Data Hiding Techniques
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1 Data Hiding Techniques You can run, but you can t hide for ever 2014/2015 Dr. Ali Hadi [email protected]
2 # whoami University by day, DFIR researcher by night! PhD research was in Network Security 14+ years of Professional Experience Hold 14+ world known certificate Participate in worldwide DFIR challenges Beat participants from top US Corporate, Government, and Law Enforcement Groups Hacking Techniques and Intrusion Detection course under the CC license Research interests: DFIR, Network and Malware Forensic Analysis, Social Engineering
3 Outline Disks, File Systems, and OS Covert Channels and Exfiltration Anti-X and Binary Obfuscation 3
4 Intro. "You need to see differently, the sky is not blue any more!"
5 What? Ancient Art Egyptians, Julius Cesar, etc Preventing data from being seen Good and Evil Covert Communication (Secret writing) The way used has evolved just as technology has
6 Why? Hiding Evidence Privacy Issues Obfuscating Evade Detection (bypassing) Exfiltration Espionage Data Destruction (deletion or corruption) Military FUN
7 Its Not Just... Cryptography Obscuring data into unreadable data Steganography Hiding the existence of the data Watermarking Proving ownership by adding sufficient metadata
8 Data Hiding in Action
9 Disks, File Systems, and OS "Don't be conned by misleading menu structures!"
10 Disks Without understanding of disks layout, you ll never know what truly is hidden over there! Do you know what s here?
11 Volume Slack Unused space between the end of the volume and the end of the partition Size of the hidden data in volume slack is only limited by the space on the hard disk available for a partition Partition #1 Partition #2 Partition #3 Volume Slack
12 File Slack Space Slack space could be used to hide data Single Cluster with 8 sectors (4096 bytes) Sector #0 Sector #1 Sector #2 Sector #3 Sector #4 Sector #5 Sector #6 Sector #7 File Data 2248 bytes RAM Slack 312 bytes Cluster Slack 1536 bytes
13 File Systems (NTFS) Everything written to the disk is considered a file Files, directories, metadata, etc MFT is the heart of NTFS (array of records 1024 bytes each) Records in the MFT are called metadata First 16 records in the MFT reserved for metadata files Entry #1 is $MFT One of the most complex file systems you ll deal with!
14 File Systems (NTFS) Cont. Deleted Files Unallocated space File System Journals, Index Files, and Log files: $I30, $LogFile File Wippers They don t actually wipe everything, some crumbs left for investigator! Hiding within $DATA attribute
15 MFT Slack Space MFT Slack Space
16 Bad Blocks ($BadClus) Marked in the metadata file $BadClus (MFT entry 8) Sparse file with the size set to the size of the entire file system Bad clusters are allocated to this file Clusters can be allocated to $BadClus and used to store data
17 Alternate Data Streams (ADS) More than one $DATA attribute Locating streams: Streams, LADS, etc DF tools Manually echo I am the hidden text > file.txt:hidden.txt
18 ADS Cont. Can also hide binaries! Images EXEs etc Isn t that evil or what?
19 Time Manipulation (Timestomp) Also a form of Data Hiding!
20 Operating Systems Range from simple changing icons, names, file extensions, hide attrib, to known system names (svchost.exe), etc into more complex techniques leveraging the OS capabilities itself Changing the file extension.doc.xls.pdf.doc Hiding files within system directories
21 Operating Systems Cont. System ACLs CLSIDs rename FOLDER My Computer.{20d04fe0-3aea-1069-a2d b30309d} Deleted Files and Removed Programs Restore Points Registry Entries HKCU\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run
22 Autoruns
23 Operating Systems VSC Volume Shadow Copies
24 Shadow Explorer VSC Broswer Browse a VSC
25 Covert Channels and Exfiltration Rules are made to be broken
26 Intro. Any communication channel that can transfer information in a manner that violates a systems security policy Goal: hide the fact that a transmission is taking place Why? Exfiltrate data from a secure system Avoid detection of unauthorized access Perform legitimate network management functions Install, spread or control malware on compromised systems Circumvent filters which may be in place limiting their freedom of speech Bypass firewalls for unrestricted access to the web
27 CC & Exfil Do you know what your network is sending/receiving? Any NSM, CIRT, SEIM, etc? Exfiltrating Data Process: Collect: obtain required data Package: obfuscate collected data to bypass IDS/IPS/DLP systems Exfil: send packaged data using proper channels
28 Exfilitration: DNS One of the most un-monitored services is DNS! UDP 53 Indicators of Exfiltration encrypted payloads or MD5, SHA1, SHA256 hashed subdomains lots of requests to restricted domain or to one domain DNS replies have private addresses or a single IP address DNS replies have patterned encoding etc Tools: dnscapy, dnstunnel, dftp, PSUDP, etc
29 Covert Channel: Under Your Radar Application layer covert channel Hide each letter in a single frame (steganography) No msg is actually transferred! Research done by Mariam Khader under my
30 Under Your Radar (UYR) Save frame # and letter location For further obfuscation
31 Covert Channel: TARIQ Hybrid Port Knocking System (my PhD research) Used for host authentication Makes network services completely invisible Hidden feature: could be used as a covert channel How will you attack (exploit) an unseen service?
32 Anti-X and Binary Obfuscation "What one man can invent, another can discover." Sherlock Holmes
33 Anti Forensics Locating anti-forensic tools leads to suspicion Crumbs could be found even if removed! Tools: StegoHunt, StegoAnalyst, StegoBreak, STG Cache Audit, Thumbnail Database Viewer, LNS, Streams (MS Sysinternals), Simple: clearing caches, offline files, app artifacts, deleting catalogs and thumbnail files, MRU and Jump Lists, Prefetch files, etc Complex: Full Disk Encryption, Anti-Debugging, Anti Reverse Engineering, Anti Disassembly, Anti-VM
34 Binary Obfuscation Packers / Unpackers Reduce size, Hide actual code, Hide IAT, Anti-X Simple Packer DOS Header PE Header DOS Header PE Header.data.data.code.code Packed Executable Original Executable
35 Binary Obfuscation Cont. Complex packers might overwrite its own memory space Unpacking: Statically (complex and time consuming) Dynamically (easy, needs native env.) Hybrid (best of both) Types: Common: UPX, FSG, MEW GetProcAddress VirtualProtect VirtualAlloc VirtualFree ExitProcess Complex: Armadillo, Obsidium, Sdprotect, ExeCrypt, VMProtect MB Compressor MB
36 Finally To catch a criminal, you must think like one Without proper understanding of the underlaying technology, its just like you re searching for a needle in the haystack!
37 References Syngress Data Hiding, One packer to rule them all, 14/materials/us-14-Mesbahi-One-Packer-To-Rule-Them-All.pdf 13 Signs that bad guys are using DNS Exfiltration to steal your data,
38
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