Double-Entry Bookkeeping: Assets and Liabilities
|
|
- Jeremy King
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Double-Entry Bookkeeping: Assets and Liabilities The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the fundamentals of double-entry bookkeeping and its role in accounting for business. The objectives of accounting Bookkeeping systems, like the double-entry system, exist to meet the objectives of accounting for business. What are those objectives? Some of them are listed below. You could probably think of many more. Good accounting enables us to know; how much money we have how much cash is in the bank what we are owed what we owe to other people how successful, or profitable, our business is how profitable are the various different activities within our business If we have done our accounting properly then we should be able to provide all the financial information that is needed to make good business decisions. For instance we might be able to tell that we are losing money selling CDs but we are selling DVDs at a profit and decide that we ll concentrate on DVDs in future. Or we might be able to tell that the reason why we have an overdraft is because too many of our customers haven t paid us what they owe. Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> 1
2 What is a business? So we know that accounting is an essential part of running a business but can we define what a business is? The simplest answer is to say that we all know a business when we see one. It has characteristics like; it is there to make a profit it sells things it either makes things or it buys things that it expects to sell at a profit it employs people Actually the people or organisations that need to make sure that they keep reliable accounting records might not be doing any of these things. A charity, for instance, certainly wouldn t exist to make a profit and might not sell anything or employ anyone, if it relied on volunteers. It would be shameful, though, for a charity not to know what money it had, where the money was coming from and where it was going. That leads us round in a circle. Accounting is for people who need proper business information. Exercise: list four things that people in business might expect to find out from the accounts. Now go back and see whether your list matches the one earlier in this chapter. Well done if you thought of some items that weren t in that list! Double-entry bookkeeping If you haven t already learned all about it then double-entry bookkeeping can sound awfully technical. It doesn t always seem any simpler when it is described as the accounting equation. We ll come back to the accounting equation later. 2 <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses
3 For now the best way to think of double-entry bookkeeping is that we write down every transaction twice: once for where the money (or movement in value) has gone to and once more for where it has come from. For example, we might have paid 50 to our stationery supplier, Paper Chase Ltd. Using double-entry we write down that money has come out of the bank account (first entry) and that it has gone to Paper Chase Ltd (second entry). The two entries needn t come first and second, we just have to make sure that we have made both entries in our books. If you can imagine that every entry that we make in the accounts is really a movement in value from one place to another then you will have understood the true nature of double-entry bookkeeping. For some reason, probably to do with Luca Pacioli ( ) who wrote the first book about accounting, the movement in value is always shown as going from right to left. A diagram might help; Value goes here to Value comes from here Returning to our previous example where we paid our stationery supplier; Paper Chase Ltd 50 Our bank account Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> 3
4 There are special names for the right-hand side and the left-hand side. This is accountancy, after all. The technical, jargon word for the right-hand side is Credit and the left-hand side is Debit. Debit Credit That is all that Debit and Credit mean, left and right. From these words we get two more special accounting terms, Debtor and Creditor. These do start to have real meaning: a debtor is someone or something where more value has gone to it than has come back from it (i.e. someone who owes money) and a creditor is the opposite, where more value has come from a person or thing than has been returned to it. So, when we describe our bank account as being in credit, for instance, we are actually looking at it from the bank s point of view because we have put more money into the account than we ve withdrawn from it. The bank is actually our debtor, but it might not feel like that. If, for example, by a miracle we receive into our bank account a repayment of tax:- 1. Where did the value, in this case money, come from? 2. Where did the money go to? 3. On which side would the bank account go? Assets We generally think that an asset is a good thing. It certainly should be. In accounting terms it is something that the business has acquired for value and still has the benefit of at least some of that value. We might, for instance, have bought a substantial number of things that we intend to sell later, stock in other words. The remaining value of that stock is an asset. Not everything that our business buys is something that we plan to sell. It could be something that we want to use in the business like an office building or a delivery van. 4 <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses
5 Name three assets that a business might buy The office building, which is something that the business expects to use for a long time, is an example of a fixed asset. The stock, which the business plans to sell in the near future, is called a current asset. Give an example of a fixed asset. What sort of asset, fixed or current, is cash in the till? In the case of every asset it is something that the business has spent money on. In other words it is somewhere that value has moved to. That means it must be on the left-hand, or debit side, of our accounts. All assets, therefore, are represented by debit accounts in our books. Remember, debits and credits aren t either good things or bad things in bookkeeping. They are just left and right. Movements of money come from the right and go to the left. A final example of an asset, then, is an amount that is owed to the business, a debtor. We are expecting the debtor to pay our business money sometime in future so a debtor is definitely an asset. Usually the debtors would be customers that the business has made sales to but who haven t yet made payment for the goods that they ve bought; Debit: Customer (debtor) Credit: Sales Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> 5
6 Is a debtor a current asset or a fixed asset? Liabilities You will not be surprised to learn that liabilities are the opposite of assets. Liabilities are amounts owed by our business to somebody else like our stationery supplier, Paper Chase Ltd, from earlier in this chapter. If we imagine that Paper Chase Ltd had sold us the 50-worth of goods a little while before we paid them, then the original transaction would have looked like this; Debit: Purchases of stationery 50-worth of goods Credit: Paper Chase Ltd (creditor) Obviously the supplier account for Paper Chase Ltd in our books will appear on the right-hand side as a creditor. Creditors aren t just people who let us buy goods on credit. The bank account, for instance, is a creditor if we have taken more money out than we have put in. Other people might lend money to our business so perhaps, instead of paying entirely in cash for our office building, we might take out a loan. We might buy our delivery van on hire-purchase. All these creditors have put money into the business. They all expect to get their money back sooner or later and may well charge interest for the money that they have leant. There is another category of people who put money into a business, the investors. The special accounting term for the money that goes into a business from its owners is Capital. Capital Karl Marx s book on Capital is not about bookkeeping but he would have been familiar with the idea that a business is a separate entity from its owners. 6 <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses
7 The accounting books of a business should always treat the business as a separate entity from its owners. This treatment is unavoidable when the business is formed as a limited company, as most are. Some characteristics of a limited company are; it issues shares it is owned by the shareholders its shareholders are not liable for its debts it can return profit to its shareholders in the form of dividends it is a legal person in its own right it is managed by directors who are appointed by the shareholders it can enter into contracts it can borrow money it is subject to Corporation Tax The money invested in a company by the shareholders when they buy shares is its share capital. Let s say that the shareholders invested 50,000 and the money went straight into the company s bank account; Debit: Bank account 50,000 Credit: Share Capital Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> 7
8 Many smaller businesses, though, are owned by sole-traders or partnerships. In law the business assets and liabilities of these unincorporated firms are not separate from the private property of their owners. Even so, the bookkeeping treatment is very much the same. Let s say that a sole-trader puts 2,000 into her business, Glossy Decorators, to get it started; Debit: Bank account 2,000 Credit: Owner s Capital Shareholders in limited companies cannot simply take back their money when it suits them. Sole-traders and partners, on the other hand, can withdraw money from the business, called drawings whenever they want. So, if our sole-trader needs to take back 300; Debit: Drawings 300 Credit: Bank account By making these entries in the books we have made sure that we have followed the basic principle of double-entry bookkeeping and made corresponding credit and debit entries showing where money has come from and where it has gone to. Capital is money put into a business by its owners with the intention of earning a profit. As it is money coming from somewhere it is rather like the money that comes from creditors and other liabilities. 8 <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses
9 Identify four characteristics of a limited company The Accounting Equation All the time we have been following the double-entry rule that says we have to make each entry in the books twice, once on the credit (right-hand) side to show where the money came from and again on the debit (left-hand) side for where the money went to. As a result, after any series of entries we should find that the total of all the entries on the credit side comes out exactly the same as the total on the debit side. Accountants talk about balancing the books which originally referred to a check that all the debits added up to the same amount as all the credits. Going back to our example of Glossy Decorators we can see that, after the owner introduced her 2,000 the books balanced like this; Assets ( 2,000 in business bank account) = Capital ( 2,000 from owner) If the first thing she did was to take back the 300 then the equation would become; Assets (now 1,700 in bank) = Capital Drawings If, after that, she bought 200 worth of paint on credit from a builders merchant then; Assets ( 1,700 cash & 200 stock) = Capital Drawings + Liabilities ( 200) The owner of Glossy Decorators carries out a job, using all the paint, for a grateful customer who readily agrees to pay her fee of 600 in a month s time. It is not difficult to work out the profit for this job; Sales 600 Less: cost of paint -200 Profit 400 Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> 9
10 The profit is treated, like capital, as money introduced by the owner. She could, after all, close down Glossy Decorators at this point and the money would be hers. She decides to carry on trading so her equation looks like this; Assets ( 1,700 cash & 600 debtor) = Capital Drawings + Liabilities + Profit The amount of profit left over in a business after the owners have taken their drawings (or the shareholders have had their dividend) is called the retained profit. Calculate for Glossy Decorators :- 1. its retained profit (i.e. profit drawings) 2. its total assets 3. its capital + retained profit + liabilities Assuming you have ended up with the same figure for items two and three in the activity above you should be able to agree with the accounting equation in its final, complete form; Assets = Capital + Retained Profit + Liabilities 10 <Software Title> ~ <Level or Module> Accounting & Bookkeeping Courses
1 Money and income Currency currency notes (banknotes) coins cash bank deposits BrE: note or banknote; on paper AmE: bill
1 A B Money and income Currency The money used in a country euros, dollars, yen, etc. is its currency. Money in notes (banknotes) and coins is called cash. Most money, however, consists of bank deposits:
More informationWhat is a Balance Sheet?
What is a Balance Sheet? A Balance Sheet is a financial statement which shows the ASSETS, LIABILITIES and CAPITAL of a business on a particular date. Assets Are Are items owned by by the the business or
More informationClub Accounts. 2011 Question 6.
Club Accounts. 2011 Question 6. Anyone familiar with Farm Accounts or Service Firms (notes for both topics are back on the webpage you found this on), will have no trouble with Club Accounts. Essentially
More informationChapter 6 The cash flow statement
Chapter 6 The cash flow statement The last four chapters have been spent looking at the balance sheet and income statement and how to use them. In this chapter, we will move on to arguably the most revealing
More informationSUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOCUMENT THE NFU MUTUAL SELECT INVESTMENT PLAN THE NFU MUTUAL SELECT INDIVIDUAL SAVINGS ACCOUNT (ISA) INVESTMENTS
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOCUMENT THE NFU MUTUAL SELECT INVESTMENT PLAN THE NFU MUTUAL SELECT INDIVIDUAL SAVINGS ACCOUNT (ISA) INVESTMENTS SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION DOCUMENT The NFU Mutual Select Investment
More informationIGCSE Business Studies revision notes Finance Neil.elrick@tes.tp.edu.tw
IGCSE FINANCE REVISION NOTES Table of contents Table of contents... 2 SOURCES OF FINANCE... 3 CASH FLOW... 5 HOW TO CALCULATE THE CASH BALANCE... 5 HOW TO WORK OUT THE CASH AVAILABLE TO THE BUSINESS...
More informationBOOKKEEPING WITH COMPUTERS
BOOKKEEPING WITH COMPUTERS INTRODUCTION Whether manual or computerised, bookkeeping is essentially the same. Both methods use the same concept of DOUBLE ENTRY, i.e. Debits () and edits (). Double entry
More informationAccounting is a Kid's Game Introduction to the Dynamics of Financial Statements Raúl Hernández Garciadiego Gisela Herrerías Guerra
Accounting is a Kid's Game Introduction to the Dynamics of Financial Statements Raúl Hernández Garciadiego Gisela Herrerías Guerra Design: Clara Azcué Pérez-gil Cartoons: David Herrerías Guerra Educación
More informationIntroduction to Accounts
Introduction to Accounts Copyright statement Sage (UK) Limited, 2012. All rights reserved We have written this guide to help you to use the software it relates to. We hope it will be read by and helpful
More informationLIABILITIES. Liabilities are claims against your Assets. They are something that you have to repay to someone else.
Accounting 101 ASSETS An Asset is something that you own, that has value, and will generate a future benefit. Assets are good. Eg.) Cash, accounts receivable, GST receivable, inventory, equipment, land,
More informationAccounts of the sole trader
Unit 1 Accounts of the sole trader This unit consists of one section only: Section 1: Final accounts Section 1 Final accounts By the end of this section you should be able to: explain the position of a
More informationThe Trading Profit and Loss Account
The Trading Profit and Loss Account Businesses usually calculate their profit level by creating a Trading Profit and Loss Account (TPL) The TPL is produced because: It is a legal requirement It summarises
More informationCHAPTER 2 THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION
Where are we headed? After completing this chapter, you should be able to: identify and define assets, liabilities and owner s equity explain the relationship between the elements of the accounting equation
More informationChapter 3 How to analyse a balance sheet
Chapter 3 How to analyse a balance sheet In the previous chapter we looked at how a balance sheet was put together and the numbers that go into it. In this chapter, we are going to take all those numbers
More informationPaying off a debt. Ethan D. Bolker Maura B. Mast. December 4, 2007
Paying off a debt Ethan D. Bolker Maura B. Mast December 4, 2007 Plan Lecture notes Can you afford a mortgage? There s a $250,000 condominium you want to buy. You ve managed to scrape together $50,000
More informationfor Newcomers and New Canadians Module 2 How to Build Credit In Canada Student Workbook
for Newcomers and New Canadians Module 2 How to Build Credit In Canada Student Workbook Welcome! This workshop is about credit. Credit is buying something now, but paying for it later. Credit can be useful
More informationHow To Buy Stock On Margin
LESSON 8 BUYING ON MARGIN AND SELLING SHORT ACTIVITY 8.1 A MARGINAL PLAY Stockbroker Luke, Katie, and Jeremy are sitting around a desk near a sign labeled Brokerage Office. The Moderator is standing in
More informationOnline Accounting Software FUNDING OPTIONS GUIDE
Online Accounting Software FUNDING OPTIONS GUIDE Why you need to think about funding Every business needs money. Starting a business presents new challenges, many of which will require some financial outlay.
More informationThe Basics of Accounting ACCT 201
The Basics of Accounting ACCT 201 Content Accounting definition Accounting equation Accounting elements Asset, Liabilities, & Equity Transactions Accounts Receivable vs Accounts Payable Retained Earnings
More informationIn other words, a balance sheet will always balance or if you will excuse the double negative - A BALANCE SHEET CAN T NOT BALANCE!
SIMPLE S The balance sheet is one of the last items to be written when a set of accounts is prepared. It may seem rather strange, therefore, to start looking at the mechanics of book-keeping with balance
More informationHow Banks Create Money: The Balance Sheets Contents
How Banks Create Money: The Balance Sheets Contents 1. The different types of money 2. A quick word on balance sheets 3. How central banks create money 1. Central bank reserves 2. Cash 4. How commercial
More informationChapter 2 An Introduction to Forwards and Options
Chapter 2 An Introduction to Forwards and Options Question 2.1. The payoff diagram of the stock is just a graph of the stock price as a function of the stock price: In order to obtain the profit diagram
More informationDoes your organisation have stocks of materials or equipment for you and your team to use?
Controlling stock Does your organisation have stocks of materials or equipment for you and your team to use? Is there any system for controlling how much you have or when it is re-ordered? Controlling
More informationInternational Examinations. IGCSE Accounting Catherine Coucom
International Examinations IGCSE Accounting Catherine Coucom PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
More informationWhat is double entry bookkeeping?
What is double entry bookkeeping? This document is from Mango s Guide to Financial Management, freely available on www.mango.org.uk/guide Here we explain in simple plain language, what double entry bookkeeping
More informationAccounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased.
Accounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased. Accounts Receivable are the total amounts customers owe your business for goods or services sold
More informationIncorporating a Company
Incorporating a Company what you need to know About this Guide This guide has been produced by Sean Toomer, Founder of Diverso, a firm of accountants, taxation advisors and business consultants based in
More informationCHAPTER 10 Financial Statements NOTE
NOTE In practice, accruals accounts and prepayments accounts are implied rather than drawn up. It is common for expense accounts to show simply a balance c/d and a balance b/d. The accrual or prepayment
More informationPREPARING FINAL ACCOUNTS. part
15_1312MH_CH09 27/1/05 8:38 am Page 87 PREPARING part 3 FINAL ACCOUNTS 9 The final accounts of sole traders 10 Accounting principles, concepts and policies 11 Depreciation and fixed assets 12 Bad debts
More informationUnderstanding Accounting Reports. www.brightpearl.com
Understanding Accounting Reports Whats inside You ll often hear the term management accounts - but how often do you use this information to actually manage your business on a day to day basis? It may well
More informationThe ABC s of 123 s. (The Simple Secrets to Accounting Wisdom.)
The ABC s of 123 s (The Simple Secrets to Accounting Wisdom.) Thank You for attending our QuickBooks seminar today. Your time is valuable and our goal is to make sure it is well spent. QuickBooks is a
More information6.3 PROFIT AND LOSS AND BALANCE SHEETS. Simple Financial Calculations. Analysing Performance - The Balance Sheet. Analysing Performance
63 COSTS AND COSTING 6 PROFIT AND LOSS AND BALANCE SHEETS Simple Financial Calculations Analysing Performance - The Balance Sheet Analysing Performance Analysing Financial Performance Profit And Loss Forecast
More informationtutor2u Cash Management How and Why Businesses Need to Manage their Cash AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005
Cash Management How and Why Businesses Need to Manage their Cash AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005 Importance of Cash (1) A business can exist for a while without making profits but
More informationSTATEMENT OF CHANGES IN FINANCIAL POSITION
Home Page - Statement of Changes in Financial Position STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN FINANCIAL POSITION by Dr. J. Herbert Smith/ACOA Chair Technology Management and Entrepreneurship Faculty of Engineering University
More informationChapter 2 Balance sheets - what a company owns and what it owes
Chapter 2 Balance sheets - what a company owns and what it owes SharePad is packed full of useful financial data. This data holds the key to understanding the financial health and value of any company
More informationSOLE TRADER FINAL ACCOUNTS
6 SOLE TRADER FINAL ACCOUNTS CASE STUDY Starting out in business Olivia Boulton used to work as a buyer of kitchen and cookware goods for a large department store in central London. She was good at her
More informationAAT LEVEL 2 LESSON 2. Association of Accounting Technicians (AAT) Example Course Materials
LESSON 2 Double Entry Processing On completing this lesson you should be able to: Identify and explain the accounting concepts which underpin the double entry system of processing business transactions
More informationInvesting in unlisted property schemes?
Investing in unlisted property schemes? Independent guide for investors about unlisted property schemes This guide is for you, whether you re an experienced investor or just starting out. Key tips from
More informationIncisive Business Guide to Factoring
Incisive Guide to Factoring Factoring Guide Summary This guide from Incisive outlines the features and benefits for your business from using factoring and invoice discounting services. Factoring is commonly
More informationWhen Finances Go Wrong - Debt
When Finances Go Wrong - Debt Very few people now have no debt at all after all a mobile phone contract, or your rent/mortgage are both debts. It becomes an issue for people when they cannot meet the payments
More informationCPD Spotlight Quiz September 2012. Working Capital
CPD Spotlight Quiz September 2012 Working Capital 1 What is working capital? This is a topic that has been the subject of debate for many years and will, no doubt, continue to be so. One response to the
More information2 Transaction Analysis
29366_06_ch2_p053-110 12/12/07 5:50 PM Page 53 2 Transaction Analysis SPOTLIGHT A P P L E C O M P U T E R, I N C. How do you manage your music library? You may use Apple Computer s itunes, which along
More informationDouble entry bookkeeping
ACCOUNTS PREPARATION I Double entry bookkeeping Introduction A sound knowledge of double entry underpins many of the learning outcomes and skills required for Accounts Preparation I. A sound understanding
More informationAny business activity, be it manufacturing, servicing or trading, involves
chp-12.qxd 10/18/05 12:45 PM Page 119 CHAPTER 12 Bookkeeping and Accounting and Financial Statements Any business activity, be it manufacturing, servicing or trading, involves monetary transactions. At
More informationInvesting in mortgage schemes?
Investing in mortgage schemes? Independent guide for investors about unlisted mortgage schemes This guide is for you, whether you re an experienced investor or just starting out. Key tips from ASIC about
More informationhow to finance the business
A DV I C E B O O K L E T how to finance the business HOW TO FINANCE THE BUSINESS Getting enough of the right funding is one of the more difficult tasks that you will face as a new entrepreneur. Typically,
More informationCareers Audio Transcription Carolyn Roberts with Sally Harrison
Careers Audio Transcription Carolyn Roberts with Sally Harrison I m talking to Sally Harrison now. Sally graduated from this College, as it was then, in 1984 with a Degree in Geography and Geology, but
More informationMargin Trading. A. How Margin Works? B. Why Trading on Margin Can Be Very Risky and Is Not Suitable for Everyone? C. Conclusion
A. How Margin Works? B. Why Trading on Margin Can Be Very Risky and Is Not Suitable for Everyone? C. Conclusion 2 An investor who purchases securities may pay for the securities in full, from his own resources,
More informationThis same journal would be kept for every individual loan the lender makes (one for Mrs. X, one for Mr. Y, and later one for Mrs. Z).
Single Entry Bookkeeping Bookkeeping is the practice of keeping track of your money through a formal system of records. Recording how and when money is spent and made helps to keep an overall view of how
More informationOwning shares: a step-by-step guide
Owning shares: a step-by-step guide Royal Mail achieved an important milestone when it floated on the London Stock Exchange in 2013. Many of you will have received shares in Royal Mail through the Free
More informationScenic Video Transcript Direct Cash Flow Statements Topics. Introduction. Purpose of cash flow statements. Level 1 analysis: major categories
Cash Flow Statements» What Do I See?» Direct Cash Flow Statements» Scenic Video http://www.navigatingaccounting.com/video/scenic-direct-cash-flow-statements Scenic Video Transcript Direct Cash Flow Statements
More informationTransaction Analysis SPOTLIGHT. 2 Chapter 40878 Page 53 09/25/07 jhr APPLE COMPUTER, INC.
2 Chapter 40878 9/25/07 3:18 PM Page 53 2 Transaction Analysis 2 Chapter 40878 Page 53 09/25/07 jhr SPOTLIGHT APPLE COMPUTER, INC. How do you manage your music library? You may use Apple Computer s itunes,
More informationCompany Voluntary Arrangement - Frequently Asked Questions
Leaflet: 1094 15/09/1 Liquidation Administration or Voluntary Arrangement? The information in this leaflet was prepared in September 2015. everything, information can get out of date. As with We therefore
More informationKeeping The Books With
Keeping The Books With Table of Contents Account Types The Accounting Equation Double Entry Bookkeeping Accounts Transactions Balance Sheet Income Statement The Accounting Cheat Sheet Summary 2 Account
More informationAuthored for ENMU Tutoring Services. By Jessica Huff
By Jessica Huff The standard accounting equation is Assets=Liabilities + Stockholders Equity. Depending on which item someone is looking at will determine what the normal balance is. The normal balance
More informationCombined Business Loan
Combined Business Loan Terms and Conditions This document sets out your loan or facility s terms and conditions In this document we ve explained the terms and conditions applying to your ANZ Business Loan
More informationBarclaycard Business Credit Card Terms and Conditions
Barclaycard Business Credit Card Terms and Conditions 1 Contents 1. Introduction 3 Your card 3 Business credit limit 3 Monthly payment 4 2. Your interest charges 4 Interest rates 4 Promotional balance
More informationRatio Analysis CBDC, NB. Presented by ACSBE. February, 2008. Copyright 2007 ACSBE. All Rights Reserved.
Ratio Analysis CBDC, NB February, 2008 Presented by ACSBE Financial Analysis What is Financial Analysis? What Can Financial Ratios Tell? 7 Categories of Financial Ratios Significance of Using Ratios Industry
More informationINVESTING IN MORTGAGE FUNDS?
INVESTING IN MORTGAGE FUNDS? Independent guide for investors about unlisted mortgage funds Mortgage funds can also be called mortgage trusts or mortgage schemes. About ASIC The Australian Securities and
More informationMoney Matters: What you need to know about debt. What is debt?
What is debt? Debt is a sum of money owed to another person or organization. A debt can be in the form of a: Bank loan Rent arrears Utility bill debts Over draft with bank account Failure to pay council
More informationtutor2u Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005
Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005 Introduction All businesses need cash to survive Cash is needed to: Invest in fixed
More informationNo selling. No jargon. Just the facts about borrowing money. Our guides here to help you. No selling. No jargon. Just the facts.
June 2009 Our guides here to help you This guide is part of our Everyday money series. About the Financial Services Authority. Buying a home. Saving and investing. Pensions and retirement. If things go
More informationHow to Trade Almost Any Asset in the World from a Single Account Using CFDs
How to Trade Almost Any Asset in the World from a Single Account Using CFDs How to Trade Almost Any Asset in the World from a Single Account Using CFDs Shae Russell, Editor INTRODUCTION TO TRADING CFDS
More informationCredit Crunching. a student guide to credit 2010/11
Credit Crunching a student guide to credit 2010/11 Introduction Whether you are a student or a graduate it is important to understand all the different types of credit out there in the market place. Credit
More informationUsing Credit to Your Advantage Credit Cards and Loans Participant Guide
Hands on Banking Using Credit to Your Advantage The Hands on Banking program is a free public service provided by Wells Fargo. You may also access the program anytime at www.handsonbanking.org & www.elfuturoentusmanos.org
More informationEasyPC Training. Accounting Basics
EasyPC Training Accounting Basics Contents Accounting Basics... 3 The Accounting Equation... 3 Assets... 3 Liabilities... 3 Owner s Equity... 3 The Balance Sheet... 5 Double Entry Bookkeeping... 6 Ledger
More informationBusiness finance. a practical guide BUILDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE. smallbusiness.wa.gov.au. The small business specialists
Business finance a practical guide BUILDING YOUR KNOWLEDGE Small Business Development Corporation 13 12 49 smallbusiness.wa.gov.au The small business specialists A practical guide to business finance An
More informationSURVIVING THE CREDIT CRUNCH
SURVIVING THE CREDIT CRUNCH TOP TIPS: Don t bury your head in the sand plan now for survival that s the purpose of this paper from me this morning It never ceases to amaze me how people can do just that
More informationExercise 4A: What Info Do You Need for a Loan?
Exercise 4A: What Info Do You Need for a Loan? What information do you think is needed to get a loan? Review several samples of loan applications to see what The Cost of Using Credit As mentioned earlier,
More informationHow To Know Your Credit Card Rights In The Uk
Credit cards Your rights- a consumer guide Credit cards are a very safe and convenient way of paying for things in shops at home, online or around the world. Unlike cash or cheques, if something goes
More informationInvesting in community shares
Investing in community shares Investing in community shares Introduction Give, lend or invest? Have you been invited to buy shares in a community enterprise? Then you are not alone. You are one of thousands
More information5.2 BUDGETING; CASH FLOW FORECASTS. Introduction To Budgets And Cash Flow Forecasts. Cash Flow Forecasts. Budget And Cash Flow Exercises
52 FUNDING 5 BUDGETING; CASH FLOW FORECASTS Introduction To Budgets And Cash Flow Forecasts Cash Flow Forecasts Budget And Cash Flow Exercises Cash Flow Exercises P 168 INTRODUCTION TO BUDGETS AND CASH
More informationInterpretation of Accounts.
Interpretation of Accounts. The Interpretation of Accounts (or Ratios ) question has appeared as question 5 on the Leaving Cert exam every year to date. It is a vital question to master and one that can
More informationNOTES TO ASSIST COMPLETION OF BUSINESS QUESTIONNAIRE
NOTES TO ASSIST COMPLETION OF BUSINESS QUESTIONNAIRE Never change company shareholding without conferring with us because there are tax implications. Please note the following comments 1. Cars If you sell
More informationSocial Investment Tax Relief (SITR) - investors
Social Investment Tax Relief (SITR) - investors What is SITR - how does it affect me? SITR provides a range of income and capital gains tax reliefs which can be claimed by individual investors for investments
More informationA KIDS GUIDE TO STOCKS AND OTHER INVESTMENTS
A KIDS GUIDE TO STOCKS AND OTHER INVESTMENTS Recommended for students ages nine through 12 You can do many things with the money you will earn and save during your lifetime. For example, you can put it
More informationTopic 2(d) Bank accounts
Topic 2(d) Bank accounts Storing money in a bank or building society If you have money you don t want to spend immediately, the best thing you can do with it is put it in a bank account. This will keep
More informationhow to prepare a cash flow statement
business builder 4 how to prepare a cash flow statement zions business resource center zions business resource center 2 how to prepare a cash flow statement A cash flow statement is important to your business
More informationThis guide will show you how to:
This guide will show you how to: Assess whether your business needs to close Close an insolvent business Understand the implications of closing down your business Consider your options for starting again
More informationNOLO. Nolo s Guide to Limited Liability Companies: Forming an LLC
NOLO Nolo s Guide to Limited Liability Companies: Forming an LLC Table of Contents LLC Basics...3 Limited Personal Liability for LLC Owners...3 Exceptions to LLC Owners Limited Liability...4 LLC Management...4
More informationDebits and Credits: Analyzing and Recording Business Transactions
63802_02_ch2_p039-076 2/26/09 11:30 AM Page 39 2 Debits and Credits: Analyzing and Recording Business Transactions DID YOU KNOW? In 2006 20% of sales came from Staples brands. The company plans to increase
More informationBusiness finances. Contents. Maintaining your cash flow
This information is an extract from the booklet Self-employment and cancer. You may find the full booklet helpful. We can send you a free copy see page 6. Contents Maintaining your cash flow Reducing your
More informationPublishers: Software Publication Pty Ltd [ABN 75078026150] Head Office Sydney Unit 10, 171 Gibbes Street Chatswood NSW 2067 1800 146 542
Acknowledgments Copyright/Trademark Information: MYOB is the registered trademark of MYOB Technology Pty Ltd. Screen captures from MYOB Accounting v16 and v17 reproduced with permission. Copyright 2006
More informationBank Products. 3.1 Introduction
Bank Products Bank Products For many people, the first financial institution they deal with, and the one they use most often, is a bank or credit union. That s because banks and credit unions provide a
More informationESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A SERVICE BUSINESS
UNIT 1 ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A SERVICE BUSINESS In Unit 1 of the VCE Accounting course, we will cover the following chapters: CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE AND ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN SMALL BUSINESS 3 CHAPTER
More informationHow To Keep Track Of Your Money
Inland Revenue Department P.O. Box 99 Brades Montserrat Business Tax Guide An introductory guide for businesses Table of Contents Part 1 General...1 Introduction... 1 Business types... 1 Getting an IRD
More informationUsing Accounts to Interpret Performance
Using s to Interpret Performance ing information is used by stakeholders to judge the performance and efficiency of a business Different stakeholders will look for different things: STAKEHOLDER Shareholders
More informationSPECIAL REPORT: 4 BIG REASONS YOU CAN T AFFORD TO IGNORE BUSINESS CREDIT!
SPECIAL REPORT: 4 BIG REASONS YOU CAN T AFFORD TO IGNORE BUSINESS CREDIT! 4 BIG REASONS YOU CAN T AFFORD TO IGNORE BUSINESS CREDIT! Provided compliments of: FIRSTUSA DATA SERVICES, LLC 877-857-5045 SUPPORT@FIRSTUSADATA.COM
More informationRemember the Interest
STUDENT MODULE 7.1 BORROWING MONEY PAGE 1 Standard 7: The student will identify the procedures and analyze the responsibilities of borrowing money. Remember the Interest Mom, it is not fair. If Bill can
More informationUnderstanding A Firm s Financial Statements
CHAPTER OUTLINE Spotlight: J&S Construction Company (http://www.jsconstruction.com) 1 The Lemonade Kids Financial statement (accounting statements) reports of a firm s financial performance and resources,
More informationtransfer money by check or electronic payment to a person or organization that you designate as payee
Bank Products 1. Introduction For many people, the first financial institution they deal with, and the one they use most often, is a bank or credit union. That s because banks and credit unions provide
More informationThe Stock Market for Beginners. Presenter Date
1 The Stock Market for Beginners Presenter Date What is a share? If you own a share, you own a portion of a company. In the same way you can see your ownership of a company as a slice of pie, cut out of
More informationCredit cards explained
Credit cards explained What is a credit card? As its name suggests, a credit card lets you buy things on credit meaning that you don t need to have the money upfront to pay for your purchases. If large,
More informationFinance for the non-financial manager
Finance for the non-financial manager A Guest Article by Paul Lower January 2010 How to control working capital and cash flow The banking crisis, credit crunch and global recession have provided the backdrop
More informationBusiness Loan. This document sets out your loan s terms and conditions. Contents of these terms and conditions. Terms and Conditions
Business Loan Terms and Conditions This document sets out your loan s terms and conditions In this document we ve explained the terms and conditions applying to your ANZ Business Loan. It includes key
More informationPart 4: Borrowing Money and Using Credit
Part 4: Borrowing Money and Using Credit CHAPTER 11: Borrowing Money Let s discuss... $ Why people borrow more money today than in the past $ Why people borrow money $ Types of debt/credit $ The cost
More informationHow To Understand The Book
BUSINESS BOOKKEEPING & ACCOUNTS STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE ONE (A full Study & Training Guide will accompany the Study or Training Manual(s) you will receive soon by airmail post.) This Study Guide - like
More informationInvestments I HW 2 - Solutions
Investments I HW 2 - Solutions Sailesh Tiwari 26 September, 2008 Problem 1 (BKM Ch3. Ques.3) (a) The Trader buys 300 Internet Dreams shares at $40 per share. Total cost of the shares is 300 $40 = $12000.
More informationA Simple Model. Introduction to Financial Statements
Introduction to Financial Statements NOTES TO ACCOMPANY VIDEOS These notes are intended to supplement the videos on ASimpleModel.com. They are not to be used as stand alone study aids, and are not written
More informationHOW TO IMPROVE CASH FLOW
HOW TO IMPROVE CASH FLOW What causes cash flow problems? Allowing customers too much credit Overtrading How can cash flow be improved? Review trade credit with suppliers Review credit offered to customers
More information