SSL: Paved With Good Intentions. Richard Moore
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1 SSL: Paved With Good Intentions Richard Moore
2 Why do we need SSL? Privacy Online shopping Online banking Identity Protection Data Integrity
3 Early SSL First public version was SSLv2 Developed by Netscape Released in November 1994 No public review prior to release
4 SSL 2 Basics Used X.509 Certificates for identity and key management Supported a range of cipher suites No support for extensions Protocol was controlled by Netscape
5 Oops! SSL 2 protocol was insecure US government forced the Export mode where the ciphers were weakened
6 SSL 3 Complete rewrite New record layer format Fixed the security flaws Released late 1995 Still a Netscape protocol
7 TLS1, Finally Work on this started in 1996 Intended to be a tidied up version of SSL 3 3DES made mandatory Designed to be extensible Spec ready late 1997
8 Maybe Not Like SSLv2 and SSLv3 TLS uses X.509 certificates X.509 specification was incomplete IETF rules means TLS had to wait TLS 1 finally released in 1999
9 TLS 1 Basics X.509 certificates used for identity and key management Supports a range of cipher suites Designed to be extensible Not controlled by any single vendor
10 Certificates Certificates are very important X.509 standard was not really designed for this ASN.1 Unfortunately complicated
11 What is in a Certificate? Subject Issuer Public Key Extensions Simple!
12 Certificate Authorities Certificates should be signed by a CA Prevents man-in-the-middle attacks Self-signed certificates are bad
13 Oops We Lost Our Keys Keys can be lost or compromised We need a way to revoke them Certificate Revocation Lists
14 Except CRLs Don t Work CRLs are too big Each CA has their own list OCSP is the answer
15 OCSP Online Certificate Status Protocol Certificate says where to ask Browser checks the OCSP looking for a signed status response
16 OCSP has Problems Too OCSP servers can get overloaded CAs don t update them very well Only the leaf certificates are currently checked
17 OCSP Stapling Web server sends the OCSP response as a TLS extension Response is signed by the CA so it s safe Only just reaching deployment Apache added support Browser support is currently poor
18 The Story so Far TLS 1 Strong cipher suites X.509 Certificates Certificate Authorities OCSP Simple!
19 What About Virtual Hosting? Duplicate elements in Subject and Issuer SubjectAltNames Wildcards (naturally not specified how they work) Server Name Indication
20 There May be Trouble Ahead Now we ve had the theory The rest is easy
21 Ok, So I Lied Subject and issuer actually have a very complex structure The Common Name field was used to identify the server The RFCs allow certificates to contain arbitrary ASN.1
22 Getting Silly Because X.509 is general it lets you have many fields that are inappropriate for SSL Embedded photographs Favourite drinks Duplicate fields Logos
23 CAs Sign anything EV certificates (make them do their job) Rules for domain validation are only being formulated now Get compromised
24 Who do you Trust? People imagine there are few CAs Verisign, and a few others The reality is rather different
25
26 Random CA Facts Any CA can sign a certificate for any domain Dozens of German Universities Marks and Spencer Walt Disney 1,482 CA Certificates trustable by Windows or Firefox
27 Servers Often Misconfigured SSL 2 enabled Weak ciphers enabled NULL ciphers enabled Don t support OCSP pinning Don t support SNI
28 Certificate Problems Lots of default self-signed certs around Lots of name mismatches Weak certificates due to a bug in Debian s key generation
29 Bad Practices Failing to force users to use HTTPS Mixed content Content from other sites, especially analytics SSL used only for login pages Session cookies that aren t using the secureonly flag
30 SSL Implementations Not checking constraints properly ASN.1 problems NULs in names Shell globs for wildcards
31 Browsers Don t switch on the security by default Poor UI indications for users Inconsistent UI Even worse on mobile platforms Content from more than one HTTPS site are allowed
32 Users Ignore the warning dialogs Stick a padlock anywhere and they re happy Don t even notice if it s SSL So basically, all of the above is somewhat moot!
33 A World of FAIL CAs Servers Implementations Browser Users
34 Summary, SSL is Complex A suite of protocols All need to be right for real security Only as strong as the weakest link in the chain Currently the chain has several weak links
35 Questions?
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