guards and correct work methods. Good maintenance should be practised so as to avoid oil-soaked floors or benches. Where cutting oils are used, these should be changed at regular intervals to minimise contamination with abrasive metal particles or bacteria. To keep circulating oil as free as possible of abrasive particles, filter and sumps should be regularly inspected and cleaned out. Minimise mist and vapour generation. If this cannot be done, use proper ventilation to keep the breathing zone concentration of oil mist below the recommended maximum concentration in air of 5mg per cubic metre of air. PERSONAL PROTECTION To minimise skin contamination by oils, wear protective gloves and aprons and suitable outer overalls. Where soluble oil concentrates are used, wear goggles or face visors. Protective clothing should be cleaned at regular intervals to remove oil. It is most important to avoid wearing oil-soaked clothing, and hands should be cleaned with disposable wipes which should not be kept in overall or trouser pockets after use. Gloves can become contaminated on the inside and when worn again they bring the skin into close and repeated contact with oil. A system of regular and frequent changing and cleaning of all protective clothing is the best safeguard. Where contamination with mineral oils occurs regularly at work, for example, when using soluble cutting oils with high-speed machinery, it is necessary to give more rigorous attention to adequate laundering and regular changes of clothing and underclothing. To avoid soiling of clean clothing, contaminated clothing should be stored separately from street clothing. CLEANSING THE SKIN Oil should not be left on the skin for any prolonged period of time, particularly if mineral oils are used every day at work. Skin contaminated with oil should be cleaned with mild soap or suitable hand cleansers at regular intervals, and particularly at the end of a working day. Strong soaps and detergents, and abrasive skin cleansers should be avoided as these themselves can cause skin irritation. Solvents such as petrol, kerosene, trichloroethane and similar fluids should not be used for cleaning oil off the skin. BARRIER AND RESTORATIVE CREAMS The natural oils in the skin which form a protective barrier are often removed by the regular washing needed in industry. The natural protective barrier can be replaced to a certain extent by using a good barrier cream before work and a good hydrophilic skin cream containing lanoline or vegetable oils after finally washing the hands at the end of the work period. CARE OF THE SKIN Where any sign of irritation or rash appears on the skin, medical attention should be sought at the earliest opportunity. APPENDIX 1 STORAGE AND HANDLING OF LUBRICANTS 167

4 168

5 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 2 APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION 169

6 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 2 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANT CLASSIFICATIONS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANISATION (ISO) VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATION The ISO viscosity classification uses mm 2 /s (cst) units and relates to viscosity at 40 o C. It consists of a series of 18 viscosity brackets between 1.98 mm 2 /s and 1650 mm 2 /s, each of which is defined by a number. The numbers indicate to the nearest whole number, the mid-points of their corresponding brackets. For example, ISO viscosity grade 32 relates to the viscosity bracket 28.8 to 35.2 mm 2 /s, the mid point of which is 32.0 mm 2 /s. This is illustrated in the table below, which shows the ISO viscosity grade numbers, the mid-points of each bracket, and the viscosity limits. This system is now used to classify all shell industrial lubricating oils where viscosity is an important criterion in the selection of the oil. ISO VISCOSITY GRADE (ISO VG) KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT 40 C (MM 2 /S) MINIMUM MAXIMUM MID-POINT

7 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS GREASE APPENDIX 2 NLGI GREASE CONSISTENCY CLASSIFICATION The commonly used grease consistency classification is that established in the USA many years ago by the National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI). This classifies greases solely in terms of their hardness or softness; no other property or performance level is taken into consideration. The classification consists of a series of consistency range, each of which is defined by a number (or numbers) 000 to 6. The consistency is defined by the distance in tenths of a millimetre, that a standard cone penetrates a sample of the grease under standard conditions at 25 C. This system is used to classify Shell industrial greases. AGMA SPECIFICATIONS FOR GEAR LUBRICANTS The American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA) have issued specifications and recommendations for gear lubricants used in various types of gear application. AGMA Standard details specifications for rust and oxidation inhibited (R and O) and extreme pressure (EP) lubricants used in enclosed gear drives. The viscosity brackets correspond to those given in ASTM D 2422 Standard Recommended Practice for Viscosity System for Industrial Fluid Lubricants. Oils marked comp are compounded with 3 to 10% fatty material. The AGMA Standard details specifications for three types of open gear lubricants rust and oxidation inhibited (R and O), extreme pressure (EP) and residual type gear oils. In this case the viscosity brackets for the higher viscosity grades are measured at 100 C. VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS GREASE NLGI CONSISTENCY (GRADE NUMBER) ASTM WORKED PENETRATION AT 25 C (0.1MM) AGMA LUBRICANT NUMBER VISCOSITY LIMITS OF FORMER AGMA CLASSFICATIONS SUS AT 100 F , 2 EP , 3 EP , 4 EP , 5 EP , 6 EP Comp, 7 EP Comp, 8 EP A Comp CORRESPONDING ISO VISCOSITY GRADE 171

8 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 2 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS LUBRICANT VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS LUBRICANT ENGINE OIL LUBRICANT CLASSIFICATIONS SAE J300 JANUARY 2009 (ENGINE OILS) The most widely used system for engine oil viscosity classification is that established by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in the USA. In this system two series of viscosity grades are defined those containing the letter W and those without the letter W. Grades with the letter W are intended for use at lower temperatures and are based on a maximum low temperature viscosity and a maximum borderline pumping temperature, as well as a minimum viscosity at 100 C. The low temperature viscosity is measured by means of a multi-temperature version of ASTM D2602 Method of Test for apparent Viscosity of Motor Oils at Low temperature using the Cold Cranking Simulator. Viscosities measured by this method have been found to correlate with engine speeds developed during low temperature cranking. Borderline pumping temperature is measured according to ASTM D3829 Standard Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping Temperature of Engine Oil. This provides a measure of an oils ability to flow to the engine oil pump inlet and provide adequate engine oil pressure during the initial stages of operation. Oils without the letter W, intended for use at higher temperatures, are based on the viscosity at 100 C only. These are measured by ASTM D445 Method of Test for Kinematic Viscosity of temperature and Opaque Liquids. A Multi-grade oil is one whose low temperature viscosity and borderline temperature satisfy the requirements of one of the W grades and whose viscosity at 100 C is within the stipulated range of one-w-grades. SAE VISCOSITY GRADES FOR ENGINE OILS 1,2 (JANUARY 2009) SAE VISCOSITY GRADE LOW-TEMPERATURE ( C) CRANKING VISCOSITY 3, MPA S MAX. PUMPING VISCOSITY 4, MPA S MAX. WITH NO YIELD STRESS LOW-SHEAR-RATE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY 5, (MM 2 /S) AT 100 C MIN. MAX. 0W 6,200 at 35 60,000 at W 6,600 at 30 60,000 at W 7,000 at 25 60,000 at W 7,000 at 20 60,000 at W 9,500 at 15 60,000 at W 13,000 at 10 60,000 at < < < < < < HIGH-SHEAR-RATE VISCOSITY 6 (MPA S) AT 150 C MIN. 3.5 (0W-40, 5W-40, 10W-40 grades) 3.7 (15W-40, 20W-40, 25W-40, 40 grades) 1 Notes 1 mpa s = 1 mm 2 /s = 1 cst. 2 All values, with the exception of the low-temperature cranking viscosity, are critical specifications as defined by ASTM D ASTM D 5293: Cranking viscosity The non-critical specification protocol in ASTM D 3244 shall be applied with a P value of ASTM D 4684: Note the presence of any yield stress detectable by this method constitutes a failure regardless of viscosity. 5 ASTM D ASTM D 4683, CEC-L-36-A-90 (ASTM D 4741) or ASTM D

9 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS AUTOMOTIVE GEAR LUBRICANTS APPENDIX 2 GEAR OILS SAE J300 (GEAR OILS) The classification is based on the lubricant viscosity measured at low and/or high temperatures. The high temperatures values are determined according to method ASTM D445. The low temperature values are determined according to method ASTM D2983 Method of Test for Apparent Viscosity at Low Temperature using the Brookfield Viscometer and are measured in mpa.s (c.p). Multi-grade oil satisfies the viscosity requirements of one of the W grades at low temperatures and one of the non-w grades at high temperature. It should be noticed that there is no relationship between the SAE engine oil and gear oil classifications. A gear lubricant and an engine oil having the same viscosity will have widely different SAE grade designation as defined in the two classifications. This system is used to classify Shell automotive gear lubricants. AUTOMOTIVE GEAR LUBRICANT VISCOSITY GRADES CLASSIFICATION SAE J306 (JANUARY 1, 2005) SAE VISCOSITY GRADE MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE FOR VISCOSITY OF 150,000 CP ( C) 1,2 KINEMATIC VISCOSITY AT 100 C (CST) 3 MAX. MIN. MAX. 70W VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS AUTOMOTIVE GEAR LUBRICANTS 75W W W < < < < < < Using ASTM C Additional low-temperature viscosity requirements may be appropriate for fluids intended for use in light duty synchronised manual transmissions 3 Using ASTM d Limit must also be met after testing in CEC L-45-A-99, Method C (20 hours) 5 The precision of ASTM Method D2983 has not been established for determinations made at temperatures 40 C. This fact should be taken into consideration in any producer-consumer relationship. 173

10 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 2 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS APPROXIMATE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT VISCOSITY SCALES VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS APPROXIMATE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT VISCOSITY SCALES THE FOLLOWING TABLE IS FOR THE CONVERSION OF VISCOSITIES IN ONE SYSTEM TO THOSE IN ANOTHER SYSTEM AT THE SAME TEMPERATURE KINEMATIC VISCOSITY CST ENGLER DEGREES REDWOOD NO.1 SECONDS SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS KINEMATIC VISCOSITY CST ENGLER DEGREES REDWOOD NO.1 SECONDS SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL SECONDS * * * * * * * * * For higher viscosities, the following factors should be used: Kinematic = Redwood Saybolt = Engler Engler = Kinematic Engler = Redwood Redwood = 4.05 Kinematic Saybolt = 1.14 Redwood Saybolt = 4.62 Kinematic Kinematic = Saybolt Kinematic = 7.58 Engler Engler = Saybolt Redwood = Engler Redwood = Saybolt Note: The first part of the table mark with an * should only be used for the conversion of kinematic viscosities into Engler, Redwood or Saybolt viscosities, or for Engler, Redwood and Saybolt between themselves. They should not be used for conversion of Engler, Redwood or Saybolt into Kinematic viscosities. 174

11 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS COMPARATIVE APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY CLASSIFICATIONS COMPARATIVE Note: Viscosity can only be related horizontally. Viscosities based on 95 VI single grade oils. ISO and AGMA viscosities are specified at 40 C. SAE 5W, 10W, 75W, 80W and 85W viscosities are specified at low temperature. Equivalent viscosities at 100 F and 210 F are shown. SAE (Gear Oils) and SAE (Engine Oils) are specified at 210 F/99 C. Produced courtesy of Lubrizol Corp. 175

12 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 2 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 2 VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE CHART VISCOSITY TEMPERATURE CHART 176

13 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 3 LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS 177

14 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 3 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 3 LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS API SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS (ENGINE CRANKCASE OILS) The American Petroleum Institute (API) Engine Service Classification was developed as a result of a co-operative effort in the USA between the API, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). The tripartite was developed to form a means of communication between the engine manufacturers and lubricants suppliers. The system defines classes of service for both petrol and diesel engine applications as well as stipulating the accepted engine laboratory tests. The letter S (Service Station Classification) is designated for spark ignition engines (petrol engines) in passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. For compression ignition engines (diesel engines), the letter C (Commercial Classifications) has been designated. The following is a brief summary of the API classifications. API BASE OIL DEFINITIONS Group I base stocks contain less than 90% saturates and/or greater than 0.03% sulphur and have viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120. Group II base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur and have viscosity index greater than or equal to 80 and less than 120. Group III base stocks contain greater than or equal to 90% saturates and less than or equal to 0.03% sulphur and have viscosity index greater than or equal to 120. Group IV base stocks are polyalphaolefins (PAO). API ENGINE SERVICE CATEGORIES (PETROLEUM/PETROL ENGINES) CATEGORY STATUS SERVICE Group V base stocks include all other base stocks not included in Group I, II, III or IV. SN Current Introduced in October 2010 for 2011 and older vehicles, designed to provide improved high temperature deposit protection for pistons, more stringent sludge control, and seal compatibility. API SN with Resource Conserving matches ILSAC GF-5 by combining API SN performance with improved fuel economy, turbocharger protection, emission control system compatibility, and protection of engines operating on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85. SM Current For 2010 and older automotive engines. SL Current For 2004 and older automotive engines. SJ Current For 2001 and older automotive engines. SH Obsolete For 1996 and older engines. SG Obsolete For 1993 and older engines. SF Obsolete For 1998 and older engines. SE Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in petrol-powered automotive engines built after SD Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in petrol-powered automotive engines built after Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm. SC Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in petrol-powered automotive engines built after Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm. SB Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in petrol-powered automotive engines built after Use in more modern engines may cause unsatisfactory performance or equipment harm. Use only when specifically recommended by the manufacturer. SA Obsolete CAUTION Contains no additives. Not suitable for use in petrol-powered automotive engines built after Use in modern engines may cause unsatisfactory engine performance or equipment harm. For more information about API s Engine Oil Program, visit their website at 178

15 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 3 LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS APPENDIX 3 API ENGINE SERVICE CATEGORIES (DIESEL ENGINES) CATEGORY STATUS SERVICE CJ-4 Current Introduced in For high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 2007 model year on-highway exhaust emission standards. CJ-4 oils are compounded for use in all applications with diesel fuels ranging in sulfur content up to 500ppm (0.05% by weight). However, use of these oils with greater than 15ppm (0.0015% by weight) sulfur fuel may impact exhaust aftertreatment system durability and/or oil drain interval. CJ-4 oils are effective at sustaining emission control system durability where particulate filters and other advanced aftertreatment systems are used. Optimum protection is provided for control of catalyst poisoning, particulate filter blocking, engine wear, piston deposits, low and high-temperature stability, soot handling properties, oxidative thickening, foaming, and viscosity loss due to shear. API CJ-4 oils exceed the performance criteria of API CI-4 with CI-4 PLUS, CI-4, CH-4, CG-4 and CF-4 and cn effectively lubricate engines calling for those API Service Categories. When using CJ-4 oil with higher than 15ppm sulfur fuel, consult the engine manufacturer for service interval. CI-4 Current Introduced in For high-speed, four-stoke engines designed to meet 2004 exhaust emission standards implemented in CI-4 oils are formulated to sustain engine durability where exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used and are intended for use with diesel fuels ranging in sulphur content up to 0.5% weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4, CG-4 and CH-4 oils. Some CI-4 oils may also qualify for the CI-4 PLUS designation. CH-4 Current Introduced in For high-speed, four-stroke engines designed to meet 1998 exhaust emission standards. CH-4 oils are specifically compounded for use with diesel fuels ranging in sulphur context up to 0.5% weight. Can be used in place of CD, CE, CF-4 and CG-4 oils. CG-4 Current Introduced in For severe duty, high speed, four-stroke engines using fuel with less than 0.5% weight sulphur. CG-4 oils are required for engines meeting 1994 emission standards. Can be used in place of CD, CE and CF-4 oils. CF-4 Obsolete Introduced in For high-speed, four-stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be used in place of CD and CE oils. CF-2 Current Introduced in For severe duty, two-stroke-cycle engines. Can be used in place of CD-II oils. CF Current Introduced in For off-road, indirect-injected and other diesel engines including those using fuel with over 0.5% weight sulphur. Can be used in place of CD oils. CE Obsolete Introduced in For high-speed, four stroke, naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. Can be used in place of CC and CD oils. CD-II Obsolete Introduced in For two-stroke cycle engines. CD Obsolete Introduced in For certain naturally aspirated and turbocharged engines. CC Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in diesel-powered engines built after CB Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in diesel-powered engines built after CA Obsolete CAUTION Not suitable for use in diesel-powered engines built after A/B PETROL AND DIESEL ENGINES LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS CATEGORY A1/B1 A3/B3 A3/B4 A5/B5 SERVICE Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as extended drain intervals in petrol engines and car and light van diesel engines specifically designed to be capable of using low friction, low viscosity oils with a high temperature/high shear rate viscosity of 2.6 mpa.s for xw/20 and 2.9 to 3.5mPa.s for all other viscosity grades. These oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. Consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use in high performance petrol engines and car and light van diesel engines, and/or for extended drain intervals where specified by the engine manufacturer, and/or for year-round use of low viscosity oils, and/or for severe operating conditions as defined by the engine manufacturer. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use in high performance petrol and direct injection diesel engines, but also for applications described under A3/B3. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use at extended drain intervals in high performance petrol and car and light van diesel engines designed to be capable of using low friction, low viscosity oils with high temperature/high shear rate (HTHS) viscosity of 2.9 to 3.5mPa.s. These oils are unsuitable for use in some engines. Consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt. SAPS: Sulphated Ash % wt, Phosphorus, Sulphur. DPF: Diesel Particulate Filter. TWC: Three way catalyst. HTHS: High temperature/high shear rate viscosity. 179

16 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 3 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 3 LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS CATALYST COMPATIBILITY OILS CATEGORY C1 C2 C3 C4 CATEGORY E4 E6 E7 E9 SERVICE Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high performance car and light van diesel and petrol engines requiring low friction, low viscosity, low SAPS oils with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 2.9mPa.s. These oils will increase DPF and TWC life and maintain the vehicles economy. Warning: These oils have the lowest SAPS limits and are unsuitable for use in some engines, consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high performance car and light van diesel and petrol engines designed to be capable of using low friction, low viscosity oils with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 2.9mPa.s. These oils will increase DPF and TWC life and maintain the vehicles economy. Warning: These oils may be unsuitable for use in some engines. Consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high performance car and light van diesel and petrol engines. These oils will increase DPF and TWC life. Warning: These oils may be unsuitable for use in some engines, consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil intended for use as catalyst compatible oil in vehicles with DPF and TWC in high performance car and light van diesel and petrol engines requiring low SAPS oil with a minimum HTHS viscosity of 3.5mPas. These oils will the increase DPF and TWC life. Warning: These oils may be unsuitable for use in some engines, consult owner manual or handbook if in doubt. HEAVY-DUTY DIESEL ENGINE OILS SERVICE Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness, wear, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. significantly extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturers recommendations. It is suitable for engines without particulate filters, and for some EGR engines and some engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness, wear, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. significantly extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturers recommendations. It is suitable for EGR engines, with or without particulate filters, and for some engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. E6 quality is strongly recommended for engines fitted with particulate filters and is designed for use in combination with low sulphur diesel fuel. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness and bore polishing. It further provides excellent wear control, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturer s recommendations. It is suitable for engines, without particulate filters, and for most EGR engines and most engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. Stable, stay-in-grade oil providing excellent control of piston cleanliness and bore polishing. It further provides excellent wear control, soot handling and lubricant stability. It is recommended for highly rated diesel engines meeting Euro I, Euro II, Euro III, Euro IV and Euro V emission requirements and running under severe conditions, e.g. extended oil drain intervals according to the manufacturers recommendations. It is suitable for engines, without particulate filters, and for most EGR engines and most engines fitted with SCR NOx reduction systems. E9 is strongly recommended for engines fitted with particulate filters and is designed for use in combination with low sulphur diesel fuel. However, recommendations may differ between engine manufacturers so Driver Manuals and/or Dealers shall be consulted if in doubt. SAPS: Sulphated Ash % wt, Phosphorus, Sulphur. DPF: Diesel Particulate Filter. TWC: Three way catalyst. HTHS: High temperature/high shear rate viscosity. 180

17 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 3 LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS APPENDIX 3 ILSAC STANDARD FOR PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OILS NAME STATUS SERVICE GF-5 CURRENT Introduced in October 2010 for 2011 and older vehicles, designed to provide improved high temperature deposit protection for pistons and turbochargers, more stringent sludge control, improved fuel economy, enhanced emission control system compatibility, seal compatibility, and protection of engines operating on ethanol-containing fuels up to E85. GF-4 OBSOLETE Valid until September 30, Use GF-5 where GF-4 is recommended. GF-3 OBSOLETE Use GF-5 where GF-3 is recommended. GF-2 OBSOLETE Use GF-5 where GF-2 is recommended. GF-1 OBSOLETE Use GF-5 where GF-1 is recommended. API AUTOMOTIVE GEAR LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS API SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS The most important internationally accepted system defining automotive gear oil performance characteristics is laid down by the American Petroleum Institute (API). API GL-1 Designates the type of service characteristics of automotive spiral-bevel and worm gear axles and some manually operated transmissions operating under such mild conditions of low unit pressures and sliding velocities that a non-additive mineral oil can be used satisfactorily. Oxidation and rust inhibitors, anti-foam additives and pour point depressants may be utilised to improve the characteristics of lubricant for this service. Does not contain friction modifiers and extreme-pressure agents. API GL-2 (OBSOLETE) Designates the type of service characteristics of automotivetype worm gear axles operating under such conditions of load, temperature and sliding velocities that lubricants satisfying API GL-1 service will not suffice. Products suited for this type of service contain anti-wear or very mild extreme pressure agents that provide protection for worm gears. API GL-3 (OBSOLETE) Designates the type of service characteristics of manual transmissions and spiral-bevel axles operating under moderately sever conditions of speed and load. These service conditions require a lubricant having load carrying capacity greater than that which will satisfy API GL-1 service, but below the requirements of lubricants satisfying API GL-4 service. Lubricants designated for this service typically contain additives that are active at the tooth surface at the temperatures resulting from high-speed or load. API GL-4 (OBSOLETE) Designates the type of service characteristics of gears in manual transmissions operating under sever conditions of sliding speed, particularly spiral bevel and hypoid gears in moderate service, in passenger cars and other automotive-type equipment operated under high speed/low torque and low speed/high torque conditions. API GL-5 Designates the type of service characteristics of gears particularly hypoid, in passenger cars and other automotive equipment operated under high-speed/shock load, high-speed/low-torque, and low-speed/high-torque conditions. Equivalent to MIL-L- 2105D, this category is mainly applicable to axles but may also be used for certain manual transmissions. LUBRICANT SERVICE CLASSIFICATIONS AND SPECIFICATIONS 181

18 182

19 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 4 APPENDIX 4 APPENDIX 4 GUIDES TO SELECTION 183

20 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 4 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 4 GUIDES TO SELECTION WARNING: UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THESE GUIDES OVERRULE A MANUFACTURER S RECOMMENDATION GUIDES TO SELECTION OIL TYPES REQUIRED FOR PRINCIPAL CLASSES OF GEARING GEAR TYPE USUAL MATERIALS THEORETICAL FORM OF TOOTH CONTACT Spur 300 MAX PITCH- LINE SPEED (ML)MIN RELATIVE MOTION OF LOAD CONTACTING CONDITIONS OIL TYPE SURFACES Rolling contact at the pitch line only Normal loads Straight mineral turbine quality for high speed gears where the highest performance level essential SHELL GRADE Omala Valvata Turbo T Helical Steel Line 610 Sliding contact at all other positions Normal or moderately heavy loads Hydraulic quality, combining antiwear additive Omala Straight bevel 150 Sliding in plane only across line of contact Heavy loads or shock loads, particularly where good resistance to corrosion required Industrial Sulphur Phosphorous oils up to bulk oil temps of 100 C Omala The most important factors governing the selction of the correct type of lubrication for a particular application are as follows: Gear material Degree of sliding at tooth contact Ambient temperature Maximum pitch-line speed Type of loading (i.e. light, heavey or shock) Operating temperature. These factors and the limitations which they impose on the use of certain classes of lubricant are shown in the above table. 184

21 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 4 GUIDES TO SELECTION WARNING: UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THESE GUIDES OVERRULE A MANUFACTURER S RECOMMENDATION APPENDIX 4 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OIL LUBRICATION OF BALL AND ROLLER BEARINGS SPEED FACTOR (BEARING BORE MM X RPM) APPROXIMATE OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGES 0 C 30 C C C 90 C 120 C 10,000 R&O Oil ISO 32 or 68 * R&O Oil ISO 100 R&O Oil ISO 320 * R&O Oil ISO ,000 R&O Oil ISO 32 R&O Oil ISO 100 R&O Oil ISO 320 R&O Oil ISO ,000 R&O Oil ISO 22 or 32 R&O Oil ISO 68 R&O Oil ISO 220 R&O Oil ISO ,000 R&O Oil ISO 22 R&O Oil ISO 68 R&O Oil ISO 220 R&O Oil ISO 320 GUIDES TO SELECTION 100,000 R&O Oil ISO 22 R&O Oil ISO 68 R&O Oil ISO 150 R&O Oil ISO ,000 R&O Oil ISO 10 R&O Oil ISO 32 R&O Oil ISO 100 R&O Oil ISO 320 Above 250,000 R&O Oil ISO 10 R&O Oil ISO 32 R&O Oil ISO 100 R&O Oil ISO 320 Notes: 1. For SKF spherical roller bearings and spherical roller thrust bearings, minimum viscosities of 20 centistokes and 32 respectively, at the operating temperature are required. 2. For Timken tapered roller bearings the following general recommendations are applicable (the heavier the load the slower the speed the higher should be the viscosity grade selected. UP TO 50 C 50 C 80 C ABOVE 80 C R&O Oil ISO 22 to 150 R&O Oil ISO 150 to 320 R&O Oil ISO 320 to 1, Where bearing/equipment manufacturers require E.P oils, e.g. roll-neck bearings on metal-rolling mills, oil type and viscosity are usually specified if such data is not available consult State Office. * Rust and Oxidation Inhibited Circulating System Oil of ISO Number Indicated. 185

22 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 4 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 4 GUIDES TO SELECTION WARNING: UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES SHOULD THESE GUIDES OVERRULE A MANUFACTURER S RECOMMENDATION GUIDES TO SELECTION GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR OIL LUBRICATION OF PLAIN BEARINGS SHAFT SURFACE SPEED M/MIN APPROXIMATE OPERATING TEMPERATURE RANGES 0 C 30 C C ABOVE 60 Up to 60 R&O Oil ISO 68 R&O Oil ISO R&O Oil ISO 46 R&O Oil ISO R&O Oil ISO 32 to 46 R&O Oil ISO 100 R&O Oil ISO R&O Oil ISO 22 R&O Oil ISO 46 to 68 R&O Oil ISO 150 to 220 Above 760 R&O Oil ISO 10 R&O Oil ISO 46 R&O Oil ISO 150 Shell Valvata Oil 1000 is recommended. Shell Valvata OIl 460 is recommended. Note: Bearings which stop and start frequently under heavy load, and heavily loaded bearings with surface speeds below about six metres/ min may require an oil with additives to improve boundary lubrication (e.g. Shell Valvata Oil J680). 186

23 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 5 APPENDIX 5 APPENDIX 5 DEFINITIONS 187

24 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 5 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 5 DEFINITIONS DESIGNED TO MEET CHALLENGES DEFINITIONS Abrasion In gears, a type of wear caused when hard particles are trapped between gear teeth. Absolute Viscosity A term used interchangeably with viscosity to distinguish it from kinematic viscosity of commercial viscosity. It is occasionally referred to as dynamic viscosity. ACEA Association des Constructeurs Europeens d Autmobiles (European Automotive Manufacturers Association). Additive A chemical substance which, when blended with a petroleum product, has the effect of improving one or more of its properties or performance characteristics. AGMA American Gear Manufacturers Association, an organisation serving the gear industry. Air Release The ability of a fluid to allow the escape of air entrained within it. ANSI American National Standards Insitute Anti-foaming Agent An additive included in some lubricant formulations to suppress foam formation. Anti-oxidant Additive An additive included in some lubricant formations to inhibit the chemical breakdown of the base oil and some additive constituents by reaction with oxygen. Anti-scuffing Additive An additive included in some lubricant formulations that is absorbed on to metal surfaces to prevent direct metal-to-metal contact. Anti-wear Additive An additive included in some lubricant formulations to reduce friction and wear. API American Petroleum Institute Apparent Viscosity (of a grease) A measure of the resistance to flow of a grease whose viscosity varies with both temperature and flow rate. Aromatic An organic chemical compound built mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms and containing one or more rings of carbon atoms. Derived from, or characterised by, the presence of a benzene ring, or a polymeric (multiple) ring structure. Asphaltene Large and complex chemical compounds in which sulphur, nitrogen, vanadium and nickel are built into aromatic structures. They occur predominantly in heavy residues such as a residual fuel and bitumen. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATIEL Association Technique de l Industrie Europeene des Lubrifiants Biodegradability The capacity of a substance to be broken down by the biological action of living organisms. Bleeding The tendency of a liquid component to separate from a solid or semi-solid mixture such as an oil from a grease. Some bleeding is desirable, since it provides continuous oil lubrication to bearings. Bore Polishing Excessive smoothing out of the surface finish of the cylinder bore in an engine to a mirror-like appearance, resulting in depreciation of ring sealing performance. Bore polishing often leads to an increase in oil consumption and wear and to a decrease in engine efficiency. Boundary Lubrication A lubrication regime in which the film of lubricant is too thin so that surface-to-surface contact takes place over a large area and the load is carried by a very thin film of lubricant. Also referred to thin film, imperfect, or non-viscous lubrication. Calcium Base Grease A grease made from a lubrication fluid thickened with calcium soap. Calcium base grease is highly resistant to water but unstable at high temperatures. Cavitation The formation of pockets of air or vapour in a fluid when the pressure on the fluid is reduced. Centipoise (cp.) A centipoise (c.p) is 1/100 of a poise (P) which is the fundamental unit of dynamic viscosity in the CGS system of units. In the SI system of units, the fundamental unit of dynamic viscosity is the pascal second (Pas-1Pas is equivalent to 10P). A measure of dynamic or absolute viscosity. Centistoke (cst.) The centistoke (cst) is 1/100 of a stoke (St) which is the fundamental unit of kinematic viscosity in the CGS system. In the SI system of units, the fundamental unit of kinematic viscosity is the millimetre squared per second (mm 2 /s) which is equivalent to the centistoke) Chemical Stability The ability of a substance to resist chemical breakdown. Cleveland Open Cup (COC) A test for determining the open flash point and fire point of all petroleum products except fuel oil and products with open flash points below 79 C. Coefficient of Friction The ratio of the friction force between two bodies to the normal, or perpendicular, force or load between them. Compatibility The ability of substances to exist together without damaging each other. Consistency A basic property describing the softness or hardness of a grease, i.e. the degree to which a grease resists deformation under the application of force. Consistency is usually indicated by either apparent viscosity, ASTM penetration, or NLGI Number. A term used synonymously with the term Penetration Number of a grease. Corrosion Inhibitor An additive included in some lubricant formulations to help the lubricant protect against corrosion. Crosshead A shaft that connects the piston to the connecting rod in double-acting reciprocating compressors and in certain types of piston engine. 188

25 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 5 APPENDIX 5 Demulsification The separation of an emulsion into its component liquids. Detergent An additive included in most engine oil formulations to inhibit deposit formation and protect the lubricated surfaces, having the property of keeping insoluble matter in suspension thus preventing its deposition where it would be harmful. A detergent may also redisperse deposits already formed. DIN Deutsche Industrie Norm Dispensability The property of a grease that governs the ease with which it may be transferred from its container to its point of application. Dispersant An additive included in some lubricated formulations to hold insoluble contaminants in suspension. In engine oils it helps prevent the formation of sludge, varnish and other engine deposits by keeping particles suspended in colloidal state (suspension of finely divided particles). Distillation The conversion of a liquid to a gas by heating and the subsequent condensation of the gas back to a liquid by cooling, often used for separation and purification. Dropping Point The lowest temperature at which a grease is sufficiently fluid to drip. Dynamic Viscosity The viscosity of a fluid defined as the shear stress (the force causing movement between adjacent layers of fluid) divided by the rate of shear (the difference in speed between adjacent layers of fluid). Emulsification The forming of an emulsion. Emulsion A mechanical mixture of two immiscible liquids such as oil and water. Water-in-oil emulsions have water as the internal phase and oil as the external. Oil-in-water emulsions have water as the external phase and oil as the internal. Extreme Pressure (EP) Additive A chemical compound imparting extreme pressure characteristics to a lubricant with the objective of reducing wear under conditions where rubbing or sliding accompanies high contact pressures. Under heavy loads, EP additives form a protective chemical film on the surfaces in contact. Film Strength The ability of a film of oil or grease to resist rupture due to load, speed, temperature and shock loading, which enables it to maintain an unbroken film on lubricated surfaces under operating conditions, where otherwise there would be scuffing or scoring of the surfaces. Filterability The ability of a liquid to pass freely through a filter without clogging it. Flammability Capable of being ignited and burning. Flash Point The lowest temperature of a liquid at which it will give off sufficient vapour to form a flammable mixture with air above the liquid which will ignite momentarily (i.e. flash) when exposed to a flame. Follower Plate A metal sheet used on top of the grease in a pump-type dispenser to assure the grease remains level as it is pumped. This avoids the formation of a cavity around the pump pick-up tube and enables all the grease to be dispensed without manual levelling from time to time. Friction The resisting force encountered at the common boundary between two bodies when, under the action of an external force, one body moves or tends to move over the surface of the other. Fuel Injection The introduction of fuel under pressure directly into the cylinders of an internal combustion engine. Gas Turbine A rotary engine with a driving shaft that is fitted with vanes that are rotated by the pressure of gas passing over them. Grease A lubricating oil thickened with a metallic soap or a specially treated clay to yield a lubricant in solid form. The action of the thickening agent may be likened to that of a sponge which holds the lubricating agent in its interstices. Grease Cup A device for supplying grease to a component from a reservoir attached to the component requiring lubrication. Helical Gear A pair of gear wheels used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The teeth of a helical gear wheel are cut on an angle to its axis. Herringbone Gear The same as a double helical gear. High Speed Diesel Engine A diesel engine, like that used to power road transport vehicles, which operates at speeds of 1,250 rpm or more. HVI High Viscosity Index, that is, having a viscosity index of between about 85 and about 115. Hydrodynamic Lubrication A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative motion of the sliding surfaces causes the formation of a fluid film having sufficient pressure to separate the surfaces. This regime provides the best lubricating conditions when the two moving surfaces are completely separated by a relatively thick film of lubricant. Hypoid Gear A system of gears for transmitting motion at an angle in which the axis of the pinion does not intersect the axis of the main gear wheel. DEFINITIONS 189

26 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 5 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 5 DEFINITIONS DESIGNED TO MEET CHALLENGES DEFINITIONS Incompatibility Incompatibility occurs when a mixture of two lubricants results in physical properties or performance markedly inferior to those of the individual products. Performance or properties inferior to one of the products but superior to the other may be due to simple mixing and is not considered evidence of incompatibility. ISO International Standards Organisation This organisation which is worldwide in scope sets standards and classifications for lubricants. An example is the ISO viscosity grade system. ISO-Viscosity Grade (VG) System The ISO viscosity classification system, is an international system approved by the International Standards Organisation, for classifying industrial lubricants according to viscosity. Each ISO viscosity grade number designation corresponds to the mid-point of a viscosity range expressed in mm 2 /s at 40 C. JASO Japanese Automobile Standards Organisation. Kinematic Viscosity A definition of viscosity commonly used by lubricant manufacturers. It is equal to the dynamic viscosity of a liquid divided by its density. In a c.g.s. system, the standard unit of kinematic viscosity is the stoke and is expressed in sq. cm. per. sec. Lacquer A hard, shiny, transparent surface coating usually found in engines and derived from a deposit resulting from the oxidation and polymerisation of fuels and lubricants when exposed to high temperatures. Similar to but harder than varnish. Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Light hydrocarbon material, gaseous at atmospheric temperature and pressure, held in the liquid state by pressure to facilitate storage, transport, and handling. Commercial liquefied gas consists essentially of propane, butane, or mixtures thereof. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Similar to LPG but consisting of lighter hydrocarbons, such as methane and ethane. Lithium Base Grease A product prepared from a lubricating fluid thickened with lithium soap. Lithium base grease resists both heat and moisture. Low Speed Diesel Engine A diesel engine, like that used to power marine transport, which operates at speeds of less than 350 rpm. LVI Low Viscosity Index, typically below 40 VI units. Medium Speed Diesel Engine A diesel engine, like that used for electricity generation, which operates at speeds between 350 and 1,250 rpm. Metal Deactivator An organic type of additive having the property of suppressing the catalytic action of metal surfaces and traces of metallic materials exposed to petroleum products which, in the absence of the deactivator, would catalyse gum formation and other oxidation. Mineral Oil Oils derived from a mineral source, such as petroleum, as opposed to oils derived from plants and animals. Miscibility The tendency or capacity of two or more liquids to form a uniform blend, that is, to dissolve in each other. Degrees are total miscibility, partial miscibility and immiscibility. Mixed Base Grease (mixed soap grease) A grease made by co-crystallisation of two or more metallic soaps usually lithium and calcium. Mixed Lubrication The lubrication regime which exists when moving surfaces are separated by a continuous film of lubricant with a thickness comparable to the roughness of the surfaces. Monograde An oil with a viscosity which satisfies the requirements of only one grade of the SAE grading system. MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet Multigrade Oil Engine oil that meets the requirements of more than one SAE viscosity grade classification and may therefore be suitable for use over a wider temperature. Multi-stage Compressor A machine which essentially consists of several linked compressors, one feeding compressed gas to the next for further compression. NLGI An abbreviation for National Lubricating Grease Institute. A technical organisation serving the grease industry. Non-soap Thickener A substance such as clay, silica gel, carbon black, or any of several specially treated or synthetic materials that can be either thermally or mechanically dispersed in liquid lubricants to form lubricating grease. Also called synthetic thickener. Certain types are called inorganic thickeners. OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer Oil Mist Lubrication A system of lubrication used in some gearboxes in which the lubricant is atomised and sprayed into the gearbox in a stream of dry compressed air. Oil Separation In greases, the separation of the base oil from the thickener. Oxidation Stability The resistance of a petroleum product to oxidation, hence a measure of its potential service or storage life. The available tests all simulate service conditions on an accelerated basis. Paraffin An alternative term for alkane, no longer considered correct terminology. Penetration or Penetration Number A measure of the hardness and consistency of bitumen and lubricating greases in terms of the distance in tenths of a millimetre by which a weighted special needle or cone will penetrate the sample in five seconds, the temperature, unless otherwise stated being 25 C. The softer the consistency, the higher the penetration number. 190

27 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 5 APPENDIX 5 Pensky-Martens Closed Cup (PMCC) The apparatus for determining the closed flash point of fuel oils. Lubricating oils and other petroleum products. Pinion The smaller gear wheel of a pair. Piston Pump A type of pump used in hydraulic systems which pumps fluid by means of reciprocating pistons moving in cylinders. Pitting In gears, a type of wear in which cracks develop in gear teeth because of metal fatigue caused by overloading. Plain Bearing The simplest kind of bearing which consists of two flat surfaces moving relative to one another, distinguished from tapered land, tilting pad, or anti-friction bearings. Polymer A chemical compound of large molecular size which is built up from numerous smaller molecules linked together. Pour Point The pour point of a lubricant is the lowest temperature at which the lubricant will pour or flow when it is chilled without disturbance under specified conditions. Pour Point Depressant An additive which lowers the pour point of petroleum products by reducing the tendency of the waxes present to coagulate into a solid mass. QA Quality Assurance Rack and Pinion A gear system used for converting rotary motion into linear motion or vice versa. It consists of a toothed bar (the rack) which meshes with a toothed wheel (the pinion). Reciprocating Compressor A machine which compresses gases by the action of a piston moving in a cylinder. Redwood Viscometer Standard British viscometer. The number of seconds required for 50 ml of an oil to flow out of a standard Redwood viscometer at the definite temperature (IP Method 70). Instrument is available in two sizes: Redwood No. 1 and No. II. When the flow time exceeds 2,000 sec, the No. II must be used. Rocker Arm A lever which is operated automatically to open and close the valves of an internal combustion engine. Rolling Bearing A general term describing all types of ball and roller bearings. RON Research Octane Number Rotary Compressor A machine in which gas compression is achieved by the revolution of a rotor or rotors. Rotary Screw Compressor A machine which compresses air by the action of two intermeshing screws or rotors. Rotary Vane Compressor A machine which compresses air through the action of sliding vanes set in slots in a rotor which turns in a cylindrical casing. Rust Inhibitor An additive included in some lubricant formulations to restrict the formation of rust on lubricated surfaces. SAE Society of Automotive Engineers, an organisation serving the automotive industry. SAE EP Lubricant Tester A machine designed to test the extreme pressure properties of a lubricant under a combine rolling and sliding action. The revolving members are two bearing cups that rotate at different speeds. SAE (Viscosity) Number System for classifying crankcase, transmission, and differential lubricants, according to their viscosities, established by the Society of Automotive Engineers. SAE numbers are used in connection with recommendations for crankcase oils to meet various design, service and temperature requirements affecting viscosity only; they do not denote quality. SAE System A system devised by the Society of Automotive Engineers for classifying engine and automotive gear lubricants according primarily to their viscosity. Saponification The chemical conversion of a fatty acid and base or alkali into a soap. A common process in grease manufacture. Scavenging The removal of waste gases from the cylinder of a two-stroke internal combustion engine. Scoring The same as scuffing. Screw Pump A pump used in some hydraulic systems which pumps fluid through the action of intermeshing screws. Scuffing In gears, a type of wear which develops when direct metal-to-metal contact takes place between gear teeth. Self-aligning Bearing A rolling bearing in which the applied load is distributed uniformly within the bearing even when the alignment of the shaft changes. Separator In rolling bearings, the same as a cage. In compressed air systems, the same as a coalescer. Shear Stability The ability of a grease or lubricating oil to withstand mechanical shearing without being degraded in consistency or viscosity. DEFINITIONS 191

28 INDUSTRY APPENDIX GEAR 5 OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE APPENDIX 5 DEFINITIONS DESIGNED TO MEET CHALLENGES DEFINITIONS Silicone A complex synthetic polymer composed of repeated silicon containing units and often used where a chemically inert lubricant is required. Single-acting Compressor A reciprocating compressor with cylinders that contain only one compression chamber. Single-stage Compressor A machine which takes in a gas and compresses it fully in one action. Sliding Bearing A bearing which supports a load and allows it to slide. Sliding Vane Compressor The same as a rotary vane compressor. Sludge The soft deposits, usually dark coloured, formed in lubrication systems, mainly consisting of oxidised lubricating oil components, water and in internal combustion engines, carbonaceous residues from fuel combustion. A black sooty deposit which usually forms in engines as a result of oil oxidation and ineffective dispersancy. Slumpability A property of some greases that makes them partially self levelling. Greases possessing this property can be pumped from a container without the need for a follower plate. Smoke Point The maximum height of flame measured in millimetres at which a kerosine will burn without smoking when tested in a standard lamp. Soap A compound formed in the reaction between a metal hydroxide (such as lime) and a fatty acid (an organic acid derived from natural fats), e.g. lithium, calcium soaps in grease. The ordinary soaps are those of sodium and potassium. The soaps of lithium, calcium, sodium, and aluminium are the principal thickeners used in grease making. Sodium Base Grease (Soda grease). A grease prepared from a lubricating fluid thickened with Sodium Soap, stable at high temperatures but washing out in moist conditions. Solid Lubricant Any class of lubricants in which the reduction of friction and wear during sliding is caused by making the shearing take place within the crystal structure of a material with low shear strength in one particular plane. Examples include graphite, molybdenum disulphide, and certain soaps. Lubricating grease is not a solid lubricant, but may contain solid lubricants as additives. Spark Ignition The system of ignition used in a petrol engine in which a fuel/air mixture is ignited by an electric spark. Splash Lubrication A system of lubrication in which parts of a mechanism dip into and splash lubricant onto themselves and/or other parts of the mechanism. Spray Lubrication A system of lubrication in which the lubricant is sprayed directly on to the surfaces to be lubricated. Spur Gear A pair of toothed wheels used to transmit power between parallel shafts. The teeth of a spur gear wheel are cut parallel to its axis. Squawk A harsh abrupt sound sometimes emitted by oil-immersed braking systems. Stabiliser An additive which may be included in some grease formulations to ensure that the base oil and thickener form a stable mixture with a uniform composition. Static Friction The friction between two surfaces not in relative motion but tending to slide over one another. The value of the static friction at the instant relative motion begins is termed breakaway friction. Stick-slip A jerky type of motion in which a moving part of a machine tends to stick as static friction builds up to a maximum and then slips as the static friction is overcome. Strong Acid Number (SAN) The quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, required to titrate the strong acid constituents present in 1 gram of sample. Strong Base Number (SBN) The quantity of acid, expressed in terms of equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide, required to titrate the strong base constituents present in 1 gram of sample. Sump The lower section of the crankshaft housing used as a lubricating reservoir in an internal combustion engine. Super-charger A device which is able to supply air to an internal combustion engine at a higher-than-normal pressure. SUS (SSU) An abbreviation for Saybolt Seconds Universal used to indicate viscosity, e.g., 100 F. Also SUS. Synthetic Produced artificially rather than occurring naturally. Synthetic Lubricant A lubricant produced from materials not naturally occurring in crude oil by either chemical synthesis or refining processes. 192

29 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 APPENDIX 5 APPENDIX 5 Tackiness Additive An additive which may be included in the formulation of lubricants for slideways and open gears to help the lubricant adhere more effectively Tapered Roller Bearing A rolling bearing which is suitable for carrying both radial and thrust loads because its rolling elements are cone-shaped. Thermal Conductivity Measure of the ability of a solid or liquid to transfer heat. Thermal Stability The ability of a substance to resist degradation due to the effects of heat. The same as hydrodynamic lubrication. Thickening Agent A substance used in making greases which is mixed with base oil to produce a stable semi-solid product. Total Acid Number (TAN) The quantity of base, expressed in terms of the equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to titrate the strong base constituents present in 1 gram of sample. A measurement of TAN can give an indication of the deterioration of an oil in service due to oxidation. Total Base Number (TBN) The quantity of base, expressed in terms of the equivalent number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is required to titrate the strong base constituents present in 1 gram of sample. Toxicity The capacity of a substance to harm living organisms. Transmission The assembly of parts, including the clutch, gearbox and propeller shaft, by which power is transmitted from an engine of a motor vehicle to the wheels. Trunk Piston Engine An internal combustion engine in which the piston is connected directly to the connecting rod and subsequently to the crankshaft. Turbo charger A compressor device driven by an exhaust gas turbine that is used to supply air at a higher-than-normal pressure to the cylinders of an internal combustion engine. Universal Farm Oil A lubricant for agricultural tractors and farm machinery which is able simultaneously to carry out the functions of an engine oil, transmission oil and hydraulic oil. Viscosity The property of a fluid or semi-solid substance to resist flow and defined as the ratio of the shear stress to the rate of shear of a fluid element. The standard unit of viscosity in the c.g.s. system is the poise and is expressed in dyne sec. per square centimetre. A number, usually between 0 and 200, which is a measure of a fluid s change of viscosity with temperature. The higher the viscosity index the smaller the change in viscosity with temperature. Low Viscosity Index (LVI) oils reduce viscosity ( thickness ) rapidly as temperature increases. These oils have VI s in the range of 0 to 30. Medium Viscosity Index (MVI) oils reduce viscosity less than LVI oils as temperature increases and have VI s in the range 30 to 85. High Viscosity Index (HVI) oils have VI s in the range of 85 to 110, and have the best viscosity temperature coefficients or dependence of conventional base oils. Modern refining techniques such as selective hydrocracking can produce base oils with natural VI s in excess of 140. W When used in the SAE system for classifying oils, an indication that the oil is suitable for winter use. Water Resistance The ability of a lubricant to withstand the addition of water to the lubricant system without adverse effects. Water Separability The ability of a lubricating oil to shed any water with which it has become intimately mixed. Worm Gear A gear consisting of a toothed wheel and a short revolving screw working together. XHVI A Registered Trade Mark used to describe Shell manufactured synthetic base oils with an exceptionally high viscosity index. Yield Point The point at which a grease just begins to flow when pressure is applied to it. DEFINITIONS 193

30 194

31 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 INDEX INDEX INDEX 195

32 INDUSTRY INDEX GEAR OILS SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE INDEX INDEX DESIGNED TO MEET CHALLENGES INDEX Shell Advance Racing M 18 Shell Advance SX 2 14 Shell Advance 4T AX5 15 Shell Advance 4T AX7 16 Shell Advance 4T Ultra 17 Shell Air Tool Oil S2 A 142 Shell Alexia LS 151 Shell Alexia Shell Argina T 153 Shell Argina X Shell Argina XL Shell Brake and Clutch Fluid, DOT 4 Super 28 Shell Caprinus XR 39 Shell Catenex Oil S 136 Shell Corena S2 P 74, 75 Shell Corena S3 R 74, 76 Shell Corena S4 R 74, 77, 79 Shell Corena S4 P 74, 78 Shell Diala S2 ZU-I 88 Shell Diala S3 ZX-I 89 Shell Dobatex Aqua Degreaser 103 Shell Dobatex Gold 102 Shell Dobatex Platinum 104 Shell Dragline Rope Oil XPL 139 Shell Gadinia 156 Shell Gadinia AL 157 Shell Gadus Kiln Seal Grease 110 Shell GadusRail S2 Traction Motor Bearing Grease 64 Shell GadusRail S3 AAR AP 118 Shell Gadus S2 A , 109, 111 Shell Gadus S2 Thread Compound 112 Shell Gadus S2 V , 109, 113 Shell Gadus S2 V1000AD 108, 109, 114 Shell Gadus S2 V , 109, 115 Shell Gadus S2 V220AC 108, 109, 116 Shell Gadus S2 V220AD 108, 109, 117 Shell Gadus S3 High Speed Coupling Grease 108, 109, 119 Shell Gadus S3 OG Shell Gadus S3 Repair 120 Shell Gadus S3 T , 109, 122 Shell Gadus S3 T , 109, 123 Shell Gadus S3 V220C 108, 109, 124 Shell Gadus S3 V , 109, 125 Shell Gadus S3 V460D 108, 109, 126 Shell Gadus S3 V460XD 108, 109, 127 Shell Gadus S4 OG Clear Oil Shell Gadus S4 V2600AD 108, 109, 128 Shell Gadus S4 V460D 129 Shell Gadus S5 T Shell Gadus S5 T , 109, 132 Shell Gas Seal Oil 138 Shell Gear Oil MJX Shell HD Coolant-N Pre-Diluted 50/50 61 Shell HD Premium Coolant-N Pre-Diluted 50/50 62 Shell HD Premium Antifreeze-N Concentrate 63 Shell Heat Transfer Oil S2 140 Shell Helix Diesel HX5 9 Shell Helix HX3 2, 13 Shell Helix HX5 2, 11 Shell Helix HX5 G 12 Shell Helix HX5 K 10 Shell Helix HX7 2, 6 Shell Helix HX7 AJ 8 Shell Helix HX7 K 7 Shell Helix Ultra 2, 5 Shell Helix Ultra Extra 4 Shell Helix Ultra Racing 3 Shell Irus Fluid C 72 Shell Irus Fluid DR 73 Shell Long Life-OAT Antifreeze Coolant Concentrate 21 Shell Long Life-OAT Pre-Diluted 33/67 22 Shell Lube Analyst K1 146 Shell Lube Analyst K2 147 Shell Lube Analyst K

33 SHELL AUSTRALIA LUBRICANTS PRODUCT DATA GUIDE 2012 INDEX INDEX Shell Malleus Grease GL 133 Shell Melina S Shell Morlina S2 B 86 Shell Morlina S2 BL 85 Shell Morlina S4 B 87 Shell Multi-vehicle Antifreeze Coolant Concentrate 19 Shell Multi-vehicle Antifreeze Coolant 33/67 20 Shell Mysella Oil LA 90 Shell Mysella Oil MA 91 Shell Mysella Oil XL 92 Shell Naturelle HF-E 143 Shell Nautilus Premium Outboard Oil 24 Shell Nautilus Premium 4-stroke 25 Shell Omala F 94 Shell Omala S1 W 93, 95 Shell Omala S2 G 93, 96 Shell Omala S3 GP 93, 97 Shell Omala S4 WE 93, 98, 101 Shell Omala S4 GX 93, 99 Shell Omala S4 Wheel 100 Shell Ondina Oils 135 Shell Paper Machine Oil S3 M 141 Shell Power Steering Fluid 29 Shell Refrigeration Oil S2 FR-A 105 Shell Refrigeration Oil S4 FR-F 106 Shell Refrigeration Oil S4 FR-V 107 Shell Rhodina Grease BBZ 134 Shell Rimula R3 X 30, 34 Shell Rimula R3+ 30, 32 Shell Rimula R3 30 Shell Rimula R4 L 30, 35 Shell Rimula R3 MV 30, 33 Shell Rimula R6 LM 30, 36 Shell Rimula R6 M 30, 37 Shell Rotella DD+ 38 Shell Sirius 15W Shell Sirius X Shell Spirax S2 A 40, 45 Shell Spirax S2 ALS 90 40, 46 Shell Spirax S2 ATF D2 40, 47 Shell Spirax S3 ATF MD3 40, 44 Shell Spirax S3 AX 40, 49 Shell Spirax S3 ALS 40, 50 Shell Spirax S3 T 40, 48 Shell Spirax S4 AT 40, 51 Shell Spirax S4 CX 40, 52 Shell Spirax S4 TXM 40, 53 Shell Spirax S4 ATF HDX 40, 54 Shell Spirax S5 ATE 40, 42 Shell Spirax S5 ATF X 40, 43 Shell Spirax S5 CFD M 60 40, 55 Shell Spirax S6 ATF ZM 40, 56 Shell Spirax S6 AXME 40, 57 Shell Spirax S6 GME 50 40, 58 Shell Strombus MP 160 Shell Tegula V 59 Shell Tellus S2 M 66, 67 Shell Tellus S2 V 66, 68 Shell Tellus S3 M 66, 69 Shell Tellus S4 ME 66, 70, 71 Shell Tonna S3 M 137 Shell Turbo Oil CC 80, 83 Shell Turbo Oil GT 80, 82 Shell Turbo Oils T 80, 81 Shell VSI 8235 (Concentrate) 144 Shell 2T 27 Shell 4T 26 INDEX 197

34 For more information, please contact: The Shell Company of Australia Limited (ABN ) 8 Redfern Rd, Hawthorn East, Victoria 3123 Emergency phone number (24 hours) Shell Technical Helpdesk Shell Customer Service