WELCOME. Work Zone Safety & Fleet Management Training

Transcription

1 Welcome WELCOME Work Zone Safety & Fleet Management Training Employees being struck by vehicles or mobile equipment lead to many work zone fatalities and injuries. A work zone activity is dangerous business. This is not the place to cut corners or cheat on safety. It s your life on the line, so pay attention and know what it takes to keep you safe. This publication contains: 1. The purpose for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and its enforcement duty under law. 2. An explanation of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and how it s used to enforce worker safety. 3. Important terms and definitions within the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) and how they are applied to temporary traffic control. 4. Requirements for high visibility safety apparel. 5. Procedures for how to set-up, maintain and inspect temporary traffic control work zones and devices. 6. Training requirements for those who work in and around traffic, streets and highways, including flagger qualifications. 7. Policies for motor vehicle operations (fleet safety program). 8. General construction safety & health for work zone operations, including: fall protection, utility location, overhead power lines, excavation safety, and health hazards. 9. Emergency planning and response procedures for work zone operations & crash investigation. This program is dedicated to all the workers who have lost their lives in work zones and vehicle crashes. i

2 Acknowledgements & Credits This publication was produced by: Construction Safety Council 4100 Madison Street Hillside, IL (800) Copyright 2013 The Construction Safety Council will like to thank the following for their contributions and support: The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) The Underground Contractors Association of Illinois The National Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse The Laborers Training and Education Fund Special thanks to: The American Traffic Safety Services Association 15 Riverside Parkway, Suite 100 Fredericksburg, VA atssa.com GENERAL DISCLAIMER This material is intended for training purposes only. Its purpose is to inform employers and employees of best practices in work zone safety. This material is not a substitute for any provision of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or any standards issued by OSHA. If at any time it is discovered that the materials presented vary from Federal or State OSHA regulations, American National Standards Institute (ANSI), EPA regulations, state laws or local ordinances, it is understood that those regulations, laws and ordinances will take precedence over the materials presented herein. In some cases, the information given may imply a higher level of protection than required in some Federal or State OSHA regulations. The mention of any products or materials by brand name in no way constitutes endorsement. Any products or materials not mentioned within this manual that may be considered acceptable as protective devices, equipment, or practices is not intentional and should not rule out their acceptability as employee or environmental protection. ii

3 Table of Contents Introduction to OSHA 1 Introduction to the MUTCD 3 Worker Safety Considerations 5 Competent Person & Training 7 High Visibility Safety Apparel 8 Traffic Control Plans 9 Temporary Traffic Control Zones 13 Advanced Warning Area 15 Transition Area 16 Activity Area 18 Traffic Control Devices 19 Flagger Qualifications 22 Flagger Operations 23 Internal Traffic Control Plan 24 Motor Vehicle Safety 26 Cargo Securement 27 Driver Safety Policies 28 Drugs & Alcohol 28 Seat Belts 31 Distracted Driving 32 Aggressive Driving 32 Fleet Safety Program 33 General Work Hazards & Safety 39 Emergency Planning & Response 54 Crash Investigation 55 References & Resources 56 MUTCD References 57 Page iii

4 Course Description OVERVIEW In this course, students will learn about the role and responsibility of the employer to train all workers whose job brings them in or close to traffic; this work may take place on a street, highway or anywhere where the motoring public will have access, i.e. parking lots, access roads, etc. In addition to the safe work practices and procedures involved with the motoring public external traffic control, a special look at the hazards involved with on-site construction related traffic will also be addressed internal traffic control. External Traffic Control The primary function of temporary traffic control (TTC) is to provide for the reasonably safe and efficient movement of road users through or around work zones while protecting workers. Internal Traffic Control An internal traffic control plan (ITCP) is a tool that an employer can use to coordinate the flow of construction vehicles, equipment, and workers on foot moving in close proximity to each other within the work zone. Topics include the understanding and application of definitions relating to work zone safety, including terms used in the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). Additional worker safety and health information, motor vehicle operations and fleet safety programs will also be discussed. At the conclusion of this course, the participant will be able to apply new knowledge and skills that are necessary in selecting, inspecting and maintaining a properly set up work zone and be able to successfully function within a contractor s motor vehicle & fleet safety program. INTENDED AUDIENCE The target audience is the contractor, manager, employee or employee representative who works in and/or around public or on-site vehicular traffic, including but not limited to: State and local highway agencies, public officials, the insurance industry, law enforcement agencies, incident management personnel, maintenance personnel, academic institutions, private industry, and construction & engineering organizations. iv

5 Notes v

6 Preface PLEASE SLOW DOWN! The Construction Safety Council would like to take this opportunity to remind us all to slow down in work zones. The workers in these work zones are our mom s and dad s, brother s and sisters, aunt s and uncle s, son s and daughter s who are working to make a living; not only that, but every work zone employee feels good about their job and the fact that they are working hard to improve the lives of so many. If you are reading this training material (attending this course) and are affected by work zone or fleet safety operations as part of your job function, then you must express a responsibility to lead by example. Take this time now to pledge a commitment towards work zone safety and that you will always slow down and exercise extreme caution. Thank you. vi

7 Introduction to OSHA OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH ADMINISTRATION (OSHA) Part of the Department of Labor (DOL), OSHA is the authority for protecting worker s health and safety on the job; its mission is to eliminate on-the-job injuries, illnesses and fatalities. OSHA accomplishes its mission by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health. For more information on OSHA, visit their website at Because of the continuing incidence of work zone crashes and accompanying loss of life, the agency has determined that an ongoing OSHA enforcement presence at worksites where such operations are being conducted is warranted. WARNING! OSHA compliance officers are driving around looking for work zone activities and will stop to conduct an inspection if unsafe conditions are noticed. Work Zone Facts During peak construction season, approximately 20% of our nation s highway system is under construction with more than 3,000 work zones. Approximately 12 billion vehicle miles of travel a year will be through active work zones. Motorists can expect to encounter an active work zone 1 out of every 100 miles driven on the nation s highway system. More than 40,000 people are injured each year as a result of crashes in work zones. o One work zone fatality every 8 hours 3 per day o One work zone injury every 9 minutes 1 Work Zone Safety Information Clearinghouse 1

8 Introduction to OSHA OSHA STANDARDS ON WORK ZONES The Federal OSHA standards that regulate work in traffic are found in 29 CFR 1926 Subpart G; this reference is for the Federal OSHA requirements (consult State plan requirements where applicable). 29 CFR What? What do all those numbers and letters mean? (Department of Labor) (Code of Federal Regulations) (Construction Industry) (Signs, Signals, and Barricades) 29 CFR (g) Traffic Signs. (1) Construction areas shall be posted with legible traffic signs at points of hazard. (2) All traffic control signs or devices used for protection of construction workers shall conform to Part VI of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). 29 CFR (a) Flaggers. Signaling by flaggers and the use of flaggers, including warning garments worn by flaggers shall conform to Part VI of the Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). NOTE: Warning garments for flaggers must meet the requirements of ANSI 107 for high visibility safety apparel, see page 8. 2

9 Introduction to the MUTCD WORK ZONE SAFETY STANDARDS The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD) defines the standards used by road managers nationwide to install and maintain traffic control devices on all streets and highways. The MUTCD is published by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), incorporated by the Department of Transportation (DOT) and referenced by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The MUTCD sets minimum standards, provides guidance and ensures uniformity of traffic control devices across the nation. The use of uniform traffic control devices (messages, location, size, shapes, and colors) helps reduce crashes and congestion, and improves the efficiency of the surface transportation system. The information contained in the MUTCD is the result of years of practical experience and research. This effort ensures that traffic control devices are visible, recognizable, understandable, and necessary. The MUTCD is a dynamic document that changes with time to address contemporary safety and operational issues. There are five (5) basic considerations for traffic control devices: 1. Fulfill a specific need, 2. Command attention, 3. Convey a clear and simple meaning, 4. Command respect of the road user, and; 5. Give adequate time for proper response. By following the specifications in the MUTCD a road user will have all the opportunity to be warned of and take the necessary action to avoid collision in a work zone. The MUTCD is broken up into parts Part VI (six) relates to temporary traffic control or work zone situations. NOTE: OSHA references the MUTCD as a compliance guide to ensure worker safety, see 29 CFR 1926 Subpart G. 3

10 Introduction to the MUTCD WORK ZONE SAFETY STANDARDS Fundamental Principles The needs and control of all road users (motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians within the highway, including persons with disabilities in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), Title II, Paragraph ) through a temporary traffic control zone must be an essential part of highway construction, utility work, maintenance operations, and the management of traffic incidents. Construction, maintenance, utility, and incident zones can all benefit from temporary traffic control to compensate for the unexpected or unusual situations faced by road users. The MUTCD assumes that road users exercise caution while driving through a work zone. Even though road users are assumed to be using caution, special care is still needed in applying temporary traffic control techniques. Follow these fundamental principles for work zone safety: Road user and worker safety and accessibility should be an integral and highpriority element of every project from planning through design and construction. Road user movement should be inhibited as little as practical. Motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians should be guided in a clear and positive manner. To provide acceptable levels of operations, routine day and night inspections of the work zone should be performed. Attention should be given to the maintenance of roadside safety during the life of the work zone. Good public relations should be maintained. Warning signs used in temporary traffic control work zones have a black legend and border on an orange background. Orange Black 4

11 Worker Safety Considerations WORKER SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS The following are the key elements of worker safety and temporary traffic control management that should be considered: Training all workers should be trained on how to work next to motor vehicle traffic in a way that minimizes their vulnerability. Workers having specific responsibilities should be trained in the proper techniques, device usage, and placement. Worker Safety Apparel all workers exposed to the risks of moving roadway traffic or construction equipment should wear high-visibility safety apparel meeting the requirements of ISEA American National Standard for High- Visibility Safety Apparel and labeled as ANSI 107 standard performance for Class 1, 2, or 3 risk exposures. A competent person designated by the employer to be responsible for the worker safety plan within the activity area of the job-site should make the selection of the appropriate class of garment. Temporary Traffic Barriers temporary traffic barriers should be placed along the work space depending on factors such as lateral clearance of workers from adjacent traffic, speed of traffic, duration and type of operations, time of day, and volume of traffic. 5

12 Worker Safety Considerations WORKER SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS The following are the key elements of worker safety and temporary traffic control management that should be considered: Speed Reduction reducing the speed of vehicular traffic, mainly through regulatory speed zoning, funneling, lane reduction, or the use of uniformed law enforcement officers, or flaggers, should be considered. Activity Area planning the internal work activity area to minimize backingup maneuvers of construction vehicles should be considered to minimize the exposure to risk. Worker Safety Planning a competent person designated by the employer should conduct a basic hazard assessment for the work site and job classifications required in the activity area. This safety professional should determine whether engineering, administrative, or personal protection measures should be implemented. 6

13 Competent Person & Worker Training COMPETENT PERSON COMPETENT PERSON means one who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the surroundings, or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them. An employer must assign a competent person to each job-site. This person has the responsibility to conduct frequent and regular inspections of the job-site, materials and equipment; this includes traffic control devices. In addition to the inspection duties, a competent person will also perform regular and on-going safety training; this includes new hire worker orientation. SAFETY ORIENTATION FOR WORK ZONE WORKERS Every work zone is different. Because of this, an effective worker safety orientation is necessary. Worker safety orientation for work zones: An identification of specific job-site hazards and an explanation of the safeguards to take; Information on the limitations and proper uses of traffic control devices and other protection; this includes the details of both the external & internal traffic control plan in place, and; A briefing on the emergency action plan for the site. Once all workers have the opportunity to learn the use and limitations of traffic control devices, personal protective equipment, tools, etc., then good decisions are made that positively affects the safety and health of everyone on the job-site. 7

14 High Visibility Safety Apparel HIGH VISIBILITY SAFETY APPAREL Employees exposed to public vehicular traffic must be provided with, and must wear, warning vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high-visibility material. High Visibility Safety Apparel What is accepted as appropriate warning vests or other suitable garments marked with or made of reflectorized or high-visibility material are those garments that meet the requirements of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI 107). The most significant aspect of ANSI 107 is that it requires 360-degree visibility; meaning the wearer can be seen from all sides. Within ANSI 107, three classes of conspicuity are defined: Conspicuity Class Use Description Worker can give full and undivided attention to approaching traffic. Ample separation between worker and vehicular traffic. Background is not too complex. Vehicle/equipment speeds do not exceed 25 mph. Greater visibility is desired during inclement weather. Complex backgrounds are present. Employees perform tasks that divert attention away from approaching vehicles. Vehicle/equipment speeds exceed 25 mph, but less than 50 mph. Work activities take place in or near vehicle traffic space. Vehicle/equipment speeds exceed 50 mph. Worker and vehicle operator have high task loads. Wearer must be conspicuous through the full range of body motions at a minimum of a ¼ mile (390 m) and must be identifiable as a person. 8

15 Traffic Control Plans TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS A traffic control plan describes the measures to be used for facilitating road users through a work zone or an incident area. These plans play a vital role in providing continuity of reasonably safe and efficient road user flow when a work zone, incident, or other event temporarily disrupts normal road user flow. Traffic control plans range in scope from being very detailed to simply referencing typical drawings contained in the MUTCD (Index to Typical Applications). The degree of detail in the plan depends entirely on the nature and complexity of the situation. Traffic Control Plans Example of Typical Application within MUTCD Prepared by persons knowledgeable about the fundamental principles of temporary traffic control and work activities to be performed. Coordination should be made between adjacent or overlapping projects to check that duplicate signing is not used and to check compatibility of traffic control between adjacent or overlapping projects. Completed for all highway construction, utility work, maintenance operations, and incident management including minor maintenance and utility projects prior to occupying the job-site/location. Typical Application 6 Note: See Tables 6H-2 and 6H-3 for the meaning of the symbols and/or letter codes used in this figure. Truck-Mounted Attenuator (optional) Buffer space (optional) NOTE: The procedures for establishing temporary traffic control zones vary with such conditions as road configuration, location of the work, work activity, duration of work, road user volumes, road vehicle mix (buses, trucks, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles), and road user speeds. Applying these guidelines to actual situations and adjusting to field conditions requires judgment. 9

16 Traffic Control Plans TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS When developing a traffic control plan, consider the following: Work Duration Work Location Roadway Type Work Duration Work duration is a major factor in determining the number and types of devices used in temporary traffic control work zones. The duration of a work zone is defined relative to the length of time a work operation occupies a spot location. Work Duration and time at a location [Page 619, MUTCD (2009)] Long-term stationary more than 3 days. Intermediate-term stationary more than one daylight period up to 3 days, or nighttime work lasting more than 1 hour. Short-term stationary more than 1 hour within a single daylight period. Short duration Up to 1 hour. Mobile* - Moves intermittently or continuously. * In mobile operations, the advanced warning area moves with the work, so an advanced warning sign would not be required. However, when mobile operations are being formed, a shadow vehicle equipped with an arrow panel or a sign should follow the work vehicle. 10

17 Traffic Control Plans TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS Work Location In general, the closer the work is to traffic, the more traffic control devices will be needed. Work location can be referenced on page 621, MUTCD (2009). Types of Work Locations include: Outside the shoulder Behind a barrier, more than 2 feet behind the curb, or more than 15 feet from the edge of the traveled roadway. On the shoulder no encroachment On the shoulder/minor encroachment must maintain a 10 feet lane and evaluate volume/traffic conditions to leave lane open or land closure should be considered. NOTE: When the work space is within the traveled way, except for short-duration and mobile operations, advance warning must be provided. This sign can be a general message that work is taking place as well as supply information about roadway conditions. 11

18 Traffic Control Plans TRAFFIC CONTROL PLANS Roadway Type Knowing the type of roadway, including posted speed limits, volume of traffic and complexity of specific situations (intersections), is essential for determining the spacing, type and number of signs needed. Urban Streets Low speeds; low volumes. Urban Arterial Roads Low speeds; high volumes. Intersections Low speeds; high volumes; complex situations. Rural Two-Lane Roadways High speeds; low volumes. Rural/Urban Multi-Lanes High speeds; high volumes. Freeways High speeds; high volumes. Rural Highway: lower volumes, higher speeds, fewer turning conflicts, and less conflict with pedestrians. Urban Street: low speeds, wide ranges of road user volumes, narrower lanes, frequent intersections and driveways, significant pedestrian activity, and more businesses and houses. Consider the following roadway characteristics Traffic volumes Speed Roadway alignment and the presence of intersections. Pedestrians and bicycles Bus stops Pull-outs Loading/Unloading zones Valet parking areas Emergency areas 12

19 Temporary Traffic Control Zones TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONES External Traffic Temporary Traffic Control Work Zone components (diagram below); follow the requirements of The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devises for Streets and Highways (MUTCD), see Figure: Component Parts of a Temporary Traffic Control Zone. Buffer Space (Lateral) Traffic Space 1. Advance Warning Area 2. Transition Area Buffer Space (Longitudinal) 3. Activity Area Work Space 4. Termination Area 1. The advance warning area is the section where road users are informed about the upcoming work zone or incident area. The advance warning area may vary from a single sign or high-intensity rotating, flashing, oscillating, or strobe lights on a vehicle to a series of signs in advance of the work zone activity area. 2. The transition area is that section where road users are redirected out of their normal path. Transition areas usually involve strategic use of tapers. Tapers are created by using a series of channelizing devices and/or pavement markings to move traffic out of or into the normal path. 3. The activity area is the section where the work activity takes place. It is comprised of the work space, the traffic space, and the buffer space. The work space is that portion of the highway closed to road users and set aside for workers, equipment, and material. Work spaces are usually delineated for road users by channelizing devices or, to exclude vehicles and pedestrians, by temporary barriers. Buffer spaces may be positioned either longitudinally or laterally with respect to the direction of road user flow. 4. The termination area shall be used to return road users to their normal path. The termination area shall extend from the downstream end of the work area to the last temporary traffic control device such as END ROAD WORK signs, if posted. 13

20 Review Exercise Directions Name the components of a temporary traffic control work zone. Fill in the blanks _... 14

21 Advanced Warning Area ADVANCED WARNING AREA Advanced Warning Sign Placement Typical distances for placement of advance warning signs, as suggested by the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices or MUTCD (Taken from MUTCD): Road Types Suggested Distance Between Signs** A B C Urban (low speed)* Urban (high speed)* Rural Expressway/Freeway 1,000 1,500 2,640 * Speed category to be determined by State or Local highway agency. ** Distances are shown in feet. The column headings A, B, and C are the dimensions shown in the figure below. The A dimension is the distance from the transition or point of restriction to the first sign. The B dimension is the distance between the first and second signs. The C dimension is the distance between the second and third signs. (The third sign is the first one in a three-sign series encountered by a driver approaching a traffic control zone.) Traffic Flow C B A Advanced Warning Area Transition Area 15

22 Transition Area TRANSITION AREA Tapers Tapers are used in the transition area to move traffic in or out of the normal path. Tapers are made with channelizing devices, i.e. cones, barrels, etc. Because the channelizing device may be placed in the roadway and would potentially be the first object that a motorist will strike, it must be crashworthy; meaning that if a vehicle should hit the device, it causes minimal damage to the vehicle that hit it and it does not fly off and become a dangerous projectile. Examples of acceptable tapers are cones and/or barrels. Taper Length Criteria (Taken from MUTCD) Type of Taper Merging Taper Shifting Taper Shoulder Taper One-Lane, Two-Way Taper Downstream Taper Taper Length (L) At least L At least ½ L At least ⅓ L 50 feet min. 100 feet max. 50 feet min. 100 feet max. L is the linear distance that a motorist will travel through the transition area. Formulas for Determining Taper Length (Taken from MUTCD) Type of Taper Taper Length (L) 40 mph or less L = WS²/60 45 mph or more L = WS Channelizing Devices Transition Area Activity Area Advanced Warning Area L Where: L = taper length in feet W = width of offset in feet S = posted speed limit, or off-peak 85 th -percent speed prior to work starting, or the anticipated operating speed in mph. 16

23 Review Exercise Directions Using the information provided by the instructor, determine the amount of transition area (L) and the number of cones needed to fill in transition area. Posted Speed Limit: Width of Off Set: Work: Distance (L) = To determine the number of cones needed Transition Area Activity Area L L Posted Speed Limit Work: + 1 = # of Cones Advanced Warning Area # of Cones (minimum) Concrete Barriers Concrete barriers are not crashworthy. The ends of these barriers, when encountered in the direction of travel, must be protected by a device that meets the crashworthy performance criteria contained in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report

24 Activity Area ACTIVITY AREA Within the activity area, there are buffer spaces, traffic space and work space. Buffer spaces are based on the stopping distance as a function of speed. The traffic space is reserved for the motorist (10 foot minimum width) and the work space is for workers, equipment and materials. Traffic Space Work Space Buffer Space (Lateral) Buffer Space (Longitudinal) Activity Area Stopping Sight Distance as a Function of Speed Buffer space (longitudinal) is based on the posted speed limit of the roadway. (Taken from MUTCD) Speed (mph) Distance (ft) Crash! Make sure to allow for enough buffer space. 18

25 Traffic Control Devices TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES Traffic control devices include all signs, signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate, warn, or guide road users. Only standardized devices and signs may be used to direct traffic through temporary work zones. (Refer to MUTCD, Warning Signs in Temporary Traffic Control Zones) Signs Should be located far enough in advance of the work area to allow vehicles to move smoothly and efficiently around work areas. Must clearly inform motorists of approaching activity and guide drivers around or through the activity. All signs used at night must be retroreflective. Distance between signs is based on the suggested advance warning sign spacing established in the MUTCD. Exact sign placement is based on roadway characteristics, such as, curves, bushes & trees, billboards, driveways, etc. Warning signs in temporary traffic control zones must have a black legend and border on an orange background. 19

26 Traffic Control Devices Cones, Drums and Barricades Cones, drums and barricades are commonly used to alter, or channel the normal traffic flow. All channelizing devices must be made of lightweight materials and give way when struck by a vehicle; this is considered to meet the definition of crashworthy. Channelizing devices must not break apart or be capable of penetrating the passenger compartment of a vehicle. 18 Cones (18 ) must be predominantly orange and be made of a material that can be struck without causing damage to the impacting vehicle. Use only during daytime and on low-speed roadways, 40 mph or less. Cones may be doubled up to increase their weight. 28 Cones (28 ) are used on freeways and other high-speed highways or at night on all highways, or when more conspicuous guidance is needed. For nighttime use, cones must have two bands of retroreflectorized material. Facing Traffic 36 Drums (36 ) must be constructed of lightweight, deformable materials and have alternating orange and white retroreflective stripes. Drums must have closed tops. Metal drums must never be used. Facing Traffic One (1) Panel Type I Barricades should be crashworthy and are used to maintain traffic flow through the work zone. May be used on conventional roads or urban streets. Alternating orange and white retroreflective stripes sloping downward in the direction road users are to pass. Facing Traffic Two (2) Panels Type II Barricades should be crashworthy and are used to maintain traffic flow through the work zone. Are used on freeways and expressways or other high-speed roadways. Alternating orange and white retroreflective stripes sloping downward in the direction road users are to pass. Three (3) Panels Type III Barricades are used to close or partially close a road. Are placed completely across the road, from curb to curb, or space is left on the side for local traffic. Alternating orange and white retroreflective stripes sloping downward in the direction road users are to pass. 20

27 Traffic Control Devices Traffic Control Devices Ensure quality of the traffic control device Follow these guidelines: Ballasts (sand bags) must not be placed on top of any striped rail. Sign supports must not be located on sidewalks, bicycle lanes, or areas designated for pedestrian or bicycle traffic. Do not modify, distort or change the design or function of any traffic control device. Devices that are damaged or have lost a significant amount of their retroreflectivity and effectiveness must be replaced. These devices command little to no respect. 21

28 Flagger Qualifications FLAGGER QUALIFICATIONS Because flaggers are responsible for public safety and make the greatest number of contacts with the public of all highway workers, they should be trained in safe traffic control practices and public contact techniques. Flaggers should be able to satisfactorily demonstrate the following abilities: A. Ability to receive and communicate specific instructions clearly, firmly, and courteously; B. Ability to move and maneuver quickly in order to avoid danger from errant vehicles; C. Ability to control signaling devices (such as paddles and flags) in order to provide clear and positive guidance to drivers approaching a temporary traffic control zone in frequently changing situations; D. Ability to understand and apply safe traffic control practices, sometimes in stressful or emergency situations; and E. Ability to recognize dangerous traffic situations and warn workers in sufficient time to avoid injury. Advanced Warning FLAGGER AHEAD When ever a flagger is used, a Flagger Ahead sign or symbol must be used. NOTE: Consult state specific training, certification & set-up requirements for flaggers. 22

29 Flagger Operations FLAGGING OPERATIONS Although the term Flagger is still used, and the recognized advanced warning sign is Flagger Ahead or the flagger symbol; the preferred method for stopping and directing traffic in work zones is with the stop/slow paddle. The STOP/SLOW Paddle should be the primary and preferred hand-signaling device because the STOP/SLOW paddle gives road users more positive guidance than red flags. Use of flags should be limited to emergency situations. 23

30 Internal Traffic Control Plan INTERNAL TRAFFIC CONTROL PLAN (ITCP) The purpose of an internal traffic control plan is to develop strategies to control the flow of construction workers, vehicles and equipment inside the work zone. To reduce the hazard associated with backing construction vehicles and equipment, an ITCP can be developed to minimize the backing of all construction vehicles and equipment on site. This can be accomplished by taking into consideration the tasks to be performed and how the vehicles can safely navigate through the construction site to complete these tasks while backing as little as possible. The ITCP should also address workers on foot by creating walkways for these workers that are clear of backing construction vehicles and equipment. In addition, some areas within a construction work zone might have to be defined as areas that are prohibited for workers on foot. Buffer Space Truck Loading Area Enter Job Site Staging Area for Trucks No On-Foot Workers Allowed Employee Parking Area Equipment and Trench Location (Authorized Personnel Only) Exit Job Site Emergency Assembly Area, First Aid Station, Toilets, Etc. Internal Traffic Control Plan Components: When possible, set up the job-sites so equipment and materials flow in one single direction so as to minimize the need to back up. Establish No On-Foot Worker Zones and communicate to all workers the policies regarding back-up alarms, spotters, swing radius and other barricade protection. Use a signal person. Operators should get out of their vehicles and walk to the rear to look for people, objects and/or confirm clearances. Warn near-by workers who might be in the way. Near-by, on-foot workers must pay attention to the equipment and watch it come to a complete stop. 24

31 Internal Traffic Control Plan IMPORTANT! If you ever see someone not paying attention to a backing up or moving piece of equipment, or if you see someone with their back to traffic WARN THEM OF THE DANGER IMMEDIATELY! Warning System for Mobile Equipment Rotating and moving equipment has caused injury and death. By placing cones or other warning signs, posts, etc. around the equipment, workers are then warned of this hazard. The competent person on the job can also conduct a daily briefing with all workers as to the location and expected work path and location of any piece of equipment. Mobile Cranes Accessible areas within the swing radius of the rear of the rotating superstructure of a crane must be barricaded so as to prevent an employee from being struck or crushed. 25

32 Motor Vehicle Safety MOTOR VEHICLE SAFETY The majority of fatalities that occur in road construction work zones in the United States involve a worker being struck by a piece of construction equipment or other vehicle. A worker in this industry is just as likely to be struck by a piece of construction equipment inside the work zone as by passing traffic. All equipment left unattended at night must have appropriate lights or reflectors, or barricades equipped with appropriate lights or reflectors, to identify the location of the equipment. All vehicles with cabs must have windshield wipers and operable defogging or defrosting devices. All vehicles must have headlights and brake lights in operable condition. All vehicles must have audible horns. All vehicles with obstructed rear view must be equipped with back-up alarms or the vehicle is backed up only when an observer signals that it is safe to do so. All cab glass must be safety glass, or equivalent, that introduces no visible distortion affecting the safe operation of any machine. Vehicles used to transport employees must have as many seats as there are people and vehicle occupants must wear seat belts. Operators of excavators and backhoes must wear their seat belt when seated in the normal seating arrangement for tractor operation. OSHA Fatal Fact #50 Crushed to Death The contractor was operating an excavator when an employee attempted to walk between the swinging superstructure of the excavator and a concrete wall. As the employee approached the excavator from the operator's blind side, the superstructure hit the victim crushing him against the wall. 26

33 Cargo Securement CARGO SECUREMENT The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration (FMCSA) has published cargo securement rules in which motor carriers operating in interstate commerce must comply. The cargo on each commercial motor vehicle being transported on public roads must be: Loaded and secured to prevent the cargo from leaking, spilling, blowing or falling from the motor vehicle. Contained, immobilized or secured to prevent any shifting that could adversely affect the vehicle s stability or maneuverability. The U.S. federal rules for cargo securement are found in 49 CFR Part 393, Subpart I Protection against Shifting and Falling Cargo What is covered under the standard? Vehicles: Commercial vehicles (including a combination of vehicles) that are operated on a highway and have a gross vehicle rating over 4,500 kg (10,000 lb.) The commercial motor vehicle's structure and equipment must be secured, i.e. tailgates, doors, tarpaulins, spare tire and other equipment used in the vehicle s operation. The cargo or any other object must not: Obscure the driver's view ahead or to the right or left sides. Interfere with the free movement of the driver's arms or legs. Prevent the driver's free and ready access to accessories required for emergencies. Prevent the free and ready exit of any person from the commercial motor vehicle's cab or driver's compartment. 27

34 Driver Safety Policies DRIVER SAFETY POLICIES Drugs & Alcohol Organizations must establish a policy regarding the use of drugs and alcohol as well as any other conditions that may adversely impact the ability to safely operate a motor vehicle. The policy should define what constitutes a violation of this policy and specify consequences. Tests Required for CDL The following tests apply to all persons who are required to have a Commercial Drivers License (CDL) for the type vehicle being operated: Pre-Employment Reasonable Suspicion Random Post-Accident Pre-Employment: Part 40 Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug and Alcohol Testing Programs According to the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations Drugs for which tests are required: Marijuana Cocaine Amphetamines Phencyclidine (PCP) Opiates Alcohol Limits: 0.04 or higher the worker must be immediately removed from safety sensitive functions. This test is required and negative results must be received before an employer allows a driver to perform a safety sensitive function. The preemployment test is only required for controlled substances. Alcohol testing is permitted but optional. Reasonable Suspicion: This test is required when a trained supervisor or employer has reasonable suspicion to believe that the driver has used alcohol and/or controlled substances. 28

35 Driver Safety Policies Drugs & Alcohol Continued Random: This unannounced testing is based on a random selection of drivers. The selection must be made by a scientifically valid method and all drivers covered by this rule must have an equal chance of being tested. The names of drivers who are selected for testing must be kept confidential until such time that the employer notifies the driver to take the test. Once the driver is notified, he/she must immediately proceed to the testing facility and undergo testing. Every driver s name that is selected for testing must be returned to the selection pool so that all drivers have an equal chance of being selected at any time. A driver who is selected and refuses to submit to a test must follow the requirements of 49 CFR Part 40, Subpart O. (Department of Transportation) (Code of Federal Regulations) (Procedures for Transportation Workplace Drug & Alcohol Testing Programs) (Substance Abuse Professionals & the Return-to-Duty Process) Post Accident: This test applies to all CDL drivers who are involved in fatal crashes. The test must also be conducted on all CDL drivers who are cited for moving violations arising in a crash that requires a vehicle being towed or an injury requiring medical attention away from the scene. The alcohol test must be conducted within 8 hours and the controlled substances test must be conducted within 32 hours of the crash. 29

36 Driver Safety Policies Drugs & Alcohol Continued Positive Test* A driver who has tested positive for any of the substances will be notified and may discuss the positive test results with a qualified Medical Review Officer (MRO) before a result is reported to the employer. The driver will have an opportunity to explain any special circumstances to the MRO. The MRO has the authority and responsibility for reporting the results to the carrier s alcohol and drug program management for action. Invalid Drug Test The result of a drug test for a urine specimen that contains an unidentified adulterant or an unidentified interfering substance, has abnormal physical characteristics, or has an endogenous substance at an abnormal concentration that prevents the laboratory from completing or obtaining a valid drug test result. Endogenous substance; A substance such as a hormone or neurotransmitter produced naturally in the body. * Refusing to test is considered a positive result. Employee Assistance Programs & Education Employers must provide information on drug use and treatment resources to safety-sensitive drivers. Drivers who have problems associated with the misuse of alcohol and use of controlled substance must be provided with the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of substance abuse professionals and counseling and treatment programs. The substance abuse professional will then determine what kind of treatment will be necessary. 30

37 Fleet Safety Program Seat Belts Drivers and all passengers must utilize seat belts. Most States have some kind of seat belt law in effect and it has been proven that seat belts do save lives. Sample Policy Sample Seat Belt Use Policy (Name of Company/Organization) recognizes that seat belts are extremely effective in preventing injuries and loss of life. We care about our employees, and want to make sure that no one is injured or killed in a tragedy that could have been prevented by the use of seat belts. Therefore, all employees of (Name of Company/Organization) must wear seat belts when operating a company-owned vehicle, or any vehicle on company premises or on company business; and all occupants are to wear seat belts or, where appropriate, child restraints when riding in a company-owned vehicle, or in a personal vehicle being used for company business. All employees and their families are strongly encouraged to always use seat belts and the proper child restraints whenever they are driving or riding in any vehicle, in any seating position. Buckle Up Right! Adjust the lap belt to fit low and tight across your hips/ pelvis, not your stomach area. Place the shoulder belt snug across your chest, away from your neck. Never place the shoulder belt behind your back or under your arm. 31

38 Fleet Safety Program Distracted Driving Drivers must not allow themselves to be distracted while operating a vehicle. Policies should address the following potential distractions: Cell phone use Eating or drinking Grooming Passengers Smoking Reading Use of technology [e.g., Global Positioning Systems (GPS) and computers] Never Drive Distracted! Aggressive Driving An aggressive driving attitude is often the root cause of vehicle crashes. Being late for a meeting or behind on schedule is what often causes a driver to act aggressively; make sure you give yourself plenty of time to get where you are going and account for weather changes. Aggressive driving can include, but is not limited to: Speeding Tailgating Failure to signal a lane change Running red lights and stop signs Weaving in traffic Yelling Making obscene gestures Excessive use of the horn At the extreme end, aggressive driving can escalate into road rage! 32

39 Fleet Safety Program MODEL FLEET SAFETY PROGRAM The 10-step program recommended by OSHA provides guidelines for what an employer can do to improve traffic safety performance and minimize the risk of motor vehicle crashes. Following these steps helps to ensure that only a qualified driver operates a company vehicle and that these vehicles are properly maintained and serviced. 1. Senior Management Commitment & Employee Involvement 2. Written Policies & Procedures 3. Driver Agreements 4. Motor Vehicle Record (MVR) Checks 5. Crash Reporting & Investigation 6. Vehicle Selection, Maintenance & Inspection 7. Disciplinary Action System 8. Reward/Incentive Program 9. Driver Training/Communication 10. Regulatory Compliance 1. Senior Management Commitment & Employee Involvement Top-level management support is important, and everyone in the organization must be told that risk taking and unacceptable behavior will not be tolerated. Also, workers must be assured that by reporting an unsafe condition will never result in discrimination; and that an unsafe condition can not justify an unsafe behavior; for the sake of getting the job done. The worker must speak up so that management can fix the operational errors that allow near-misses, crashes and injuries to occur. Senior management can provide leadership, set policies, and allocate resources (staff and budget) to create a safety culture. Encourage employee participation and involvement at all levels of the organization. Workers and their representatives must be involved in the initial planning phase. 33

40 Fleet Safety Program MODEL FLEET SAFETY PROGRAM 2. Written Policies & Procedures A written statement emphasizing the commitment to reducing traffic-related deaths and injuries is essential to a successful program. These statements are the cornerstones of an effective driver safety program. Create a clear, comprehensive and enforceable set of traffic safety policies and communicate them to all employees. Post throughout the workplace, distribute copies periodically, and discuss the policies at company meetings. Offer incentives for sticking to the rules, and point out the consequences of disregarding them. Sample Policy Sample Alcohol & Drug Use Policy (Name of Company/Organization) has a vital interest in maintaining safe, healthy, and efficient working conditions for its employees. Therefore, the consumption of alcohol or illegal drugs by any employee during duty hours is prohibited. Duty hours consist of all working hours, including break periods and on-call periods, whether on or off company premises. The consumption of alcohol or illegal drugs while performing company business or while in a company facility is prohibited. Student Exercise (Write a company policy) 34

41 Fleet Safety Program 3. Driver Agreements Establish a contract with all employees who drive for work purposes, whether they drive assigned company vehicles or drive their personal vehicles. By signing an agreement, the driver acknowledges awareness and understanding of the organization s traffic safety policies, procedures, and expectations regarding driver performance, vehicle maintenance and reporting of moving violations. Driver agrees to: Complete and sign this Vehicle Use Agreement (VUA) and consent form for Motor Vehicle Records checks. Have a valid drivers license in their possession at all times. Operate the vehicle in a safe, controlled and courteous manner, in compliance with all applicable traffic laws. Never place a vehicle in motion until the driver and all occupants are appropriately wearing safety belts. The driver must also assure that safety belts continue to be worn by all occupants throughout the time the vehicle is in motion. Always remove the keys and lock the vehicle when unattended. Never transport unauthorized passengers or cargo. Never allow an unauthorized person to drive the vehicle. Never drive the vehicle under the influence of ANY alcohol or drugs, including medications which may cause impairment. Inspect the vehicle prior to use for obvious safety concerns and significant damage that may exist to the vehicle. Any unsafe conditions or significant damage must be reported to the appropriate authority. In no event should the driver attempt to operate a vehicle with deficiencies that may make it unsafe to operate. Participate in any required driver safety training. Avoid distractions while driving. Do not engage in eating, smoking, personal grooming, reading, using a laptop, watching DVD players, cell phone use or other distracting activities while driving. Drivers are personally responsible for all traffic violations and subsequent fines that may occur while driving a vehicle. I acknowledge that I have read and understand the contents of the Fleet Safety Policy and Guidelines. I AUTHORIZE THE (Company) TO OBTAIN MY MOTOR VEHICLE RECORD (MVR) FROM ANY STATE WHERE I HAVE HELD A DRIVER S LICENSE. I ALSO UNDERSTAND THAT MY MVR WILL BE OBTAINED AND REVIEWED ANNUALLY IN CONJUNCTION WITH THIS VEHICLE USE AGREEMENT. I agree to update this Agreement in the event of a change to any of the data supplied above. I also agree to inform (Company) in the event of any negative change in the status of my driving record, such as at fault accidents, major violations, multiple minor violations or license revocation, restriction or suspension. I understand that any negative change in the status of my driving record may result in the revocation of the privilege of driving (Company) vehicles. 35