CSCE 465 Computer & Network Security
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1 CSCE 465 Computer & Network Security Instructor: Dr. Guofei Gu Firewall 1
2 Basic firewall concept Roadmap Filtering firewall Proxy firewall Network Address Translation What is a firewall? Device that provides secure connectivity between networks (internal/external; varying levels of trust) Used to implement and enforce a security policy for communication between networks Trusted Networks Firewall Untrusted Networks & Servers Internet Untrusted Users Intranet Router DMZ Public Accessible Servers & Networks Trusted Users 2
3 Firewalls From Webster s Dictionary: a wall constructed to prevent the spread of fire Internet firewalls are more the moat around a castle than a building firewall Controlled access point Firewalls can: Restrict incoming and outgoing traffic by IP address, ports, or users Block invalid packets Convenient Give insight into traffic mix via logging Network Address Translation Encryption 3
4 Firewalls Cannot Protect Traffic that does not cross it routing around Internal traffic When misconfigured Access Control ALERT!! Internet Security Requirement Control access to network information and resources Protect the network from attacks 4
5 FILTERING FIREWALL Filtering Firewall Packets checked then passed Inbound & outbound affect when policy is checked 5
6 Packet filtering Access Control Lists Session filtering Filtering Dynamic Packet Filtering Stateful Inspection Context Based Access Control Packet Filtering Decisions made on a per-packet basis No state information saved Typical Configuration Ports > 1024 left open If dynamic protocols are in use, entire ranges of ports must be allowed for the protocol to work. Applications Applications Presentations Sessions Transport Network Router Presentations Sessions Transport Network 6
7 Session Filtering Packet decision made in the context of a connection If packet is a new connection, check against security policy If packet is part of an existing connection, match it up in the state table & update table Typical Configuration All denied unless specifically allowed Dynamic protocols (FTP, RealAudio, etc.) allowed only if supported Session Filtering Screens ALL attempts, Protects All applications Extracts & maintains state information Makes an intelligent security / traffic decision Applications Applications Presentations Sessions Transport Network Presentations Sessions Transport Network Applications Presentations Sessions Transport Network Dynamic Dynamic State Dynamic State Tables State Tables Tables 7
8 Example: FTP Protocol FTP Server FTP Client 20 Data 21 Command u Client opens command channel to server; tells server second port number. v Server acknowleges. w v u w Server opens data channel to client s second port. x x Client Acknowledges. Format: Example FTP Packet Filter access-list <rule number> <permit deny> <protocol> <SOURCE host with IP address any IP address and mask> [<gt eq port number>] <DEST host with IP address any IP address and mask> [<gt eq port number>] The following allows a user to FTP (not passive FTP) from any IP address to the FTP server ( ) : access-list 100 permit tcp any gt 1023 host eq 21 access-list 100 permit tcp any gt 1023 host eq 20! Allows packets from any client to the FTP control and data ports access-list 101 permit tcp host eq 21 any gt 1023 access-list 101 permit tcp host eq 20 any gt 1023! Allows the FTP server to send packets back to any IP address with TCP ports > 1023 interface Ethernet 0 access-list 100 in! Apply the first rule to inbound traffic access-list 101 out! Apply the second rule to outbound traffic! 8
![Format: Example FTP Packet Filter access-list <rule number> <permit deny> <protocol> <SOURCE host with IP address any IP address and mask> [<gt eq port number>] <DEST host with IP address any IP](/docs-images/44/2538494/images/page_8.jpg "address and mask> [<gt eq port number>] The following allows a user to FTP (not passive FTP) from any IP address to the FTP server (172.168.10.12) : access-list 100 permit tcp any gt 1023 host 172.")
9 FTP Passive Mode FTP Server FTP Client 20 Data 21 Command u Client opens command channel to server; requests passive mode. v Server allocates port for data channel; tells client port number. w Client opens data channel to server s second port. x Server Acknowledges. x v u w Example FTP : Session Filter 9
10 PROXY FIREWALL Relay for connections Proxy Firewalls Client1 Proxy1 Server Two flavors Application level Circuit level 10
11 Application Gateways Understands specific applications Limited proxies available Proxy impersonates both sides of connection Resource intensive process per connection HTTP proxies may cache web pages Application Gateways More appropriate to TCP ICMP difficult Block all unless specifically allowed Must write a new proxy application to support new protocols Not trivial! 11
12 Application Gateways Clients configured for proxy communication Transparent Proxies Telnet FTP HTTP Applications Presentations Sessions Transport Network Applications Presentations Sessions Transport Network Application Gateway Applications Presentations Sessions Transport Network Circuit-Level Gateways Support more services than Application-level Gateway less control over data Hard to handle protocols like FTP Clients must be aware they are using a circuitlevel proxy Protect against fragmentation problem 12
13 Circuit level Gateway Support TCP Example: SOCKS SOCKS v5 supports UDP, earlier versions did not See Comparison Service Support Performance Security Packet Filter 3 1 No dynamic w/o holes Session Filter 2 2 Dependent on vendor Circuit GW 2 3 for dynamic support App. GW 1 4 Typically < 20 Lower is better for security & performance 13
14 Comparison Modify Client Applications? Packet Filter Session Filter Circuit GW App. GW No No Typical, SOCKS-ify client applications Unless transparent, client application must be proxy-aware & configured Comparison Fragmentation ICMP Packet Filter Yes No Session Filter Yes Maybe Circuit GW (SOCKS v5) Yes App. GW No yes 14
15 Proxying UDP/ICMP Why isn t UDP or ICMP proxied as much as TCP? TCP s connection-oriented nature easier to proxy UDP & ICMP harder (but not impossible) since each packet is a separate transaction Session filters determine which packets appear to be replies Circuit Level GW Operate at user level in OS Have circuit program route packets between interfaces instead of OS routing code 15
16 NETWORK ADDRESS TRANSLATION NAT: Network Address Translation Useful if organization does not have enough real IP addresses Extra security measure if internal hosts do not have valid IP addresses (harder to trick firewall) Only really need real IP addresses for services outside networks will originate connections to 16
17 NAT Many-to-1 (n-to-m) mapping 1-to-1 (n-to-n) mapping Proxies provide many-to-1 NAT not required on filtering firewalls Encryption (VPNs) Allows trusted users to access sensitive information while traversing untrusted networks Useful for remote users/sites IPSec 17
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