Hedging With Options 101
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2 Hedging With Options 101 An online tutorial by Christopher B. Swift
3 Definition of a Futures Contract A futures contract is an agreement between two people, one agrees to make delivery (seller) and one agrees to take delivery (buyer) of a specific commodity of uniform quantity and quality on a specific date in the future at a price that is established upon entry of the contract.
4 Definition of a Hedge The initiation of a position in a futures or options market that is intended as a temporary substitute for the sale or purchase of the actual commodity.
5 Contract Specifications Live Cattle - 40,000 lbs. of 55% choice, 45% select USDA grade live steers $1.00/ cwt = $ Min. Tick is 2.5 = $10.00 Feeder Cattle - 50,000 lbs of lbs. steers $1.00/ cwt = $ Min. Tick is 2.5 = $12.50 Corn - 5,000 bushels of #2 yellow corn $0.10/ bushel = $ Min. Tick is 1/4 of 1 cent = $12.50
6 Definition of an Option on a Futures Contract An option on a futures contract gives the buyer the right but not the obligation to exercise the call option (the right to buy the underlying futures contract) or put option (the right to sell the underlying futures contract) at a specific price called the strike price at anytime prior to the expiration date of the option.
7 Option premiums are priced according to: Proximity of the underlying futures contract to the strike price Length of time to expiration Volatility of underlying futures contract
8 What Is Your Breakeven Price? Inventory Costs How much capital do you have invested in your herd? Breeding Costs Feed Costs Labor, Vet, Supplies, Interest on Borrowed Money Machinery, Buildings, Fences? Calculated accurately, knowing these and other costs, that you may incur, will help you make sound business decisions when it comes time to hedge your product.
9 Establishing a Minimum Selling Price The following worksheets will help you calculate these critical price levels. There will be an example of each, followed by blank ones for you to complete.
10 Example I This chart, October 99 Feeder Cattle, is used for the first example. Maximum Sale Price Unlimited Minus Premium Paid For Option Minimum Sale Price (Floor)
11 Worksheet I (Example) (This is a hypothetical example given for referrence only. Feel free to call Chris if you have any questions on how to use these worksheets ) Finished Steer / lbs. Cost of Gains Break-even $ Date Cattle will be Finished? October Today s Price of October Futures $ /cwt. Futures Option: Strike Price = $ Premium Paid = $ 1.00 Minimum Sale Price = $ 75.00
12 How to figure Hedge (P&L) at the end of a sale. (Example) (1) High Price Projection (2) Low Price Projection Add $5.00 or more to the current futures Subtract $5.00 or more to the current futures to get the hypothetically projected to get the hypothetically projected underlying futures price $ underlying futures price $ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Equals Option Value $ 0.00 Equals Option Value $ 3.25 Option Value $ 0.00 Option Value $ 3.25 Minus Premium -$ 1.00 Minus Premium - $ 1.00 Equals P&L $ (1.00) Equals P&L $ 2.25 Cash Sale $ Cash Sale $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ (1.00) Plus or Minus Option P&L $ 2.25 Equals Net P&L $ Equals Net P&L $ 75.00
13 Worksheet I (Please print out these pages and fill in the info related to your operation. Feel free to call Chris if you have any questions on how to use these worksheets ) Finished Steer / lbs. Cost of Gains Break-even Date Cattle will be Finished? Today s Price of Futures $ /cwt. Futures Option: Strike Price = $ Premium Paid = $ Minimum Sale Price = $
14 How to figure Hedge (P&L) at the end of a sale. (1) High Price Projection (2) Low Price Projection Add $5.00 or more to the current futures Subtract $5.00 or more to the current futures to get the hypothetically projected to get the hypothetically projected underlying futures price $ underlying futures price $ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Equals Option Value $ Equals Option Value $ Option Value $ Option Value $ Minus Premium -$ Minus Premium - $ Equals P&L $ Equals P&L $ Cash Sale $ Cash Sale $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ Equals Net P&L $ Equals Net P&L $
15 Example II This chart, October 99 Live Cattle, is used for the next example. Maximum Sale Price Unlimited Minus Premium Paid For Option Minimum Sale Price (Floor)
16 Worksheet II ( Example ) (This is a hypothetical example given for referrence only. Feel free to call Chris if you have any questions on how to use these worksheets ) Cattle on Feed Cost of Gains Break-even $ Date Cattle will be Finished? October Today s Price of October Futures $ /cwt. Futures Option: Strike Price = $ Premium Paid = $ 1.15 Minimum Sale Price = $ 62.85
17 How to figure Hedge (P&L) at the end of a sale. ( Example) (1) High Price Projection (2) Low Price Projection Add $5.00 or more to the current futures Subtract $5.00 or more to the current futures to get the hypothetically projected to get the hypothetically projected underlying futures price $ underlying futures price $ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Equals Option Value $ 0.00 Equals Option Value $ 4.50 Option Value $ 0.00 Option Value $ 4.50 Minus Premium -$ 1.15 Minus Premium - $ 1.15 Equals P&L $ (1.15) Equals P&L $ 3.35 Cash Sale $ Cash Sale $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ (1.15) Plus or Minus Option P&L $ 3.35 Equals Net P&L $ Equals Net P&L $ 62.85
18 Worksheet II (Please print out these pages and fill in the info related to your operation. Feel free to call Chris if you have any questions on how to use these worksheets ) Cattle on Feed Cost of Gains Break-even Date Cattle will be Finished? Today s Price of Futures $ /cwt. Futures Option: Strike Price = $ Premium Paid = $ Minimum Sale Price = $
19 How to figure Hedge (P&L) at the end of a sale. (1) High Price Projection (2) Low Price Projection Add $5.00 or more to the current futures Subtract $5.00 or more to the current futures to get the hypothetically projected to get the hypothetically projected underlying futures price $ underlying futures price $ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Equals Option Value $ Equals Option Value $ Option Value $ Option Value $ Minus Premium -$ Minus Premium - $ Equals P&L $ Equals P&L $ Cash Sale $ Cash Sale $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ Equals Net P&L $ Equals Net P&L $
20 Establishing a Maximum Purchase Price The last worksheet will help you calculate this critical price level.
21 Example III This chart, December 99 Corn, is used for the last example. (Ceiling) Maximum Purchase Price Minimum Purchase Price Unlimited Minus Premium Paid for Option.
22 Worksheet III (Example) (This is a hypothetical example given for referrence only. Feel free to call Chris if you have any questions on how to use these worksheets ) Purchasing Feed Corn Cash Price $ 2.10 Date of Future Purchase? December Today s Price of December Futures $ /cwt. Futures Option: Strike Price = $ 2.30 Premium Paid = $.13 Maximun Purchase Price = $ 2.43
23 How to figure Hedge (P&L) at the end of a sale. (Example) (1) High Price Projection (2) Low Price Projection Add $0.50 or more to the current futures Subtract $0.50 or more to the current futures to get the hypothetically projected to get the hypothetically projected underlying futures price $ 2.60 underlying futures price $ 1.60 Minus Option Strike Price -$ 2.30 Minus Option Strike Price -$ 2.30 Equals Option Value $.30 Equals Option Value $ 0.00 Option Value $.30 Option Value $ 0.00 Minus Premium -$.13 Minus Premium - $.13 Equals P&L $.17 Equals P&L $ (.13) Cash Purchase $ 2.60 Cash Purchase $ 1.60 Plus or Minus Option P&L $ (.17) Plus or Minus Option P&L $.13 Equals Net P&L $ 2.43 Equals Net P&L $ 1.73
24 Worksheet III (Please print out these pages and fill in the info related to your operation. Feel free to call Chris if you have any questions on how to use these worksheets ) Purchasing Feed Corn Cash Price Date of Future Purchase? Today s Price of Futures $ /cwt. Futures Option: Strike Price = $ Premium Paid = $ Maximum Purchase Price = $
25 How to figure Hedge (P&L) at the end of a sale. (1) High Price Projection (2) Low Price Projection Add $0.50 or more to the current futures Subtract $0.50 or more to the current futures to get the hypothetically projected to get the hypothetically projected underlying futures price $ underlying futures price $ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Minus Option Strike Price -$ Equals Option Value $ Equals Option Value $ Option Value $ Option Value $ Minus Premium -$ Minus Premium - $ Equals P&L $ Equals P&L $ Cash Purchase $ Cash Purchase $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ Plus or Minus Option P&L $ Equals Net P&L $ Equals Net P&L $
26 What s Next? Now that you have seen how hedging can work for you, here s why you should implement a hedging strategy. Producers and consumers of commodity goods have learned that an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. They know that being proactive in their operations saves time, labor and most importantly...money. Those who choose not to be proactive are left vulnerable to unpredictable market conditions and must react to unfavorable price movements, unfortunately by then, it may be too late.
27 Proactive Proper Nutrition Proper Health Applications Good Living Conditions A Marketing Strategy Cash Forward Futures Options Contract
28 Reactive Going to sale and find out you weren t very proactive. A little planning today, can make all the difference tomorrow.
29 Areas of Concern What is my initial investment? Options: A one time premium per option. Futures: An initial margin requirement plus any additional maintenence margins required. What are the fees for service? $50.00 round turn per contract or per option. What can I lose? Options: 100% of the premium paid per option. Futures: Unlimited risk.
30 How to Get Started Request written material on pertinent markets that you are interested in. Write down any questions you may have. Ask people who are already hedging, the broker of your choice, or call or at chris.swift@shootinthebull.com Thank you for your participation. Futures trading is not for everyone. The risk ofless in trading commodities can be substantia l: therefore, ca refully cons ider whether such trading is suitable for you in light of your financial condition.
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