COSC4377. Chapter 8 roadmap
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1 Lecture 28 Chapter 8 roadmap 8.1 What is network security? 8.2 Principles of cryptography 8.3 Message integrity 8.4 Securing e mail 8.5 Securing TCP connections: SSL 8.6 Network layer security: IPsec 8.7 Securing wireless LANs 8.8 Operational security: firewalls and IDS 1
2 Firewalls firewall isolates organization s internal net from larger Internet, allowing some packets to pass, blocking others administered network trusted good guys firewall public Internet untrusted bad guys Firewalls: why prevent denial of service attacks: SYN flooding: attacker establishes many bogus TCP connections, no res left for real connections prevent illegal modification/access of internal data e.g., attacker replaces CIA s homepage with something else allow only authorized access to inside network set of authenticated users/hosts three types of firewalls: stateless packet filters stateful packet filters application gateways 2
3 Stateless packet filtering Should arriving packet be allowed in? Departing packet let out? internal network connected to Internet via router firewall router filters packet by packet, decision to forward/drop packet based on: IP, ination IP TCP/UDP and ination numbers ICMP message type TCP SYN and ACK bits Stateless packet filtering: example example 1: block incoming and outgoing datagrams with IP protocol field = 17 and with either or = 23 result: all incoming, outgoing UDP flows and telnet connections are blocked example 2: block inbound TCP segments with ACK=0. result: prevents external clients from making TCP connections with internal clients, but allows internal clients to connect to outside. 3
4 Stateless packet filtering: more examples Policy No outside Web access. No incoming TCP connections, except those for institution s public Web server only. Prevent Web-radios from eating up the available bandwidth. Prevent your network from being used for a smurf DoS attack. Prevent your network from being tracerouted Firewall Setting Drop all outgoing packets to any IP, 80 Drop all incoming TCP SYN packets to any IP except , 80 Drop all incoming UDP packets - except DNS and router broadcasts. Drop all ICMP packets going to a broadcast (e.g ). Drop all outgoing ICMP TTL expired traffic Access Control Lists ACL: table of rules, applied top to bottom to incoming packets: (action, condition) pairs action protocol any allow TCP > allow TCP 80 > 1023 ACK allow UDP > allow UDP 53 > deny all all all all all all flag bit 4
5 Stateful packet filtering stateless packet filter: heavy handed tool admits packets that make no sense, e.g., = 80, ACK bit set, even though no TCP connection established: action protocol flag bit allow TCP 80 > 1023 ACK stateful packet filter: track status of every TCP connection track connection setup (SYN), teardown (FIN): determine whether incoming, outgoing packets makes sense timeout inactive connections at firewall: no longer admit packets Stateful packet filtering ACL augmented to indicate need to check connection state table before admitting packet action allow allow proto TCP > flag bit any check conxion TCP 80 > 1023 ACK x allow UDP > allow UDP 53 > x deny all all all all all all 5
6 Application gateways filters packets on application data as well as on IP/TCP/UDP fields. example: allow select internal users to telnet outside. host-to-gateway telnet session application gateway gateway-to-remote host telnet session router and filter 1. require all telnet users to telnet through gateway. 2. for authorized users, gateway sets up telnet connection to host. Gateway relays data between 2 connections 3. router filter blocks all telnet connections not originating from gateway. Application gateways filter packets on application data as well as on IP/TCP/UDP fields. example: allow select internal users to telnet outside host-to-gateway telnet session application gateway router and filter gateway-to-remote host telnet session 1. require all telnet users to telnet through gateway. 2. for authorized users, gateway sets up telnet connection to host. Gateway relays data between 2 connections 3. router filter blocks all telnet connections not originating from gateway. 6
7 Limitations of firewalls, gateways IP spoofing: router can t know if data really comes from claimed if multiple app s. need special treatment, each has own app. gateway client software must know how to contact gateway. e.g., must set IP of proxy in Web browser filters often use all or nothing policy for UDP tradeoff: degree of communication with outside world, level of security many highly protected sites still suffer from attacks Intrusion detection systems packet filtering: operates on TCP/IP headers only no correlation check among sessions IDS: intrusion detection system deep packet inspection: look at packet contents (e.g., check character strings in packet against database of known virus, attack strings) examine correlation among multiple packets scanning network mapping DoS attack 7
8 Intrusion detection systems multiple IDSs: different types of checking at different locations firewall internal network Internet IDS sensors Web DNS server FTP server server demilitarized zone Network Security (summary) basic techniques... cryptography (symmetric and public) message integrity end point authentication. used in many different security scenarios secure secure trans (SSL) IP sec operational security: firewalls and IDS 8
9 Certificate: Data: Version: 1 (0x0) Serial Number: 7829 (0x1e95) Signature Algorithm: md5withrsaencryption Sample Certificate Issuer: C=ZA, ST=Western Cape, L=Cape Town, O=Thawte Consulting cc, OU=Certification Services Division, CN=Thawte Server CA/ Address=server certs@thawte.com Validity Not Before: Jul 9 16:04: GMT Not After : Jul 9 16:04: GMT Subject: C=US, ST=Maryland, L=Pasadena, O=Brent Baccala, OU=FreeSoft, CN= Subject Public Key Info: Public Key Algorithm: rsaencryption RSA Public Key: (1024 bit) Modulus (1024 bit): 00:b4:31:98:0a:c4:bc:62:c1:88:aa:dc:b0:c8:bb: 33:35:19:d5:0c:64:b9:3d:41:b2:96:fc:f3:31:e1: 66:36:d0:8e:56:12:44:ba:75:eb:e8:1c:9c:5b:66: 70:33:52:14:c9:ec:4f:91:51:70:39:de:53:85:17: 16:94:6e:ee:f4:d5:6f:d5:ca:b3:47:5e:1b:0c:7b: c5:cc:2b:6b:c1:90:c3:16:31:0d:bf:7a:c7:47:77: 8f:a0:21:c7:4c:d0:16:65:00:c1:0f:d7:b8:80:e3: d2:75:6b:c1:ea:9e:5c:5c:ea:7d:c1:a1:10:bc:b8: e8:35:1c:9e:27:52:7e:41:8f Exponent: (0x10001) Signature Algorithm: md5withrsaencryption 93:5f:8f:5f:c5:af:bf:0a:ab:a5:6d:fb:24:5f:b6:59:5d:9d: 92:2e:4a:1b:8b:ac:7d:99:17:5d:cd:19:f6:ad:ef:63:2f:92: ab:2f:4b:cf:0a:13:90:ee:2c:0e:43:03:be:f6:ea:8e:9c:67: d0:a2:40:03:f7:ef:6a:15:09:79:a9:46:ed:b7:16:1b:41:72: 0d:19:aa:ad:dd:9a:df:ab:97:50:65:f5:5e:85:a6:ef:19:d1: 5a:de:9d:ea:63:cd:cb:cc:6d:5d:01:85:b5:6d:c8:f3:d9:f7: 8f:0e:fc:ba:1f:34:e9:96:6e:6c:cf:f2:ef:9b:bf:de:b5:22: 68:9f 9
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