BEEF CATTLE BEHAVIOR, HANDLING and FACILITIES DESIGN

Transcription

1 BEEF CATTLE BEHAVOR, HANDLNG and FACLTES DESGN Grandin Livestock Handling, nc. Dr. Temple Grandin 2918 Silver Plume Drive #C3 Fort Collins, Colorado (970)

2 GRANDN LVESTOCK HANDLNG SYSTEMS NC. MEMBER 2918 SUver Plume Drive. Suite C3 Fort Collinl. Colorado (970) Answering Service (970) Temple Grandin. Ph.D PAS.... American Registry of Prof...iona! Aroma! Saentaau CORRAL DESGN BOOK This book contains the best corral layouts have developed during the last fifteen years. Many of these designs have been constructed on ranches and feedlots allover the U.S. and Canada. There are layouts for both small and large operations. For ranchers on a tight budget there are economical designs which provide good sorting capabilities. A lack of pens and alleys for sorting is a major problem in some corral systems. Most of the designs have curved lanes, and round holding pens to facilitate handling. The two articles in this book explain the principles of cattle behavior and how it relates to corral design. n the back of the book there are details for gates, loading ramp, V chute and round crowd pen. To make it easier to lay the systems out on the site many of the corral layouts have layout lines marked on them. n corral systems that have a curved single file chute. round crowd pen, and wide curved lane the radius points line up on the layout line. The layout line should be marked on the site with a string. The.curved single file chute, round crowd pen and curved lane are fonmed by maklng three half circles with the radius points on the string. f you have any questions feel free to call. also provide the service of custom design of special corral layouts. Full sized construction drawings are available for many of the designs in this book. also have drawings available for buffalo, sheep and hog handling facilities. also provide consulting expetise on livestock transport. humane slaughter systems and layout of auctlons and meat plant stockyards Temple Grandin, Ph.D. President Consultant t Designer o! livatock handling facilities for feed lots. ranches. oadung plants & auctions

3 Understanding Cattle Behavior Makes Handling Easier Temple Grandin Department of Animal Science Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA Cattle are visual animals thatare motivated by fear. n the wild they are ever vigilant and any novel sightor sound is perceived as a possible danger. Their ears are more sensitive to high... pitched noise than human ears and their wide angle vision enables them to scan the horizon for predators while they are grazing. 1. Fear of Noyelty - Cattle will often balk and refuse to walk over a shadow, puddle, or change in flooring surface. They are wary of abrupt changes in color and high contrast. A coffee cup on the floor of a single filerace or a small chain that jiggles on a fence will make them stop. fcattle balkandrefuse to move through a facility one needs to get down in the race and pens and see what the cattle are seeing. Some of the most common things which will make cattle stop are: jiggling objects, a coat on a fence, reflections off puddles and seeing people moving up ahead. Calm cattle will look right at the things that they are scared of. f the cattle become excited it becomes impossible to determine why they refuse to walk down a race. Novelty canbe both fear inducing and attractive. Calm cattle in a corral will approach and sniff a paper cup on the ground, but that same cup will cause them to balk and turn back if one attempts to force the animals to walk over it. Cattle are most likely to panic when they are suddenly confronted with a novel sight or sound. Cattle can be trained to tolerate novelty and changes in their routine. Cattle in the Philippines are not afraid of cars and motorcycles because they have seen them since birth while' 1

4 grazing along the roads. The vehicles are no longer novel. Cattle that have never seen horses may become agitated when they are first moved with horses and be calm when moved by handlers on foot. However, animals accustomed to handlers on horseback may panic if suddenly confronted with people on foot. f new handling procedures are introduced slowly the animals can be trained to accept them. When a new procedure or a new facility is first introduced to the cattle their first experience with the new people and equipment should be relatively pleasant. f the animal's first experience is painful or scary the cattle will have a permanent strong fear memory. t is advisable to train cattle by walking them through new yards, races and chutes prior to any painful procedures. Fear is a very strong stressor. For wild,extensively reared cattle, being restrained in a squeeze chute (crush) can be almost as stressful as branding. n tame dairy cattle, branding is much more stressful than restraint. The highly variable results in many handling and transport studies in likely to be due to different levels of fear stress in cattle with differing degrees of tameness. There is an old saying, "You can tell what kind of a stockman a person is by looking at his cattle." A good stockman who handles cattle calmly will have calmer animals than a bad stockman who gets them excited. Livestock have excellent memories and if they are mistreated they will remember it. Handlers should spend time walking quietly among their cattle to get them accustomed to people moving among them. The person should become a neutral entity who is not associated with either food or going to the corrals. This will make it easier to move cows and calves to a new pasture at a slow walk. Moving cows slowly will prevent small calves from being separated from the cows when the animals are moved. When cows are fed from a vehicle it is 2

5 best to train them to come whenthe horn is blown. Otherwise they will chase the vehicle when you drive around to look at them. They should associate being fed with the horn instead of the vehicle. 2. Fli2ht Zone - People working with cattle need to understand the flight zone. The flight zone is the anima]'s personal space. When a handler enters the flight zone the animals will move away. The size of the flight zone depends on how wild or tame the cattle are. Wild cattle will have a larger flight zone than tame cattle. Cattle that have been handled quietly will have a smaller flight zone than cattle which have been handled roughly. A tame high producing dairy cow may have no flight zone and she will allow people to touch her, but a wild cow that seldom sees people may have a flight zone of many meters. Flight zone size is determined by three factors: amount of contact with people, quality of the contact (quiet vs rough) and genetics. When a person enters a pasture the cattle will turn and face him, as long as he stays outside their flight zone. This is a predator avoidance behavior. Cattle turn and face potential danger and keep a safe distance. When the handler walks inside the flight zone the animals will turn away. Excited cattle will have a larger flight zone than calm cattle and if cattle become excited it takes 20 to 30 minutes for them to calm back down. To move cattle quietly the handler should walk on the.edge of the flight zone. The handler pentrates the flight zone to make the cattle move and backs away to stop movement. The principle is to alternately enter and withdraw from the flight zone. When the cow moves, the handler should reward her by retreating from her flight zone. The flight zone is larger when an animal is approached head on and smaller when she passes by a person. n confined areas such as an alley, handlers must be careful to avoid cornering an animal and deeply invading the flight zone. 3

6 Cattle sometimes turn back and nin over people because they want to get the person out of their flight zone. f cattle in a confined space become agitated, turn back or rear up, the handler should immediately back up and retreat from their flight zone. Everybody who handles cattle also needs to understand the point of balance at the shoulder. To move an animal forward the handler must be behind the point of balance and to make the animal back up the handler must be in front of the shoulder..3. Effect of Genetics - Genetic factors will also affect how cattle will react to handling. Cattle with an excitable temperament are more likely to panic and become agitated when they are suddenly confronted with novelty. n North America the author has observed increasing problems with European Continental cross cattle that have no tolerance for novelty. f they are handled quietly on their familiar home ranch or farm they will be quiet and easy to handle. But they become highly agitated when confronted with the novelty and noise of an auction market or slaughter plant. These animals are more likely to injure themselves or handlers when suddenly confronted with novelty. Excitable cattle have a temperament that is more like a horse's temperament. They have a greater tendency to panic. Cattle are herd animals. Animals isolated by themselves are likely to become highly agitated because they want to rejoin their herdmates. Animals with an excitable temperament become more agitated-whenseparated from the group than animals with a calm temperament. Problems with excessive excitability in European Continental cattle appears to be related to the increasing emphasis on breeding lean animals. The cattle with the worst temperament are the fine boned slender lean animals. Cattle bred for leanness with large bulging muscles often have a calmer temperament. 4

7 Research by the author has revealed that temperament must be evaluated more than once to get a really accurate evaluation. n one study 9%of the bulls become highly agitated in the squeeze chute every time they were handled and half the bulls remained calm. The animals were handled four times at 30 clay intevals. There was also a large group of animals that were sometimes agitated and sometimes calm. To identify the really bad animals temperament must be evaluated more than once to avoid culling animals that may have become agitated because an animal next to them became excited. To rate temperament during restraint in a squeeze chute a simple scoring system can be used. 1. Calm - stands still 2. Slightly restless 3. Very restless 4. Vigorously shakes the chute and attempts to escape 5. Acts berserk, frenzied. Temperament ratings while restrained in a squeeze chute are also highly correlated with the position of the spiral round hair whorls on an animal's forehead. Cattle with spiral hair whorls on the forehead above the top of the eyes become more excited and agitated while held in a squeeze chute than cattle with spiral hair whorls below the eyes. This effect is most likely to be observed in extensively reared cattle that are not completely tame. Hair whorl position is also correlated with flight zone distance. n groups of cattle with identical previous handling experiences, the animals with hair whorls high on the forehead were more likely to have a large flight zone. 5

8 t is important for producers to select for temperament. Cattle that become highly agitated at auctions and slaughter plants are dangerous for people to handle and they are more likely to have dark cutting meat. n the U. S. the incidence of dark cutters has more than doubled partly due to genetic lines ofcattle with an excitable temperament. A recent study we conducted showed that cattle which went beserk in the squeeze chute (temperament rating of 5) had more dark cutters. Cattle with an excitable temperament also had lower weight gains in the feedlot. 4. Principles of Restraint' - Since cattle have good memories it is important to make restraint for veterinary procedures as pleasant as possible. To hold the head for blood testing or Vs use a halter instead of nose tongs. Nose tongs hurt and cattle remember it. Cattle that are extensively raised and not accustomed to close contact with people will often become highly agitated when they are held in a squeeze chute for veterinary treatment. One reason why the cattle become so excited is because they can see people deep in their flight zone through the open barred sides of the chute. Covering the sides of the squeeze chute to prevent the animals from seeing people standing close to them will make them calmer. nstalling solid sides on the restraining chute will also prevent the cattle from lunging and bashing into the head stanchion as they enter the squeeze chute. f you do not believe that solid sides on squeeze chutes work, try installing some temporary solid sides made from cardboard. Many cattle are injured when they hit the head stanchion too hard. Cattle movement 'into the head stanchion can be slowed down by installing a solid sliding gate 1.2m (4 ft) in front of the head stanchion. As the animal enters the squeeze chute the solid sides prevent it from seeing people. through. The only thing the animal should be able to see is a lighted opening to put its head f the animals are handled inside a building it may be necessary to install an overhead 6

9 light in between the solid sliding door and the head stanchion so that the animals will see a lighted opening to put their' head through. The light must be positioned so that it illuminates the stanchion, but it must never be pointed directly into the eyes of approaching cattle. Since the solid sides and front sliding door prevent the animals from seeing people and a pathway of escape most animals will quietly enter. A solid barrier in between them and people makes them feel safe. Since the animal enters at a slow walk the head stanchion and squeeze sides can be closed with a steady smooth motion. Sudden jerky moon of the apparatus excites and slow steady motion is calming. There is also an optimum pressure for holding an animal. The chute must apply enough pressure to make the animal "feel held" but excessive pressure which would cause pain must be avoided. Many people make the mistake of squeezing the animal tighter if it struggles. t is important that the restraining chute holds the animal firmly. f the squeeze sides jiggle and rattle when the animal struggles it is more likely to fight restraint. Below is a list of the principles of low stress restraint for wild extensively reared cattle: 1. Block vision to prevent the animals from seeing people deep in their flight zone. 2. Block vision of an escape route, but cattle entering a restraining apparatus must see a lighted area. They will not walk. into a dark space. 3. Slow steady pressure applied by a restraint.device is calming and sudden jerky motion causes excitement and agitation. 4. Optimum pressure - a restraint device must apply sufficient pressure to provide the feeling of being held but excessive pressure that causes pain must be avoided. 5. Cattle will stand more quietly and remain calmer if they can see another animal within 1m (3 ft) of them but they may lunge and become excited if they see 7

10 .herdmates many meters away. They become excited because they want to rejoin their herdmates. Acknowledgments The author would like to recognize colleaguse who worked on temperament testing of cattle: Bridgette Voisinet, Julie Struthers, Mark Deesing and Shannon Fitzgerald O'Connor. n this paper, the author has quoted from studies done at Texas A&M University by Don Lay and Ted Friend. Further Reading: Grandin, T Livestock Handling and Transport, CAB nternational, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom. 8

11 Behavioral Principles of Livestock Handling TEMPLE GRANDN' Summary Reducing stress during handling will improve productivity and prevent physiological changes tat could confound research results or lower procuenvity. Handling stresses lower conception ates and reduces both immune and rumen function. Handlers who understand livestock behavior can reduce stress. Livestock have wide angle vision and they are easily frightened by shados or. moving distractions outside of chutes. Solid Sides on chutes will reduce agitation and excitement. Noise should be kept to a minimum because animals have sensitive hearing. When wild cattle or sheep are handled the handler should work on the edge of the flight zone to avoid agitation. came, pigs, and sheep are herd animals and isolation of a single individual should be avoided. An anim's previous experience with handling will affect ts reaction to handling in the future. Animals which have had frequent gentte contact with people will be less stressed during handling than animals which have had previous aversive treatment. Uvestock can be trained to voluntarily enter a restraining device. The restraint device should be gradually introduced and should not cause pain. Feed rewards will facilitate training. Training animals to voluntarily submit to handling procedures would be especially useful for valuable breeding animals and animals used for research. ntroduction An understanding of the behavior of hvestock will facilitate handling, reduce stress, and improve both handler safety and animal welfare. Large animals 1Grandin livestock Handling Systems. nc.. Animal Sasnoe Dept. ColOradOState University. Fort Collins. CO ReV8Wed by S. D. Musgrave and G. W. Thrasher. 1 can seriously injure handlers and/or themselves if they become excited or agitated. Reuclng stress on animals has been demonstrated to mprove productivity and prevent physiological changes that could confound research results. Recent studies have shown the adverse effects of stress on animals. Restraint. electric prods and other handling stresses lowered conception rates (44, 84, 85). Transportation and restraint stress reduced the immune function in cattle and pigs ( ). Rumen function was impaired by transit stress (20). n the studies conducted by Galyean et al. (20). Kelley et al. (53), and Blecha at at, (4), the stress imposed by transit had a greater detrimental effect on the animaj's physiology than the stress of feed and water deprivation tor the same length of time. Handling sheep with dogs and transport and sorting two to three weeks after mating caused early embryonic losses (12). The purpose of this review is to provide practical livestock handling information. t will cover various factors which affect stress levels in livestock. Vision and Livestock Motion Livestock have wide angle vision. Cattle and pigs have a visual field in excess of 300 degrees (75). n sheep. the visual field ranges from 191 to 306 degrees depending on the amount of wool on the head. Loading ramps and handling chutes should have solid side walls to prevent animals from seeing distractions outside the chute with their wideangle vision (22, 24,79). Moving objects and people seen through the sides of a chute can cause balking or frighten livestock. Solid side walls are especially imponant if animals are not completely tame or they are unaccustomed to the facility. Blocking vision will stop escape attempts. This is why a solid ponable panel is so effective tor handling pigs. Sight restriction will lower stress levels

12 2 (13. 39). The wildest cow will remain calm in a darkened artificial insemination box which completely blocks vision (70. 86). Even though ruminant animals have depth perception. their ability to perceive depth at ground level while moving with their heads up is probably poor (59). Hutson (50) suggests that there may be an extensive blind area at ground level and moving livestock may not be able to use motion parallax or retinal disparity cues to perceive depth. To see depth on the ground. the animal would have to stop and lower its head. This may explain why livestock often lower their heads and stop to look at strange things on the ground. Cattle. pigs. sheep and horses will often balk and refuse to walk over a drain grate, hose. puddle, shadow or change in flooring surface or texture (22, 24, 62). n areas where animals are handled, illumination should be uniform and diffuse. Shadows and bright spots should be minimized. Slats on the floor of shearing sheds and other animal facilities. should be ori ented so animals walk across the slats (48). Flapping objects or a coat hung on a chute fence may stop animal movement. Pigs, sheep, and cattle have a tendency to move from a dimly illuminated area to a more brightly illuminated area, provided the light is not glaring n their eyes (22, 62, 90). A spot light directed onto a ramp or other apparatus will often facilitate entry. The light must not shine directly into the eyes of approaching animals. Recent research by Phillips et al. (74) indicated that pigs reared indoors preferred to walk up a ramp illuminated at 80 lux which was similar to the illumination of their living Quarters. A dimly illuminated ramp with less than 5 lux was avomec, There was also a tendency to avoic an excessively bright ramp illuminated Wltt'l 1200 lux. Moving or flapping objects can also disrupt handling. Fan blades or a flapping cloth can cause balking. Animats may refuse to walk through a chute if they can see motion up ahead (31). Livestock have color perception. Numerous investigators have now confirmed that cattle, pigs, Sheep and goats all possess color vision (9, 10, 19, 40, 58, 68). Handling facilities should be painted one uniform color. All species of livestock are more likely to balk at a sudden change in color or texture. GRANDN Hearing Cattle and sheep are more sensitive than people to high frequency noises (2, 56). The auditory sensitivity of cattle is greatest at 8000 hz and Sheep at 7000 hz (1). The human ear is most sensitive at '000 to 3000 hz. Unexpected loud or novel noises can be highty stressful to livestock. Sheep exposed to exploding firecrackers or norse n a slaughter plant had increased thyroid hormone levels and elevated cortisol ('6. 72). A loud rrnglng bell trom an outdoor telephone will raise a calf's heart rate 50 to 70 beats per minute (T. Camp USDA Experimental Station, College Station, TX, personal communication). Physiological changes induced by sudden noises could alter the results of experiments. Animals will readily adapt to reasonaole levels of continuous sound, such as white noise. instrumental music, and miscellaneous sounds. Continuous exposure to sounds over, 00 db reduced daily weight.gain in sheep (1). However, continuous background sound can actually improve weight gain in some cases. Ames (1) found that sheep exposed to 75 db of miscellaneous sounds (roller coasters, trains, horns, etc.), white noise, or instrumental music gained weight faster than controis without continuous background sound. Livestock producers and researchers have learned from practical experience that continuous playing of a radio with a variety of talk and music will reduce the reaction of pigs to sudden noises. Providing controlled amounts of continuous but varying background sound may help prevent weight gain losses caused by unexpected noises. n facilities where livestock are handled, loud or novel noises should be avoided because they distress livestock (31). t may be advisable to have the same radio station or background sound that is provided in the living quaners. Research is needed to determine if exposing animals to sounds such as truck noise would help reduce stress. - Tbe. sound of banging metal can cause balking and agitation (31). RUbber stops on gates and squeeze chutes will help reduce noise (26). The pump and motor on a hydraulic squeeze chute should be located away from the squeeze. Exhausts on pneumatic powered equipment should be piped away from the handling area. Small amounts of noise can be used to move livestock.

13 Cattle and sheep will move away from a rustling piece of plastic. f sheep become excited they will not respond to this stimulus (87). LVESTOCK HANDLNG 3 Flight Zone An important concept of livestock handling is flight zone. The flight zone is the animal's "personal space". When a person enters the flight zone the animals will move away (22, 31). Understanding of the flight zone can reduce stress and help prevent accidents to handlers. The size of the flight zone varies depending on the tameness or wildness of the livestock (22). The flight zone of extensively raised cows may be as much as 50m (164 11) whereas the flight zone of feedlot cattle may be 2m (6 ft) to 8m (26 ft) (22). The size of the flight zone will slowly diminish when animals receive frequent gentle handling. The edge of the flight zone can be determined by slowing walking up to the animals. The circle in Figure 1 represents the edge of the flight zone (22). Extremely tame livestock are often difficult to drive because they no longer have a flight zone. These animals should be led with a feed bucket or halter. The size of the enclosure the livestock are confined in may affect flight zone size. Sheep experiments indicated that animals confined in a narrow alley had a smaller flight zone compared to animals confined in a wider alley (49). Approaching an animal head on will increase flight zone size (BUd Williams, personal communication). When a person enters an animal's flight zone it will move away. f the handler penetrates the flight zone too deeply the animal will either bolt and run away, or tum back and run past the person. When the flight zone of a group of bulls was nvaded by a mechanical trolley, the bulls moved away and maintained a constant distance between themselves and the trolley (54). The best place for the person to work is on the edge of the flight zone (22). This will cause the animals to move away n an orderly manner. The animals will stop moving when the handler retreats from the flight zone. To make an animal move forward, the handler should stand in the shaded area marked A and B (Figure 1) (22). To cause the animal to back up, the handier should stand in front of the point of balance Figure 1. Cattleflight zone. '-+--- "AJrriD.(1 PoTGh - T., r C,,,fltJrll- (57). A flag on the end of a stick can be used to sort cattle by moving it back and forth across the point of balance (57). Many people make the mistake of deeply invading the flight zone when cattle are being driven down an alley or into an enclosed area such as a crowd pen. f the handler deeply penetrates the flight zone, the cattle may turn back and run over him (3). f the cattle attempt to turn back, the person should back up and retreat from inside the flight zone. The reason why the livestock attempt to turn back is because they are trying to escape from the person who is deep inside their flight zone. Cattle sometimes rear up and become agitated while waiting in a single file chute. A common cause of this problem is a person leaning over the chute and deeply penetrating the flight zone (25). The animal will usually settle back down if the person backs up and retreats from the flight zone. nexperienced handlers sometimes make the mistake of attempting to push a rearing animal back down into a chute. The animal will often react to this by becoming increasingly agitated. Both the handler and the animal have a greater likelihood of being injured. This also explains Why livestock will balk if they see people standing in front of the squeeze chute. The provision of shields for handlers to stand be hind will improve animal movement (17, 54).

14 4 GRANDN Herd Animals All livestock are herd animals, and they are likely to become highly agitated and stressed when they are separated from their herd mates. Physiological changes which occur during isolation may affect productivity or research results. solation is a strong stresser. Restraint and isolation in a small box reduced immune response in pigs (65). n sheep and cattle isolation was highly stressful (15, 55, 80). A dairy cow left alone in a stanchion had increased leucocytes in her milk (62). During handling, isolated large animals that become agitated and excited are likely to injure handlers. Many serious cattle handling accidents have been caused by isolated frantic cattle (Grandin, 1987). f an isolated animal becomes agitated, other animals should be put in with it. Cattle and sheep are motivated to maintain visual contact with each other (14, 95). Animals will readily follow the leader. Skillful handlers allow livestock to follow the leader and do not rush them. f animals bunch up, handlers should concentrate on moving the leaders instead of pushing a group of animals from the rear. Trained sheep can be used to lead sheep through a handling facility (5). Groups of animals that have body contact remain calmer (15). A tame pacifier cow will keep a wild cow calm during artificial insemination. The wild cow will stand quietly while maintaining tactile con- tact with the tame cow (31). A loading ramp for pigs or sheep that has a "see through" center partition (Figure 2) (31) takes advantage of natural following behavior. As the animals walk up the twin single file chutes, they can see each other through the center partition. Solid outer walls block outside distractions. Genetic Differences Genetic factors affect an animal's reaction to handling. Brahman and Brahman cross cattle are more excitable and hard to handle than English breeds. Angus cattle are more excitable than Herefords, and Holsteins move more slowly than Angus or Herefords (89). When Brahman or Brahman cross cattle become excited they are more difficult to block at fences (89). Visually substantial fences built with planks or a wide belly rail should be used with these breeds (31). Brahman cattle will seldom run into a fence that appears to be a solid barrier. Highly excited Brahman cattle may lie down and become immobile if they are repeatedly prodded with an electric prod. Continuous electric prodding of Brahman or Brahman cross cattle can result in death (31). f the animal is left alone for a few minutes, it will usually get up. English or European cattle such as Charolais will seldom become immobile. n pigs, Yorkshires move more slowly during loading than Pietrians (63). Observations at farms and slaughter plants by the author indicate that certain types of hybrid pigs are difficult to drive. They have extreme shelter seeking behavior (flocking together) and they refuse to move forward up a chute. They are also very excitable. This problem is most evident in some hybrid lines of pigs selected for high productivity. Pig breeders should select for temperament to avoid serious meat quality and animal welfare problems at the slaughter plant. Different breeds of sheep also react differently to handling (82, 95). Rambouillet tend to flock tightly together and remain in the group. Cheviots are more independent than other breeds. Handler Dominance Figure2. Pig loajing raj1l) with sotidsides and a -see through"center divider. Handlers can often control animals more efficiently if they exert dominance over an animal.

15 LVESTOCK HANDLNG 5 Exerting dominance is not beating an animal into submission. t is using the animal's natural behavior to exert dominance and the handler becomes the "Boss animal". Nomadic tribesmen in Africa control their cattle by entering the dominance hierarchy and becoming the dominant herd member (60). # The author has successfully achieved dominance over a group of pigs. Slapping the dominant pig when it bit the author had little effect on its behavior. The aggressive behavior was stopped by shoving the pig against the fence with a board pushed against its neck (31). The board against the neck simulated another pig pushing and biting. Pigs exert dominance over each other by biting and pushing against the neck (45). t is often advisable to handle the dominant pig first (P. Dziuk, 1983 personal communication). The odor of the dominant pig on the handler may make the other pigs more submissive. More research is needed to develop simple methods of exerting dominance which will enable handlers to control boars and other large animals with a minimum of force and greater safety. Effect of Environment and Experience The previous experiences of an animal will affect how it will react to handling (27). An animal's stress reaction to a handling procedure such as transportation or restraint, depends on three important factors. These are as follows: genetics, individual differences, and previous experiences (11, 52, 61, 63, 77, 87). Facility design can have strong influence on previous experrences. Poor design will increase stress. Sheep raised in a bam in close contact with people had a less intense physiological response to handling than sheep raised on pasture (78). Hails (38) reponed that calves lost less weight the second time they were transponed. Hens whicn were not accustomed to being caught and handled had lowered egg production. Egg prccucncn, however, was not affected in hens accustomed to frequent handling (46). Piglets accustomed to repeated gentle handling by people approached a strange person readily at 24 months of age (42). Environmental Stimulation Providing additional environmental stimulation will reduce excitability. Pigs raised in a Windowless building with hanging rubber hose toys and weekly petting were less excitable compared to pigs raisec with no extra environmental stimulation (31. 32). Pigs raised outdoors with a variety of playthings and daily petting were more willing to approach a strange man and walk through a narrow chute compared to pigs raised indoors in small, barren pens with minimal contact with people (29, 32). Loading pigs into a vehicle was more difficult when confinement reared pigs were handled. Pigs reared outdoors were easier to load (93). Our experiments also illustrate the different effects of environmental stimulation under different conditions. n the first trial, environmental stimulation for pigs housed in a windowless building consisted of hanging rubber hoses and weekly pening. The stimulation made the animals easier to drive through a chute and less prodding was required (29, 31, 32). n the second trial, the animals were initially very tame and both the control and extra stimulation pens were washed twice weekly with a hose. There was a tendency for the controls to be easier to drive because the petted pigs approached people for petting. Frequent pen washing provided environmental stimulation and may have helped to calm the controls. Tame animals should be led with a feed bucket or lead rope. Previous Experiences Animals remember painful or frightening experiences. Research by Hutson (51) and Pascoe (71) indicated that cattle and sheep could remember an aversive experience for many months. Sheep which had been inverted in a sheep handling machine were more difficult to move through the corrals.the following year. Many months later, cattle which had experienced electro-immobilization had elevated heart rates when they approached the place where the shock had occurred. Animals can readily discriminate and make a choice between the less aversive of two different handling treatments (36, 80). Uvestock which have had previous experiences with gentle handling will be less stressed when they are handled in the future.

16 6 GRANDN Calves accustomed to regular gentle handling had fewer injuries during marketing because they were accustomed to handling (96). Excitable cattle had lower weight gains (64). Dogs can be highly aversive to sheep (55). The use of dogs in a confined space where animals are unable to move away should be avoided. Electric prods should be used sparingly on cattle and never used on breeding pigs (31). Additional gentle methods for moving livestock are reviewed in Kilgour and Dalton (57). Oattle will be easier to handle in the future if they are not allowed to rush out of corrals back to pasture. Cattle should become accustomed to walking slowly past a handler when they exit the corrals (Bud Williams, personal communication). Canle handled roughly in poorly designed facilities had higher heart rates compared to cattle handled calmly in well designed facilities (83). Chickens handled gently had lower plasma corticosterone levels compared to chickens handled roughly (8). Animals Feel Threatened f an animal perceives a handling procedure or contact with a person as a threat, stress may increase. Sows that withdrew from a person's hand farrowed fewer piglets than sows which readily approached a person's hand (41). When extra human contact is provided to reduce excitability the handier must be careful not to intimidate the animals. He should squat down in the pen and allow the animals to approach (29). He must never chase them. n our experiments, weight gains were not adversely affected by petting pigs in the pens or a weekly walk in the aisles. However, if the pigs feel threatened or are hurt, weight gains will be reduced. Gonyou et al. (21) found that a looming, threatening person approaching the animals reduced gains. Animals can readily adapt to handling, such as daily weighing with no effect on weight gains (73). Pumprey (76) reported that calves accustomed to daily handling by people on horses had no difference in weight gain compared to unhandled controls during cool weather. During warm weather, heat stress which occurred due to physical exertion lowered weight gains. Apparently, the animals knew the routine and did not feel threatened. f a person shocked pigs every few days a chronic stress state was created (21). nconsistent handling will cause stress. f a handler occasionally mistreats an animal, the animal is liable to be stressed every time the person approaches. An occasional aversive treatment lowered weight gain and increased corticosteroid levels even though the handler was gentle with the pigs most of the time (43). The pigs had learned the handler could not be trusted. Novelty can be a strong stressor. Animals that have been raised in a variable environment are less likely to be stressed when confronted with novelty. n one study veal calves were raised in indoor stalls or in outdoor group pens (R. Dantzer, personal communication, 1983). When the calves reached market weight, both groups were exposed to a new indoor and outdoor environment. Calves raised indoors had higher serum glucocorticoid values when they were put in an outdoor arena. Calves raised outdoors were more highly stressed when they were put in an indoor arena. Both of the new locations were stressful to all calves, but their reactions were influenced to the greatest extent by variance from the type of environment in which they had been reared. Animals can be trained to accept irregularity in management (78). Pigs exposed to a variety of objects approached a novel object more quickly than animals raised in a barren environment (32). However, pigs which had grown accustomed to the same routine of blood pressure testing, responded to a change in routine with increased blood pressure (67). n our previously described handling experiment, the pigs initially became highly agitated during the novel experience of pen washing (32). When they become accustomed to pen washing they walked up to be sprayed. The experience of pen washing was initially stressful but it soon became a pleasant experience that the animals actively sought. New Restraint Concept The idea of training an animal to voluntarily accept restraint is a new concept to some people. Animals that are handled gently can be trained to voluntarily accept restraint in a comfortable device (29, 33, 69). Training valuable breeding animals or animals used in long-term research studies to vol-

17 LVESTOCK HANDLNG 7 untarily enter a restraining device has many advantages. Stress on both animals and people will be reduced. Large animals that are trained to walk into a restraint device can easily be handled by one person. Cooperative large animals are less likely to. injure people or themselves. Feed rewards can be used to facilitate animal movement through a facility (51). The author has trained sheep to voluntarily enter a squeeze tilt table for a grain reward (33). Some sheep were squeezed and tilted to a horizontal position nine times in one day. After being released from the squeeze tilt table, the animals rapidly ran into the crowd pen and lined up in the chute (33). To train the animals to voluntarily accept restraint, the restraint device must be introduced gradually and gently with feed rewards (33). At first, the animal is allowed to walk through the restrainer several times. The next step is to allow the animal to stand in the restrainer without being squeezed. On the fourth to fifth pass through, the squeeze is applied gently. During each step the animal is given a food reward of palatable feed. A relatively tame animal can be trained to voluntarily enter a restrainer in less than an hour. Training animals to voluntarily enter a restraint device is easier and less stressful if the animal is tame and has little or no flight zone. f a wild animal is being trained, it is important to catch it correctly on the first attempt. Fumbling and failing to restrain an animal on the first attempt will result in increased excitement (15). f an animal resists and struggles, it must not be released until it stops struggling, otherwise it will be rewarded for resisting (29). Animals that are released while resisting are more likely to resist in the future (29). The animal should be stroked and talked to gently until it calms down. Animals will not voluntarily accept restraint if the restraint device causes pain. Selection of the right type of squeeze chute and headgate to fit the specific handling requirements is important (23). The use of new designs for restraint devices should be investigated. Double rail (Figure 3) and V restrainers that are used in meat packing plants may provide less stressful restraint for veterinary and husbandry procedures (18, 34, 81). Pigs will readily Figure 3. Animals ride quietly on a moving conveyor. This system works well with cattle, calves and sheep. relax and fall asleep when restrained upright in a padded V restrainer. Pressure applied to the flanks will induce relaxation (37). Sheep and calves held on a double rail restrainer had low stress levels (94). The author has observed that cattle restrained with nose tongs become more difficult to restrain in the future. Further observations by the author indicated that when a halter is used to hold the animal's head for blood testing, restraining the head becomes easier with successive tests. Cattle blood-tested with halter head restraint will learn to turn their head and expose their jugular. Cattle that have had experience with nose tongs will often fling their head about to avoid attachment of the tongs.

18 8 GRANDN Handling Facility Layout Handling facilities that utilize behavioral principles will make handling easier. Sheep research has shown that corrals are more efficient if the animals follow the same route for procedures such as dipping and sorting (3,47). Orienting the exit end of a sorting chute, dip vat or squeeze chute towards the "home" pasture or pen will facilitate movement (6). Curved Chutes and Solid Fences Curved single file chutes are especially recommended for moving cattle onto a truck or squeeze chute (Figure 4) (22, 79). A curved chute is mor efficient for two reasons. First, it prevents the animal from seeing what is at the other end of the chute until it is almost there. Second, it takes advantage of the natural tendency to circle around a handler moving along the inner radius. A curved chute provides the greatest benefit when animals have to wait in line for vaccinations or other procedures. A curved chute with an inside radius 3.5m (12ft) to 5m (16 ft) will work well for handli.ng?attle (22). The curve must be laid out as shown Flgre 4. f the chute is bent too sharply at the Junction between the single file chute and the crowd pen, it will appear as a dead end. This will cause livestock to balk (31). f space is restricted, short 1.5m (5 ft) bends can be used (28). f bends with a radius smaller than 3.5m (12 ft) are used, there must be a,y- ALTfNn, ENTAN(E CURB Figure 4. Layoutof ajrved cattle handling facility with curved gutter and stabtor easy wash down. 3m (10ft) section of straight single file at the junction between the crowd pen and chute to prevent the chute from appearing to be a dead end. Handler walkways should run alongside the chute and crowd pen (31). The use of overhead walkways should be avoided. Livestock will often balk when they have to move from an outdoor pen into a building which contains the squeeze chute. Animals will enter a building more easily if they are lined up in a single file chute before they enter the building (22). Conversely, pigs reared indoors are often reluctant to move out into bright daylight. A pig loading ramp should be designed so that the pigs are lined up in single file, where they cannot tum around before they leave the building. For all species, solid sides are recommended on both the chute and the crowd pen which leads to a squeeze chute or leading ramp (7, 22, 24, 79). For operator safety, mangates must be constructed so that people can escape charging cattle. The crowd gate should also be solid to prevent animals fro turning back (31). Wild animals tend to be calmer n facilities with solid sides. n holding pens, solid pen gates along the main drive alley facilitate animal movement (Figure 2). Crowd Pen Design The crowd pen used to direct animals into a single file or double file chute must never be built on the ramp. A sloped crowd pen will cause livestock to pile up against the crowd gate (26). Round crowd pens shown in Figures 4 and 5 are very efficient for all species. n cattle facilities, a circular crowd pen and a curved chute reduced time moving cattle by up to 50 percent (92). Practical experience has shown that the recommended radius for round crowd pens is 3.5m (12 ft) for cattle, 1.83m for pigs (6 ft) and 2.4m (8 ft) for sheep. Cattle and sheep crowd pens should have one straight fence, and the other fence should be on a 30 degree angle (66). This layout should not be used with pigs. They will jam at the chute entrance. Jamming is very stressful for pigs (90). A single, offset step equal to the width of one pig should be used to prevent jamming at the entrance of a single file ramp (24, 31). (Figure 5). Jamming can be further prevented by installing an entrance restricter at single file race entrances. The entrance of

19 LVESTOCK HANDLNG 9 <D j HANDLf' ClOUD 'ATE JTM UTC1UT LAltM olfstt STAMSTt FNer EQUAL nl THi UOT'M OF ONE P(, PftEYENTS ;ra'""ncr "'ST "'KiN CtOCoD 'Ui 15 FULL. Figure S. Layoutof Pig loading ramp with a Single offset stip to pr. vent Jamming. the single file chute should provide only 1/2 cm on each side of each pig. More detailed information on facility layout can be found in Grandin (22, 24, , 30). Ramp Steepn... and Flooring Excessively steep ramps may njure animals. The maximum recommended steepness for a stationary cattle or pig ramp is 20 degrees for market weight animals (26). f space permits a 15 degree slope is recommended for pigs (91). Stairsteps are recommended on concrete ramps because they still provide good footing when dirty or worn (31). Conclusions The use of behavioral principles should improve efficiency of livestock handling and reduce stress on animajs. Reducing stress also should help improve weight gain. reproductive pertormance and animal health. Livestock should be handled gently with a minimum of noise. To avoid agtaton the handler should work on the edge of the flight zone. Animals which have been handled gently will be less stressed by handling in the future. Restraint devices should be designed so that they do not cause pain. n certain research situations animals can be easily trained to voluntarily enter a restraint device. This practice will help reduce stress. All areas where animals are crowded such as chutes and crowd pens. should have solid sides and diffuse lighting with a minimum of shadows. Wt.rawre Cited 1. Ames. O. R Sound stress and meat anlmais. Proc. ntemat. Uvestoek Environment Symp. Amer. Soc. Agn. Eng. SP p Ames. D. R. and L A. Arehan PhysiologlcaJ response of lambs to auditory stimuli. J. Anim. Sci. 34: BartMlr. A. A Sheep yaras. n Proceedings of Sheep Wool Expo. SouthAustralian Dept of AgriaJlture. pp Blecha. F., S. L Boyles, andj. G. Riley Shipping suppresses lymphocy18 blastogenc responses in Angus and Brahman x Angus feeder calves. J. Anlm. SCi. 59: S. Bremner. K.and R. Kilgour Follow my teader: Techniques tor training Sheep. NZJ. A;ric. pp Broad. F. 19n. Sheep behaviour: Delivery systems. PC)er pr. sented at Ausu'alianStareAdvSOry Committee onwool Harvesnng, Australian Wool Corp. 7. BrOCkWay. B. 19n. Planning a sheep handling unit. Farm Buildings Center. Nabonal AgnculturaJ Center. Kenalwortn. WarwiCkShire. England. 8. Broom.D. M P. G. Knagnt. ands. C. Stansfield Hen behavior and nypotr1aiamlc-pltultary-adrenaj responses to handling and transport. Appl. BehavloraJ Sci. 16:98 (Abstract). 9. Buatenauer. D. B. and B. Fritsd'\ Colour vision in domestic goats (Capra hltajs L.) Zeit nerpsychol DatbfOWSka. B W. Harmata. and Z. Lenlu8WCZ Colour perceenon n cows. Behav. Processes 6: Dantzer. R. and P. Mormede Stress n tann anlmais: A need tor re-evajuabon. J. Anlm. Sci. 57: Doney. J. M. R. G. Smith. and R. G. Gunn Effects of postmabng environmental stress on adminlstrabon of ACTH on earty embryonac loss in Sheep.J. Agnc. Sci. 87: Douglas.A. G. M. D. Darre. and D. M. Kinsman Sight restne uon as a means of reducng stress dunng slaughter. Proceedings, 30th European Meetng of Meal Researcn workert.. Bnslol, england. September pp Ewbank. R The behavorof cattle in aushes. Vel Ree. 73: Ewbank. R The behcivlorof anlmais in restraint. n: M. W. Fox (Editor) Abnormal 8ehClVlor in AnimalS. W. B. saunders. Philadelphia. pp FalCOner.. R. and B. S. Hetzel Effect of emotionai stress on TSH on thyroid V8f'1 hormonelevel n Sheep with extenonzed thyroids. Enaocmology 75: Freeman, R. B Functional planning of a snearing sheet PastoraJ Rev. 85: Giger. W., R. P. Pnnce. R. Westervelt. and D. M. KinSman. 19n. Equlpmemtor low stress anma! sjaughter. Trans. Amer. Soc. AgriC. Eng.20:

20 10 GRANDN 19. Gilben, B. J. and C. W. Arave Abitity of eatueto distinguish among different wavelengthsof light J. Dairy SCi. 69: Galyean, M.L, R. W. Lee, and M. W. Hubbart nfluence of fastingand transitonrumen and bloodmetabolites inbeefsteers. J. Anim. Sci. 53: Gonyou, H. W., P. H. Hemsworth,andJ. L Barnett 1986.Effectsof frequent interactionswithhumans on growingpigs. Appl. Anim. Behay. SCi. 16: Grandin, T Observations of cattle behavior applied to the design of cattle handling facilities. Applied Anim. Ethol. 6: Grandin, T. 198Ob. Good cattle restraining equipment is essential. Vet. Med. & Small Anim. Clin. 75: Grandin, T Pig behavior studies applied to slaughter plant design. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 9: Grandin, T. 1983a.Handlingand processingfeedlot eatde. n: G. B. Thompson and C. C. O'Mary (Editors),The Feedlot Lea&Febiger, Philadelphia,pp Grandin,T. 1983b.Welfare requirementsof handlingfacilities. n: S. H. Baxter, M. R. Baxterand J.A.C. McCormack(Editors), Farm Animal Housingand Welfare. Maninus Nijhoff, Boston,pp Grandin, T. 1984a Reducestress of handlingto improveproductivity of livestock. Vet. Med. 79: Grandin, T. 1984b. Race system for catue slaughter plants with 1.5m radius curves. Applied Anim. BehaviourSci., 13: Grandin, T Minimizing stress in pig handling. Lab. Animal, April Grandin, T. 1986b. Livestock handling. Farm Buildings and Engineering (23): Grandin, T Animal handling. n: E. O. Price (Editor) VeL Clin. N. Amer. 3: Grandin,T. 1989a Effectof rearing environmentandenvironmental enrichment on behavior and neural development in young pigs. Doctoral Dissertation, University of llinois. 33. Grandin, T. 1989b. Voluntary acceptance of restraint by sheep. Appl. Anim. BehavioralSci. 23: Grandin, T. 1989c. Dolble rail restrainer for livestock handling. nternalj. Agric. Eng. 41: Grandin. T.. A.. Taylor, and S. E. Curtis. 1986a. Richness of pig's environment affects handling in chute. J. Anim. Sci. Suppl. 1, 64: Grandin,T. S. E. Curtis, T. M. Wldowski, anc:tj. C. Thurman. 1986b. Electro-immobilization versus mechanical restraint in an avoidavoid choice test. J. Anim. Sci. 62: Grandin, T.. N. Dodman. and L. Shuster Effect of Nattrexone on relaxation inducec:t by flank pressure in pigs. Pharmacology,Biochemistry. and Behavior.33:839-& Hails. M. R Transportstress in animals: A review. Anim. Reg. Stud. 1: Hale. R. H. R. H. Friend, and A. S. Macaulay Effect of method of restraint of cattle on heart rate. cortisol and thyroid hermones.j. Anim. Sci. Suppl. 1 (Abstract). 40. Hebel. R. and H. H. Sambraus Are domestic animals color blind? BenMunch TieratzJ Wochensc:hr 89(16) Hemsworth,P. H. A. Brandand P. J. Willems The behavioral responseof sowsto the presenceof humanbeingsand its relationto productivity. Livestock Prod. Sci. 8: Hemsworth. P. H. J. L. Barnett. C. Hansen. and H. W. Gonyou The influence of earty contact with humans on subsequent behavioralresponseofpigs to humans.appl. Anim. Behav. Sc. 15: 55-&. 43. Hemsworth.P. H.,J. L. Bamettand C. Hansen The influence of inconsistenthandlingby humanson behaviour, growth and corticosteroids of young pigs. Appl. Behav. Sci. 17: Hixon. D. L.. D. K. Kesler, and T. R. Troxel Reproductive hormonesecretionsand first service conceptionrate subsequentto ovulation control with SynchromateB. Therie. 16: Houpt. K. A. and T. R. Wolski Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scienbsts. Ames. A. State University Press. 46. Hughes, B. O. and A. J. Black The influence of handting on egg production, egg shell quality and avoidance behavior in hens. Brit. J. Poult. SCi. 17: Hutson. G. D The effect of previous experience on sheep movement through yards. Appl. Anim. Ethol. 6: Hutson, G. D Sheep movement on slotted floors. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Husb. 21: Hutson,G.D Flightdistanee in Merinosheep. Anim. Prod. 35: Hutson, G. D Sheep and cattle handling facilities. n: B. L. Moore and P. J. Chenoweth (Editors). Grazing Animal Welfare. Australian VeterinaryAssn. Queensland. pp Hutson,G. D. 1985b.The influenceof barley food rewards on sheep movement through a handling system. Applied Anim. Behaviour Sci. 14: Jones, B. R. and J. M. Faure The effects of regular handling on fear responsesin the domestic chick. BehaviouralProcesses. 6: Kelley, K. W., C. Osborn, J. Evermann, S. Parish, and D. Hinrichs Whole blood leukocytesvs separated mononuclearcell blastogenesis in calves, time dependent changes after shipping. Canadian J. Compo Med. 45: Kilgour, R Animal handling in works. pertinent behaviour studies, 13th Meat ndustry Research Conference. Hamilton. New Zealand, pp Kilgour, R. and H. DeLangen Stress in sheep resulting from management practices. Proc. New Zeal. Soc. Anim. Prod. 30: Kilgour, R Using operant test results for decisions on cattle welfare. Proc. Conference on the Human Animal Bond, Minneapolis, M, June 13-14, Kilgour, R. and C. Dalton Livestock Behaviour, a Practical Guide. Westview Press, Boulder. CO, Klopfer, F. D. and R. L. Butler Color vision in swine. Amer. Zoo.4: Lemman. W. B. and G. H. Patterson Depth perception in sheep: Effects of interrupting the mother-neonate bond. SCience, 145: Lott. D. F. and B. L. Hart Applied ethologyina nomadiccattle culture. App.Anim. Ethel. 5: Luyerink,J. H. and J.P.W. van Baal Heart rate counting from photolethysmographic records as an aid in the search of better methodsof handlinghogsprior to slaughter. 15thEuropeanMeeting of Meat ResearchWorkers, August Helsinke. Finland. 62. Lynch,J.J.andG.Alexander The Pastoral ndustriesof Australia. University Press. Sydney. Australia. pp Marshal-Nimis, M. and W. M. Rempel Breed differences in Pig behavior: Effects of lighting and loading methods,proceec:tings Livestock Conservation nstitute, South St. Paul, M, pp McGaugh. J. W Disposition as it affects gain. Feedlot Research Briefs. Mooreman Mfg. Co. QUincy, L. 65. Mensching. H. J. and K. W. Kelley Restraint reduces size of thymus gland and PHA swelling in pigs. J. Amm. Sci., Suppl. 1, 57: Meat and Livestock Commission. Cattle handling. Livestock Buildings Consultancy.Meatand LivestockComm. Queensway,Blotchley, Milton Keynes, Eng&and (no date). 67. Miller, K. N. and S. Twohill A method for measuring systolic blood pressure in the conscious swine (Suss crota). Lab Animal, 12(6) Munkenbeck, N. W Color vision n sheep. J. Anim. SCi. (Suppl. 1) 55: Panepinto.L M. R. W. Phillips.S. Norden. P. C. Pryor, and R. Cox A comfortable minimum stress method of restraint for Yucatan miniature swine. Lab. Anim. Sci. 33(1) Parsons. R. A. and W. N. Helphinstine Rambo A.1. breeding chute for beef cattle. One-Sheet-Answers, University of California Agricultural ExtensionService, Davis, CA. 71. Pascoe, P. J Humaneness of an electroimmobilization unit for cattle. Amer. J. Vet. Res. 10: Pearson, A. M., R. Kilgour, H. DeLangen, and E. Payne. 19n. Hor-

21 LVESTOCK HANDLNG 11 monat responses of lambs to trucking, handling and electric stunning. Proceedings New Zealand Society 0' Animal ProductiOn 37: PeisChel, A., R. R. SChales, and e. E. Owenby Effect 0' stress on calves grazing Kansas Hills range. J. Anim. SCi. Suppt 1: Phillips, P. A., B. K. Thompson, and D. Fraser R8'11ldesigns for young pigs. Tech. Paper Amer. Soc. Agric. Eng. St. Joseph, M. 75. Prince, J. H. 19n. The eye and vision. n: M. J. Swenson (Editor) Dukes Physiology of Domestic Animals, Comell University Press, New York. pp Pumprey, J The Nobel Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma, Personal Communication. 77. Ray, D. E., W. J. Hansen, B. Theurer, and G. H. Stott Physical stress and corticoid levels in steers, Proc. West. sec. Amer. Soc. Anim. Sci. 23: Reid, R. L. and S. e. Mills Studiesof the carbohydrate metabolism 0' sheep, XV. The adrenal response to physiological stress, Australian J. A;j. Res., 13: Rider, A., A. F. Butehbaker, and S. Harp Beef working, soning and loading facilities. Technical Paper No , Amer. Soc. SO. Al;jri. Eng., St Joseph, M. Rushen, J Aversion of sheep for handling treatments pairedchoice studies. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 16: Schmidt, e. O Cattle handling apparatus, U.S. Patent No.3, 657, 767, Washington, DC. 82. Shupe, W. L Transporting sheep to pastures and markets. Technical Paper No. 7. ASAE, St. Joseph, M. 83. Stenner, R. A., T. H. Camp, and D. G. Stevens Feedereattle stress during handling and transportation. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., Technical Paper No , St. Joseph, M. 84. Stoebel, D. P. and G. P. Moberg Repeated acute stress during follicular phase and luteinizing honnone surge in dairy heifers. J. Dairy Sci. 65: Stott, G. H., F. Wiersma, and V. Vaz Embryonic mortality, West. Dairy J., April 1975, pp Swan, R AboutA.. facilities. NewMexico Stockman. Feb. 11, Syme, L.A. and G. R. Elphick Heart rate and behaviour of sheep in yards. Appl. Anim.Ethol. 9: Thines, G. and M. Soffie. 19n. Preliminary experiments on colour vision in cattle. Br. Vet. J. 133: Tulloh, N. M Behaviour of cattle in yards:. A study of temperament. Anim. Behav. 9: van Puttsn,G.and W. J. Elshoff Observationson the effect of transport and slaughter on the well-being and lean quality of pigs. Animal Regulation studies, 1: van Puttsn, G Handling slaughter pigs prior to loading and unloading on a lorry. Paper presented at the seminar -Transport", C.E.e., Brussels, JUly 7-8, Vowtes, W. J., G. and T. J. Hollier The influence of yard design on the movement of animals. Proc. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 14: Warnss, P. D., S. e. Kestin,andJ. M. Robinson A note on the influenceof rearing envronmenton meat qualityin pigs. Meat Sci. 9: Westervelt, R. G., O. M. Kinsman, R. Prince. and W. Giger Physiological stress measurement during slaughter of calves and lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 42: Whatley, J., R. Kilgour, and D. e. Dalton Behaviour of hill country sheep breeds during farming routines. New Zealand Soc. Anim. Prod. 34: Wythes, J. R. and W. R. Shortttose Marketing cattle: ts effect on live weight carcass and meat quality. Australian Meat Research Committee Review No. 46 A.M.R.e. Sydney, Australia.

22 CATLE AND BEHAVOR DURNG HANDLNG CORRAL DESGN FOR RANCHES Temple Grandin, Assistant Professo: Deparment of Animal Science Colorado State University Ft. Collins, CO NTRODUCTON An understanding of cattle psychology combined with well designed facilities will reduce stress on both you and your cattle. Reducig stress is important because stress reduces the ability to fight disease and weight gain. t also increases weight loss, damages rumen funcion, and can interfere with reproduction. An animal's previous experiences will affect its stress reaction to handling. Cattle have long memories. Animals which have been handled roughly will be more stressed and difficult to handle in the future. Animals which are handled gently and have become accustomed to handling procedures will have very litt.le stress when handled. The basic principle is to prevent cattle from becoming excited. Cattle can become excited in just a few seconds, but it takes 20 to 30 minutes for the heart rate to return to normal in severely agitated cattle. There is an old saying "You can tell what kind of a stock man a person is by looking at the behavior o his cattle." n one feedyard survey, cattle feed yards which had a reputation for rough handling were wilder and more difficult to handle at the packer. They also had more bruises. The degree of stress which will be induced by handling and restraint can vary from almost no stress in a tame show animal to very severe stress in a wild range cow. The degree of stress is determined by three major factors -- 1) amount of contact with people, 2) quality of handling (rough vs. gentle) and 3) genetics. Frequent, gentle handing will reduce stress. Genetics is also an important factor. Some genetic lines of cattle are calmer and less wild than others. Cattle with an excitable temperament will take longer to respond positively to gentle handling than cattle with a calm temperament. Most cattle will become less stressed and settle down when they are handled gently. Howeve=, there are a few individuals with a bad temperament that may never settle down and are dangerous to restrain and handle. Culling them is often advisable. Although painful procedures cannot be avoided, a reduction of agitation and excitement will still reduce stress. Cattle remember painful restraint methods such as nose tongs. Handling will be easier in the future if you use a halter to hold the heads and keep electric prod usage to an absolute minimum. f tail twisting is used to move a cow up a chute, let go of the tail when the cow moves to reward her for moving. Breeding cattle will quickly learn to move.when their tail is touched. 1

23 BEHAVOR PRNCPLES Cattle have wide angle vision, they can see behind t.hemselves. without turning their heads. However, there is a small blind spo bhinci their rear (Diagram 1). When a group of cattle move, the anamals maintain visual contact with each other. This enables the he=d to say together. An animal followinc:l anot.her animal will tend t c s t ay i:: Positions A and B on Diagram 1. Moving together.as a herd helps protec cattle from predators. The strongest dominant animals will be in the middle of the herd and the subordinate, weaker animals will be C the outside. Since cattle are a prey species they are ever vigilan and fear novelty. For example, cattle moved to a new pasture may be fear=ul c: cars passing by on the highway, but soon they learn to ignore them. Understanding the flight zone is the key to easy, quiet handling. The flight zone is the cow's personal space. When you penetrate the flight zone the animals will move, and when you retreat from the fligh zone the animals will stop moving. The size of the flight zone is determined by several factors, such as wildness or tameness, and the angle of the handler's approach. The flight zone will be larger when a handler approaches head on, and it will become smaller when the animal is confined inside a single file chute. A barrier in between the handler and the cattle reduces the flight distance. A cow passing by you will have a smaller flight zone than a cow coming directly at you. f a cow becomes excited the flight zone will increase. Cattle can be easily moved by working on the edge of the flight zone (Diagram 1).-- the handler must be close enough to the animal to make it move, but not so close as to cause it to panic and flee. f the cattle start moving too fast, you must back off and get out of the flight zone. f cows on pasture turn and look at you, you are outside the flight zone. You need to approach and put pressure on the edge of the flight zone. To keep the animals moving you alternately enter and retreat from the flight zone. When an animal moves for you, you reward her by relieving pressure on her flight zone, but in a few seconds you will invade her flight zone again to keep her going. When cattle are worked in an enclosed space such as an alley or crowd pen, great care must be taken to avoid deeply penetrating the flight zone. This can result in panic, jumped fences and cattle turning back on the handler. f cattle in an alley start to turn back you must back up and get out of the flight zone. When an animal rears up in a chute, retreat from its flight zone; nine times out of ten, it will settle back down. To move an animal forward you must be behind the point of balance shown on Diagram 1. Moving in front of the point of balance at the houlder.will make,the animal go backward. To start movement, approach Just behnd the pont of balance and move back into Positions A and B. Avoid getting into the blind spot. Entering the blind spot will cause the cattle to stop and turn and look at you. They want to know where you are at all times. n close quarters you may get kicked if you get in a cow's blind spot. 2

24 BREAK OLD HABTS You must break old habits to fully master quiet gathering of catle from pasture. The first habit to break is whooping, hollering, nd running. t will require some time and patience,,but your cattle wl become quieter and easier to handle as you work wth thm. The econa bad habit is chasing cattle from the ear of the group lke a preaator. Positioning yourself behind the' cattle, puts you in their blind spo. This will cause them to turn and look at you, unless they are scared and fleeing from you. Cattle movements should be under the handle='s conol and the animals move at a slow walk. You have to concentrate on movng the leaders. You should spend time walking or riding among your cattle so they do not always associate you with "either feeding r being aken to the corrals. The animals need to learn that you are nether preaator or feed wagon. f cattle are fed from a truck, blow the horn as a signal for feeding. This will prevent the animals from chasing the truck every time you drive in the pasture. Cattle can be handled with horses, vehicle or people on foot. Since cattle are fearful of novelty, animals that have never seen a motorcycle will fear it. t is best to get cattle accustomed to different driving methods. Different vehicles and people should be used to train the animals to be less fearful of novelty. A herd of cattle is like a car, before you can steer, the car must be moving. Herd movement must be started before you attempt to change direction. Diagram 2 shows the handler ovement pattern which will keep a herd moving in an orderly manner. t will work both along a fence and in open pasture. f a single handler is moving the animals, use the Handler 2 Position of Diagram 2. As the herd moves, you walk forward at an angle which gradually relieves pressure on the herd' s collective flight zone. When the animals start to slow down, increase pressure on the flight zone by walking straight into the cattle. As they speed up, turn and walk back opposite the direction of travel. Walk at a slight angle to increase pressure on the flight zone. To maintain movement, keep repeating the pattern. t will require practice to determine the length of each movement pattern. t is important to use the pattern. f you just walk along parallel with the herd, the herd will tend to split. When two people move a large herd of cattle, one person walks in the pattern shown on Diagram 2, Handler Position 2, and the other handler stays with the leader. The lead handler should stay just behind the leader's point of balance. He should bear in and our of the flight zone in an alternating manner (Diagram 2, Position 1). The lead handler and he rear handler should stay as close together as possible. t is amport ant to not allow catt.le to escape between them. The following nstnct of the cattle will pull the tail enders along even though the rear handler is somewhat ahead of the rear of the group., f a few cattle break away and straggle to the rear, don't go around behnd them and chase them. Use the motion of the herd to draw them back as shown in Diagram 3. At a walk, approach the stragglers at an angle which grdually icreases pressure on their flight zone. Approach just to one sde of ther heads and move just past the point of balance at the shoulder. Do not go all the way to Positions A and B on Diagram 1. As soon as the stragglers are attracted bythe movement of the herd, start 3

25 repeating the Handler 2 patern on Diagram 2. Be careful no o ps he stragglers into the dominant catle in the middle of the herd. WORKNG N CORRALS Applying and relieving pressure to the flight zone of the leaders will also make it easier to fill and ety corrals. Catle movements are under your control at all times. t is important for your catle to learn that you control their movements and they cannot escape from you. Never allow cattle to run wildly our of a corral. Make the animals walk past you at the exit gate. Wait for the cattle to turn and loo a:.you before you walk away from the gate. When a new set of corrals s :rs used, avoid doing painful procedures. t is advisable to "train" the cattle to the new system and do non-aversive procedures such as weighing or sorting the first time corrals are used. Cattle will also enter a corral in a more orderly manner if they have to walk by you as they enter. Diagram 4 illustrates the correct position for the lead handler as the cattle enter a corral. Do not move back and forth. ncrease and decrease pressure on the flight zone by moving forward and back, straight into the herd. You must apply enough pressure to keep them form veering away from the fence but not so much as to cause panic. When you move animals from a pen, do not let them race out. Work on the flight zone of the leaders. Diagram 5 show the movement pattern for emptying a pen and for sorting at a gate. To empty the pen in a controlled manner, move back and forth as shown in Diagram 5. To control the movement of the cattle out a gate, move to the sorting position shown on Diagram 5. To sort cattle, move forward and backward. Do not move sideways. f you move sideways they will get by you. By moving forward and backward you can easily separate cows from calves. You increase pressure on the flight zone of the animal you want to hold back and decrease pressure on the flight zone of the animals you wish to let go by. This method can be used either in an alley or in a gate. A handy tool fo= sorting is a stick with a flag or a paddle on the end. Blocking the animal's vision on one side with paddle or flag will cause it to t.urn. When cattle are being handled in a confined area such as a crowding pen or sorting alley, handle small groups. Bring eight or ten cattle into a crowding pen instead of twenty. Overloading the crown pen is a common handling mistake. The animals need room to turn. A stick or whip with plastic streamers or a garbage bag tied on the end is useful for turning cattle in the crowd pen. Shake the streamers on the right side of the head to turn left and vice versa. Use the animal's natural following behavior to assist with filling chutes. Wait until the single file to the squeeze is almost empty before refilling. Avoid the overuse of crowd gates. f the cattle are moving, do not shove the crowd gate up on them.. Problems with balking tend to come in bunches: when one animal balks, the tendency to balk seems to spread to the next anals in line. When an animal is being moved through. single-file chute, the animal must never be prodded until it has a place to go. Once it has balked, it will continue balking. The handler should wait until the tailgate on 4

26 the squeeze chute is open before proddin the next, anal.! the, cal become severely agitated due to excessve proddng, the agaon anc frenzy can spread to the other catt Le. Severely agitated catt Le may.,secrete a "smell of fear" substance that can be detected by ot.her cazt Le. An animal left alone in the crowding pen after the other animals have entered the single-file chute, may attempt to jump the fence to rejoin its herdmates. A lone steer or cw may became gtaed and charge the handler. A large portion of the serous handler njures occur when a steer or cow, departed from its herdmates, refuses to walk up the single-file chute. When a lone animal refuses to move, the handler should release it from the crowding pen and bring it back with another group of cattle. VSON AND FACLTY DESGN Cattle have poor depth perception when they are moving with their heads up. To see depth they have to stop and put their heads down. This is why they balk at shadows and strange objects on the ground. A single shadow that falls across a scale or loading chute can disrupt handling. The lead animal will often balk and refuse to cross the shadow. f you are having problems with animals balking at one place, a shadow is a likely cause. Balking can also be caused by a small bright spot formed by the sun's rays coming through a hole in a roof. Patching the hole will often solve the problem. Shades constructed from snow fence should not be used over working areas. The zebra stripe shadows can cause balking. Drain grates in the middle of the floor will make cattle balk. A good drainage design is to slope the concrete floor in the squeeze chute area toward an open drainage ditch located outside the fences. The open drainage ditch outside the fences needs no cover and so it is easier to clean. Animals will also balk if they see a moving or flapping object. A coat flung over a chute fence or the shiny reflection off a car bumper will cause balking. Dairy cows that move through a facility every day will learn to walk over shadows and drains because they are no longer novel.however, a dairy cow will balk if she sees a strange piece of paper on the floor or a coat hung over a fence. Cattle have a tendency to move toward the light. f you ever have to load livestock at night, it is strongly recommended that frosted lamps that do not glare in the animal's face be positioned inside of the truck. However, loading chutes and squeeze chutes should face either north or south; livestock will balk if they have to look directly into the sun. Sometimes it is difficult to persuade cattle to enter a roofed working area. Persuading the animals to enter a dark, single-file chute from an outdoor crowding pen in bright sunlight is often difficult. Cattle are more easily driven into a shaded area from an outdoor pen if they are first lined up in single file. Many people make the mistake of placing the single-file chute and squeeze chute entirely inside a building and the crowding pen outside. Balking will be reduced if the single-file chute is extended 10 to 15 feet outside the building. The animal. will enter more easily if they are lined up single file before they enter the dark building. The wall 5

27 of the building should NEVER be placed at. the junc':ior. be:wee:: -:je single-file chut.e and he crowding. DO NOT DEAD END YOUR CHUTE Livestock will balk if a chut.e appears to be a dead end. Sliding and one-way gates in t.he singlefile chute must. be const.ruct.ed so t.hat. your animals can see through them, otherwise the animals will balk. This is esoecially important at the junction between the single-file chue and the crowd pen. The sides of the single-file chute and the crowdg pen should be solid. The crowding pen gate also should be solid so at. animals cannot see through and turn back towards herdmates t.hey jus left. Palpation gates, however, should be solid so that cattle do not see a person standing in the chute. When a curved chute is used it must be laid out properly so that it does not appear to be a dead end. A cow standing in the crowd pen must be able to see a minimum of two body lengths up the chute. Cows will balk if the chute is bent too sharply at the junction between the crowd pen and the single-file chute. Diagram 6 illustrates an efficient curved facility that is easy to layout. t consist of three half circles laid out along a layout line. The radius points of all three half circles are on the layout line. A 16 (4.8m) ft. inside radius for the curved singlefile chute is recommended. A 12 (3. Sm) ft. radius is the absolute minimum unless a straight section is installed at the junction between the crowd pen and the chute. WHY A CURVED CHUTE WORKS A curved chute works better t.han a straight chute for two reasons. First, it prevents the animal from seeing the truck, the squeeze chute, or people until it is almost in the truck or squeeze chute. Shields for handlers to hide behind and remote controlled gates can also be used to prevent cattle from seeing people up ahead. A curved chute also takes advantage of the animal's natural tendency to circle around the handler. When you enter a pen of cattle or sheep you have probably noticed that the animals will turn and face you, but maintain a safe distance. As you move through the pen, the animals will keep looking at you and circle around you as you move. A curved chute takes advantage of this natural circling behavior. A well-designed, curved single-file chute has a catwalk for the handler to use along the inner radius. The handler should always work along the inner radius. The curved chute forces the handler to stand at the best angle and lets the animals circle around him. The solid sides block our visual distractions exceot for the handler on the catwalk. The catwalk should run alongside of the chute and NEVER be placed overhead. The distance form the catwalk platform to the top of the chute fence should be 42 (100 ern) inches. This brings the top of the fence to beltbuckle height on the average person.. DARK BOX A CHUTE For improved conception rates, cow? should be handled gently for A and not allowed to become agitated or overheated. The chute used for A should not be the same chute used for branding, dehorning, or injections. 6

28 The cow should no associate the A chute with pain. Cows ca be eas:i' res:rained for A or pregnancy tesing in a dark box chute tha: h c headgate or squeeze. Even the w:"ldes: cow can be rest.rained w::: a minimum of excitement. The dark box chute can be easily const.ruct.ec :ro plywood or steel. t has solid sides, top and front. When t.he cw s inside the box, she is inside a quiet, snug, dark enclosure. A cha s latched behind her rump to keep her in After inseminaion he cow s released through a gate in either the front or the side. of he dark bo. f wild cows are being handled, an extra long, aark box ca De constructed. A tame cow that is not in heat is used as a pac=e= and is placed in the chute in front of the cow to be bred. Even a w:d_cow will stand quietly and place her head on the pacifier cow's rump., A== breeding, the cow is allowed to exit through a side gate, whi.le t.ne pacifier cow remains in the chute. RESTRANT PRNCPLES Cattle sometimes become severely stressed in a conventional squeeze chute. This is probably due to deep invasion of the anal's flight zone by the operator and other people that can be seen through the open barred sides. Stress could be reduced by replacing the open barred sides with solid drop down panels for access to the animal. People that handle buffalo and deer have used solid sides on squeeze chutes for many years. They also use a solid gate located about 3 ft. (1m) to 4 ft. (l.2m) in front of the headgate. This gate prevents the cattle from attempting to run through the headgate. Many cattle sustain shoulder and neck injuries when they hit the headgate too hard. Even though a gate in front of the headgate would slow down cattle handling, it would probably pay for itself by reducing injuries and weight gain losses due to shoulder and neck pain. One large Colorado feedlot reported that sickness was greatly reduce':i when they handled animals more gently in the squeeze chute. Bzuas e s and neck injuries also secrete "stress substances onto the animal's system. Observations of cattle handling at meat packing plants indicates hat squeeze chutes on ranches and feedlots need to be modified. Blocking the animal's vision has a great calming effect. spent 35 hou=s operating a restraining chute which is used for kosher slaughter. consists of a box with completely solid sides and a small T shaped opening in the front for the animal's head. When an animal enters the box it can not see people. After it sticks its head through the front opening a metal shield prevents it from seeing people. A light over the head hole entices the animal to stick its head through. Most cattle walk in quietly and seldom attempt to lunge at the head opening. The cattle at this packing plant were calmer than cattle entering a squeeze chute with open bar sides. conventional Since the animals did not attempt to run through the chute, squeeze pressure could be applied slowly instead of suddenly. Slow steady motion had a calming effect. Sudden jerky motion or sudden bumping of the animal with the apparatus caused agitation and excitement. When the animal's vision was blocked it would stand and allow its head and body to be positioned in the device. The cattle would seldom resist pressure from the apparatus if it was applied slowly and excessive pressure which would cause pain and discomfort was avoided. There is also the concept of optimum pressure. Sufficient pressure must be applied to make the 7

29 animal "feel resrainec:p bu excessive pressure which wou i c cause pa:.:: mus be avoided. Many people make he misake of applying more press=e when an animal sruggles. The animal will often StOP struggling :.: he.pressure is reduced slightly. Excess pressure us be slowly bake. A sudden release of the pressure will cause the anmal o be=ome excec. ADJUSTMENT,OF SQUEEZE CHUTES The use of a complete squeeze chute is strongly recommended =or wld cattle that are not trained to head restraint. Restraint 0: the body will prevent the animal from fighting the headgate. On hydraulic chues the pressure relief valve must be adjusted to prevent excessive squeeze pressure. Excessive pressure can cause severe injuries such as a ruptured diaphragm or broken bones. On most hydraulic chutes the proper setting 500 PS. The operator should be trained to slow the animal down in the squeeze before it reaches the headgate. To prevent shoulder and neck injuries, animals should enter the chute at a walk. To prevent choking in a headgate with curved stanchion bars, the squeeze sides must be adjusted so that the V shape of the sides prevents the animal from lying down. Pressure exerted by the headgate on the carotid arteries can kill the animal. Some veterinarians prefer a chute which does not pinch the feet together at the bottom. f a squeeze chute with straight sides is used it must be equipped with a straight bar stanchion headgate to prevent choking. An animal can safely lie down in a straight bar stanchion. Care must be taken with self catching headgates. Cattle can by injured if they run into the self catcher at a high speed. Selfcatchers should not be used with wild horned cattle. t is also essential to adjust the self catcher for the size of the cattle. Severe injuries can occur if a self catcher is adjusted too wide and the animal's shoulder pass part way through the closed gate. Latches and ratchet locks must be kept well maintained to prevent accidents to people. f a ratchet device becomes worn, replace it immediately. Friction type latches must never be oiled. Oiling will destroy the ability of a friction latch to hold. On self catching headgates the mechanism must be kept maintained to prevent an animal from getting stuck part way through a closed gate. LOADNG CHUTE DESGN Loading chutes should be equipped with telescoping side panels and a self-aligning dock bumper. These devices will help prevent foot and leg injuries caused by an animal stepping down between the truck and the chute. The side panels will prevent animals from jumping out the gap between the chute and the truck. A well designed loading ramp has a level landing at the top. This provides the animals with a level surface to walk on when they first get off the truck. The landing should be at least 5 ft (1.5m) wide for cattle. Many animals are injured on ramps that are too steep. The slope of a permanently installed cattle ramp should not exceed 20 Cl On concrete ramps, stairsteps are recommended because they are easier for cattle to walk on when they become dirty or worn. The recommended dimensions for stair steps are a 3 1/2 in. (10cm) rise and a 12 in. ((30cm) to 18 in. (45cm) tread length. 8

30 Chutes for both loading and unloading cattle should have sc:ic saes and a gradual curve. f the curve i too sharp, the chute will, look :e a dead end when the animals are beng unloaded. A curved sngle-=_e chute is most efficient for forcing cattle to enter a truck or a sqeeze chute. A chute used for loading and unloading cattle should have an inside radius of 12 ft. (3.5m) to 17 ft. (Sm), the bigger radius is the best. A loading chute for catt Le should be 30 in..(7 6cm) wide and no wider. The largest bulls will fit through a 30 n. wide chute. CORRALS A corral constructed with round holding pens, diagonal sorting pens, and curved drive lanes will enable you to handle cattle more efficiently because there is a minimum of square corners for the cattle to bunch up in. The principle of the corral layout in Diagram 7 is that the animals are gathered into the big round pen and then directed to the curved sorting reservoir lane for sorting and handling. The curved sorting lane serves two functions: it holds cattle which will be sorted back into diagonal pens and it holds cattle waiting to go to the squeeze chute, A chute, or calf table. When cows and calves are being separated, the calves are held in the diagonal pens into the large post-working pen. LARGE CORRAL The corral shown in Diagram 7 is a general purpose system for shipping calves, working calves, sorting, pregnancy checking, and A. t can handle 300 cow-calf pairs or 400 mature cows. For smaller ranches the large gathering and holding pens can be reduced in size. Gathering pen space can be figured at 20 sq. ft. (1.8 sq.m) per cow and 35 sq. ft. {3.3 sq.m} per cow and calf pair. Sorting pens should be designed to hold one truck load which works out to 840 sq. ft. (78 sq.m). f cattle will be held overnight in a sorting pen, increase the size to 900 sq. ft. {84 sq.m}. This corral is equipped with a two-way sorting gate in front of the squeeze chute for separating the cows that are pregnant from cows that are open. Depending upon you needs, you can position either the squeeze chute, A chute, or calf table at the sorting gate. f the cattle are watered in the large gathering pen, they will become accustomed to coming and going in and out of the trap gate. When you need to catch an animal, you merely shut the trap gate and direct her up the curved reservoir lane to the chutes. This is an especially handy feature for A. f more than one corral is built on the same ranch, they should both be laid out in the same direction. The mirror image of the designs will work. The curved sorting reservoir terminates in a round crowding pen and curved single-file chute. The crowding gate has a ratchet latch that locks automatically as the gate is advanced behind the cattle. To load low stock trailers, open an 8 ft. {2. Sm} gate that is alongside the regular loading chute. This provides you with the advantage of the round crowding pen for stock trailers.. This design can also be modified for pasture rotation. The large gathering pens are eliminated and the main working parts of the corral such as the curved lane, curved chutes,. and diagonal pens are retained. 9

31 CORRF.L CONSTRUCTON TPS Five foo (1.5m) high fences are usually sufficient fer cale suc.as Hereford and Angus. For Brahman cross and exoics a 5 1/2 ft. (1.6m) o 6 ft. (1.8m) fence is recommended. Solid fencing should be used the crowding pen, single-file chute, and loading chue. f your budge permits, solid fencing should b used.in the curved reservor lane. T: solid fencing is too expensive, then a wide..belly rail should be installed. This is especially important if the corral is constructed from sucker rod. An 18 in. (45cm) wide solid belly rail can also be installed on gates to prevent animals form hitting gates during soring. f a V-shaped chute is built, it should be 16 (41cm) to 18 (45cm) in. wide at the bottom and 32 (81cm) to 36 (90cm) in. wide at the top. The top measurement is taken at the 5 ft. level. f the single-file chute has straight sides it should be 26" (1.5m) in. wide for the cows and 18 (46cm) to 20 (51cm) in. wide for calves. When a funnel type crowding pen is built, make one side straight and the other side on a 30 g angle. This design will prevent bunching and jamming. The crowding pen should be 10 (20 m) to 12 (3.5m) ft. wide.the recommended radius for a round crowd pen is 12 ft. (3.5m). Larger crowd pens are not recommended. The minimum radius is 10 ft. (3m). Recommended cattle alley dimensions are 10 ft. (3m) for people on foot, 12 ft. (3. 5m) for people on foot and horses, and 14 ft. (4.2m) to 16 ft. (4.8m) for horses only. To prevent animals from slipping in areas paved with concrete, -the concrete should be scored with deep grooves. The grooves should be 1 in. (2.5cm) to 1 1/2 in. (3.8cm) in an 8 in. (20cm) diamond pattern. A diamond pattern should be used because it is easier to wash. n areas with solid fence, small man-gates must be installed so that people can get away form charging cattle. The best type of man-gate is an 18 in. (46cm) wide, spring-loaded steel flap. The gate opens inward toward the cattle and is held shut be a spring. A person can quickly escape because there is no latch to fool with. The man-gates can be consructed form 10 gauge steel with a rim of 1/2 in. (1.3cm) rod. Some of the information in this paper was obtained from: Ron Kilgour, Ruakura, New Zealand. Bud Williams, Ranch Management Consultants, Albuquerque, New Mexico 10

32 Handler position to stop movement Handler position to start movement Point of balance 1. Fllght zone diagram., ' :' - leader. f'o.s't,oh AT _...J '-,J'"\./!,.O OF PAiT N,.' J. --., M-. U""'\ / i. ADEft. fr)5tlon 4'_ PON" f BALANCE J 1- '" A-r.5TAltT Of U VEMfNT PATTERN FL./frHT ZONE BOUNDRY REAf\ /'\./r HANDLER RE.PEAT'N MoVEMENT PATT&tN 2. Handler positions to move groups of cattle on pasture.

33 Af'CH STRAti+LERS 'ONT OF BAL.ANCE :&..... C'- PDNT of 8ALANCE RfTUtN TD /'AiTEltN DN DA,"RA s, 3. Handler positions to bring stragglers back into the herd. CORRAL FL&-HT ZON?E BOVNORV t.jtttja/v SDE '1b 5.0 AOtJEMfHT' co«rf'''' wafo "HO 8ACKCtJAltD 4. leader handler position for filling corral.

34 -r 'LE trranon 11" 5. Handler positions for emotylng 8 pen and sorting at a 9ate.

35 CRUS,", SQUE ZE ROUND FORC.' We;. PEN \ CURVED RAf CMUT l-oadn6 t"",p 6. Basic curved handling facility. ),."._r c..._.afl..l'., u, Al c...,. ij'. r ' 'ljr_,,'"_, \. ">»:'..,., Mec...".." C...,,..,.'!W'" N.., 7. Corral system for a large ranch.

36 GRANDN LVESTOCK DANDLNG SYSTBMS, NC. An Arizona Corpol1lUon MEMBER 2918 Silver Plume Drive, Suite C3 Fort Collins, Colorado (970) Answering service (970) Temple Grandin. Ph.D PAS. American Registry of professional Animal Scientists Tips for Low Stress'Cattle'Handling 1. Slow is faster. When cattle become excited up to 30 minutes is required for thei,heartrate to return to normal. Animals should be moved at a slow walk and handlers should make slow deliberate movements. Sudden jerky movements by people excite cattle. 2. The round crowd pen shown in these draw; ngs should be filled only three quarters full. Half full i's even better. The cattle need room to turn. The crowd gate should not be pushed up tight against the animals. 3. f the lead animal balks and refuses to enter the single file chute you should look for visual distractions up ahead such as a chain hanging in the chute, seeinq 'people up ahead, a coat on the fence, changes in flooring type or texture. The oneway gate which prevents cattle from backing out of the single file chute should be held open. Many feedlots and ranches have improved cattle movement into,the single file chute by equipping the oneway gate with a remote control rope so that it can be held open for the cattle.' 4. Lighting problems may make cattle balk. Animals often refuse to enter a dark place. f the facility is located inside a building the animals will often enter more easily if a door or skylight allows enough light in to illuminate the entrance to the single file chute. Cattle will often refuse to leave a brightly illuminated crowd pen and enter a dark single file chute. 5. To induce cattle to walk into the squeeze chute the handler should walk in,. the OPPOSTE di rection of desi red movement (See diagrams) 6. Reduce noise in every way possible. Cattle have more sensitive ears than people. Equip gates with rubber stops todstop clanging and banging Reducing both equipment noise and yelling and whistling ill keep the animals calmer and easier to move. 7. t will take about two weeks of effort to learn quiet handling methods. Electric prods should be replaced with other driving aids such plastic paddles and sticks with flags' on.them. Use these aids to turn the cattle. 8. Taking the time to learn quiet cattle handling will help improve profits. Excited stessed cattle gain less weight and are more likely to get sick. One large feedlot foound that eliminating electric prods and using quiet handling'enbled their cattle to get back on feed"more quickly.

37 Handler Movement Pattern to Keep Cattle Moving nto a Squeeze Chute or Restrainer Squeez Chute Point of Balance Cattle will move forward when the handler passes the point of balance at the shoulder of each animal. The handler walks in the opposite direction along side the single file race.

38 Handler MovementPattern to Keep Cattle Moving nto the Squeeze Chute in a Curved Chute System Point of Balance Crowd Pen

39 Low Stress Methods for Moving Cattle on Pastures, Paddocks, and large Feedlot Pens by Temple Grandin, Jennifer Lanier and Mark Deesing Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Bud Williams is a well known cattle handling expert from Alberta, Canada, who tor many years has practiced and taught low stress methods for moving cattle. For those who know ofbud Williams and have watched him move cattle, or who have attended one of his many clinics held throughout Canada and the U.S., it is clear that these methods really work. What Bud does has been called magic. However, many people try these methods and become frustrated and give up because they can not make them work. t is our opinion that the problem results from instructions that are not clear. t is the job of animal behaviorists to interpret animal behavior and translate in clear language the cause of behaviors and the underlying motivations for them. For years, we have been interested in the Bud Williams methods for moving cattle because low stress methods ofhandling cattle are known to improve both productivity and welfare. For xample, in a cow-calf operation, when the animals are being moved from pastures nto corrals, or in pasture rotation movements, cows that get excited and run wildly when being driven can lose their calves, or the calves can get stressed and will gain less weight. Wild, uncontrolled movement of cattle causes stress in the animals, wear and tear on equipment or fences, and a greater incidence of injuries to both handlers and cattle. Slow, calm movement of cattle in feedlots can also lower stress, reduce sickness, and enable cattle J get back on feed faster. Cattle that run wildly down alleys into the processing

40 area become stressed pnor to the stress imposed by restraint for normal husbandry procedures. n order to lower stress and improve productivity, calm, quiet handling of cattle in all aspects ofmanagement is very important. The Bud Williams methods of calm, slow movement of cattle on pastures can be defined as a stimulus-response relationship. The "stimulus" is a person who simulates predator "stalking behavior", which elicits predatory "avoidance behavior" in the cattle. The "stalking" behavior simulated by the person is similar to the behavior of a predator such as a lion or a wolf. First, the predator locates the herd. Then it.begins a slow survey of the herd by walking in a circular direction around the herd looking for weak or old animals. The behavior ofthe predator circling the herd causes anxiety in the animals. The cattle become uneasy over an impending attack by the predator and begin to loosely bunch together. This uneasiness and slight anxiety comes before the fear and flight elicited by an actual attack. t is important to remember before attempting to use these methods that it is anxiety that makes this technique work and not fear. The methods used by Bud Williams to move herds ofcattle on pastures or to move cattle in large feedlot pens are easy to learn if you have patience and take your time. The handler moves at a normal walking speed (as a stalking predator would) and there should be no noise such as whistling, yelling. or whip cracking. f the cattle start running, these methods will not work. This method only works on animals that are slightly anxious and not fearful to the point of flight and running to get away. f the animals become excited in your first attempt and start running. they must be allowed to calm down for at least 30 minutes before the next attempt is made. Handler movements must be steady and deliberate with no sudden jerky movements or arm waving.

41 These methods work best on cattle with a fairly large flight zone. We attempted 10 use these methods on a large group of tame feedlot cattle with no success. t is very difficult to elicit predatory avoidance behavior in tame cattle with extensive contact with people. Tame cattle can often be moved easily by leading them. There are also time of day effects that may aid handler movements. For example, cattle that are actively grazing a pasture tend to spread out, whereas cattle resting between grazing will bunch closer together. There are three steps in the process ofmoving cattle on large pastures: 1. Gathering and Loose Bunching: This is the most critical step. The. majority of the herd must be loosely bunched before any attempt is made to move the herd. Depending on herd size, wildness ofthe cattle, and the terrain, it will usually take 5 to 20 minutes to induce the herd to form a loose bunch. This is accomplished by applying very light pressure on the edge of the collective flight zone to induce the animals to move into a loose bunch. The handler should locate the majority of the herd and start making a series of wide back and forth movements on the edge of the herd. You should move in the pattern of a giant windshield wiper (Figure 1). The handler can induce the rear animals to begin to move by giving them a "predatory" stare. This simulates the initial stalking behavior of a predator sizing up the herd. The handler should keep continuously moving back and forth f you stop moving and linger too long in one animal s blind spot it may turn back and look at you. On open pastures, it is.mportant to take your time. Six to twenty wide back and forth movements of 100 meters or more may be required to move the herd into a loose bunch. Handler movement patterns on large pastures and other large spaces are much larger than

42 handler movement patterns in confined spaces such as alleys or feedlot pens. Animals spread out over large areas require larger movements than animals gathered together in smaller spaces. The handler should continuously walk back and forth and move enough to the side that the lead animals can see him. (Figure1). Cattle that are offto one side ofthe pasture will be attracted as the herd noves into a loose bunch. Animals hidden in the brush or timber will be drawn out because they seek the safety ofthe herd. Do not chase stragglers. t is very important that the handler resist the urge to press the cattle into louse bunching to quickly. Remember, in this step the handler is attempting to cause' slight anxiety in the animals by simulating predator "stalking" behavior. Stalking behavior causes anxiety which makes the animals want to bunch together closely for safety. This anxiety comes before the fear and flight caused by an attack by the predator. Take your time to allow the animals to bunch together and to allow calves to find their mothers (Figure 1). 2. nitiating Movement: When the majority of the herd has come together into a loose bunch, increase pressure on the collective flight zone to initiate movement in the desired direction (Figure 2). The handler continues the back and forth movements but presses closer to the herd to induce movement. This will cause the herd to move forward and begin to string out. Handlers need to differentiate between "good" and "bad" movement of the cattle. When cattle have "good movement, they can easily be driven in the desired direction. When animals have good movement that are all headed in the same direction and moving smoothly. They will look like a group of animals walking to

43 water or making some other voluntary group movement on a large pasture. n a large group of animals, "good" movement starts with one animal and additional animals will gradually follow. "Good" movement entices the other animals to follow, and bad movements prevents other animals from following in an orderly manner. There are two types of "bad" movement; 1) running, cutting back, and other panic induced movements, 2) animals stop moving as an orderly stream in the desired direction. The first signs of bad movement are stopping, wavering towards motion or starting to tum away from the desired direction to look at the handler. The extreme form oftype two movement is circular movement. Good movement can be disrupted when the animals are attempting to locate the handler s position. This is a natural anti-predator behavior of prey species. They want to know where the predator is and what its intentions are. Animals will turn and look at a person or a dog that is either in their blind spot behind their rear or is out side their flight zone. Handlers should not remain more than momentarily in any individual animal's blind spot Walking through the blind spot will not cause a problem. To make the group move pressure has to be applied to both the collective flight zone and individual animals within the moving herd When an animal or a group responds to the handle's pressure on the flight zone, the handlers must MMEDATELY stop forward movement or change direction ofmovement to relieve pressure. This rewards the animal for moving in the desired direction and the animal is more likely to continue that movement. When the desired movement slows down, the handler must apply pressure again.

44 Every time you are working your animals you are training them. You can train them to be easy to handle and have good movement or you can train them to be difficult and have bad movement. 3. Controlling Movement Direction: Animals must all be walking in the same direction before any attempt is made to change the direction of movement. \Vhen good movement is initiated, the handler can control the direction ofmovement by moving to the left to make the cattle turn right and visa versa (Figure 3). A.basic principle is to alternately penetrate and withdraw from the animal's flight zone. Other movement patterns are shown on other parts ofour web page,

45 Figure 1. Handler zig-zag movement pattern for use in open pastures to induce cattle to move into a loose bunch. Direction of desired movement gnore stragglers )fj:.,. \,,...,.. ' : ':: ''' ';"r f>. - gnore stragglers.".',._,.',...-..

46 Figure 2. Handler zig-zag movement pattern for use in open pastures starting movement in the desired direction. Direction of desired movement JiL f& :::: \ Handler movement in " shaded area """ makes the whole "-, group move "-, forward " """".. "" " Starting Point... R The handler must zig-zag back and forth to keep the herd going. straight. magine that the leaders are the pivotpoint ofa windshield wiper and the handler is out on the end ofthe blade sweeping back and forth. As the herd narrows and gets good forward movement, the width ofthe handler's zig-zag narrows.

47 Figure 3. Handler zig-zag movementpattem for continuing animal movement on open pastures. Direction ofdesiredmovement When every animal is heading in the desired direction, the width of the zig-zag becomes very narrow and the handler can now use the T-square movement pattern.

48 GRANDN LVESTOCK landlng SYSTEMS, NC. AD Arizona CorpomUon MEMBER 2918 Silver Plume Drive, Suite C3 Fort Collins, Colorado (970) Answering senice (970) Temple Grandin, Ph.D., PAS. American Registry of Professional Animal Scientists Tips for Squeeze Chutes 1. nstall solid sides on your squeeze chute. Th cattle will enter more easily and impact on the headgate will be decreased. The animals will remain calmer and easier to work on. The most important part of the squeeze chute to cover is the back section closest to the tail gate. f you do ndt believe that solid sides really work you should experiment with cardboard. Solid sides can also be created by installing angled rubber louvres on the side bars. 2. The chute leading up to the squeeze chute should also have solid sides. Solid sides on the squeeze chute must be used in conjunction with solid sides on the leadup chute to get the maximum calming effect. 3. Cattle entering the squeeze should not be able to see the person standing next to the chute. However they must see light through the headgate opening. Cattle will enter more quietly if their vision through the headgate is restricted so''that they can not see other cattle. f they see other cattle they are more l tkelvto lunge at the headgate.\a solid sorting gate in front of the headgate is ideal.. 4. Use the concept of optimum pressure. A common mistake is to squeeze cattle too hard when they struggle. A squeeze chute must apply sufficient pressure to make the animal feel restrained, but excessive pressure which causes pain should be avoided. Less pressure will be required to hold an animal when solid sides are installed on the squeeze chute. Excessive pressure applied by a hydraulic chute can cause severe injuries. The chute should be adjusted so that the hydraulic system bypasses at approximately 500 psi. The correct pressure setting will vary depending on the mechani celtinkaqe on the chute. 5. Cattle must have'non-slip flooring. An animal which slips and feels like it is going to fall is more likely to struggle. 6. Reduce noise such as clanging and banging by installing rubber stops. Some new squeeze chutes are engineered to reduce noise. They are worth the extra money. The hydraulic system should be engineered, to be quiet. High pitched noise is more stressful than low pitched noise. Cattle are most sensitive to 8000 hz. 7. When solid sides are installed the cattle will walk in calmly. This will make it possible to apply pressure to the animal with a slow steady motion. Sudden jerky motion of a restraint device agitates and excites the cattle.

49 Cortisol Levels During Restraint Beef Cattle - Rough Handling Electric Prods 63 Deer - Tranquilizer Dart Deer - Netted Beef Cattle - Quiet Handling Dairy Cows_13 Cattle Baseline Trained Antelope ,...,--_--""'" '-- _ o Ng/ml Cortisol is stress hormone which is secreted when animals are stressed. Stressed animals with high levels of cortisol are more likely to get sick and have poor growth. Quiet handling greatly reduces stress. The cortisol levels on this grap were obtained from a number of different articles in the scientific literature. Training animals to handling procedures such as restraint and moving through the corrals will further reduce stress. Trained animals are the least stressed because they are the least fearful. Fearful animals will have high levels of stress. Fear is a very strong stressor which will greatly raise cortisol levels. The range of cortisol values for ruminant animals such as cattle, deer, and antelope are very similar so a comparison between different ruminants is valid. Pigs and chickens have a completely different range of cortisol values. The values on this graph must not be used with non-ruminanats.

50 FOOD-ANMAL PRACTCE PEER-REVEWED Solving livestock handling problems Based on 20 years of personal experience, this author describes three steps for improving the handling of hogs and cattle: selecting animals with a calm temperament, correcting facility problems that impede livestock movement, and training handlers. TEMPLE GRANDN, PhD Department of AnimalSciences Collegeof Agricuttural Sciences ColoradoState University Fort Collins.ColoradoB0523 Reprinted with permission from VEfERNARY MEDCNE TO SOLVE ANMAL handling problems, veterinarians must determine if the difficulties arise from one or more of the following factors: 1) an animal temperament problem, 2) a facility problem, or 3) a personnel problem. During the past few years, have observed an increasing number of handling problems caused by nervous, flighty, excitable hogs and cattle. Both producers and seedstock breeders should be encouraged to select animals with a calm temperament. Animals balking and refusing to move through a chute or other facility can also be caused by a wide array of facility defects, ranging from major mistakes in design to easily corrected problems such as inadequate lighting. The most common problems related to personnel are rough handling, excessive prodding, and overcrowding of animals in a crowd pen. Cattle and hogs remember bad experiences, and animals that have been handled roughly become more difficult to handle in the future.p' Successful identification and correction of faetors that Contribute to animal handling problems can help produce better-quality meat and provide a safer environment for both the animals and their handlers. Agitation and excitement during handling shortly before slaughter can in crease the occurrence of meat-qual ity defects (pale soft exudative pork and dark cutting in beef). Both of these conditions reduce the quality and value ofthe meal Choosing less excitable genetic lines One factor that contributes to han dling problems is an excitable ani mal temperament. Hogs from ex citable genetic lines are more diffi cult to drive through chutes because they tend to bunch together.! Both hogs and cattle from excitable ge netic lines are more likelyto balk or back up when being moved through chutes or into a restraint device. Excitable animals appear to be more vigilant and wary of novelty (such as sounds they have not heard before) than are animals with a caimer temperament. have ob served excitable animals balk at small distractions, such as a shadow or a puddle, that a calmer animal would ignore. Cattle with an ex citable temperament are more likely to becomeagitated and injure them selves when they experience some thing new such as handling at an auction. Excitable cattle that have VE1'ERNARV MEDCHJOC:'rC&R 1.1.

51 FOOD-ANMAL PRACTCE Solving livestock handling problems (cont'd) been handled gently may be quiet and calm when they are in familiar surroundings, but may become highly agitated at an auction or feedlot. Nervous, excitable temperament appears to cause handling problems that are somewhat different from the agitated behavior caused by experiences with rough handling. When excitable cattle are restrained, their behavior appears to be similar to that of a frenzied horse that has caught its leg in a fence. Animals with an excitable temperament are more likely to vocalize or injure themselves during handling. recently observed a group of feedlot heifers that constantly bellowed whilestanding in the crowdpen at a packing plant. These cattle were very nervous, and they jumped and reared much more often than the other cattle processed that day. These heifers also had a masculine appearance, probably due to the excessive use of androgenic growth implants. On another day, observed a secondgroup of Europeancontinental-cross heifers that constantly bellowed and kicked at handlers. Three animals arrived at the plant with severe hoofinjuries. The cattle appeared otherwise normal. The injuries seemed to have occurred when the animals panicked after their feet had been caught in a truck ramp at the feedlot. The increasing occurrence of flighty, excitable livestock coincides with the drive to produce leaner pork and beef. n my opinion, indiscriminant selectionfor rapid growth and leanness tends to produce animals with a more excitable temperament. My observations at packing plants indicate that increased excitability is causing serious handling problems. Some groups of hogs or cattle are easy to drive and others constantly balk and show signs of agitation. This not only can reduce the quality of the meat but causes an animal welfare problem because excitable animals that refuse to move through a handling facility are more likely to be handled in an abusive manner by frustrated handlers. Practical experience has shown that flighty, excitable animals are more likely to have meat-quality defects (e.g. pale soft exudative pork or dark cutting in beef). n cattle, the most serious temperament problems tend to occur in European continental breeds. Cattle from some genetic lines of these breeds are excitable. The history of the continental breeds may explain why the British breeds are less likely to go into a frenzy in a squeeze chute. speculate that breeds from countries such as France and taly have more severe temperament problems than breeds from England because they have not been reared under extensive conditions on rangeland where they have little contact with people. For centuries, French beef cattle have been halter broken, milked, and tamed. Today in French packing plants, cattle are held in halter tieup stalls similar to a livestockshow. When cattle are completely tamed and acclimated to people, milking machines, and vehicles, excitable temperament traits may be masked. Therefore, producers have never had to cull animals for temperament problems. British producers, on the other hand, have reared cattle semiextensively on pasture. Their animals were seldom halter broken. Animalsfrom excitable genetic lines would have been culled because handling them in primitive handling facilitiesis difficult and dangerous. Practitioners should educate producers and breeders on choosing lean animals with calm temperaments. An easy method of scoring the temperament of breeding stock is to rank animals by temperament while each is held in a squeeze chute or a scale. Each animal needs to be rated individually because temperament differences are less apparent when animals are in a group. A simple ranking system is as follows: 1 - Remains calm, stands still 2 - Appears slightly restless 3 - Appears very restless 4 - Vigorouslyshakes the squeeze chute and attempts to escape 5 - Acts berserk, frenzied. t is also essential that each animal's temperament be evaluated more than once. n one study, 9% of 53 bulls received a 4 or 5 ranking during four different handling sessions, and about 50% of the bulls were always calm, receiving a ranking of 1 or 2 each time.' The rest of the animals had mixed ratings. Similar results were obtained when 102 steers were rated. Six percent of the steers became agitated every time they were handled, and 64% were always calm. This is why culling decisions should be based on two or three evaluations. Animals that consistently exhibit bad dispositions when handled are the ones that need to be culled. Cullingbased on one evaluation may remove a. good animal that became excited only because another animal nearby 990 VE1ERNARVMEDlCHJOCTOBER 1994

52 FOOD-ANMAL PRAcnCE Solving livestock handling problems (confd) was excited. Excitement tends to spread through a group of cattle or hogs. One excited animal can excite other usually calm animals. Troubleshooting problems with facilities The first step in troubleshooting facility problems is to distinguish between major design mistakes and easily corrected faults. The most serious layout mistake is dead-ending a single-file chute that leads up to a squeeze chute. The single-file chute must not be bent sharply at the junction between the chute and the crowd pen. A facility with a deadended chute works very poorly because animals will refuse to enter the chute. To induce them to enter, cattle and hogs standing in a crowd pen must be able to see at least two body lengths ahead in a single-file chute. For cattle, a curved chute is.more efficient because it prevents them from seeing people up ahead. Figure 1 shows a curved handling facility designed. Hogs will refuse to leave their building during truck loading when it is either cold or very bright outside. Enclosing the loading facilities usually will improve the hogs' movement. Animals also often refuse to enter a dark place. When single-file chutes are used to direct cattle to a squeeze chute, a wall of the building should never fall at the junction between the crowd pen and the singlefile chute because the wall makes the entrance look dark. Cattle move more readily if they are lined up in the single-file chute before they pass through an entrance in the wall of a building. Therefore, the single-file chute should extend two or more body lengthsfrom a wall. Both cattle and hogs have wide- covered. Simple, solid, drop-down angle vision. 5 Many chutes and load- panels can be constructed to allow ing ramps can be greatly improved access to the animal. by adding solid sides to block the For hydraulic squeeze chutes, the animal's peripheral vision. Solid pressure relief valve must be set sides on single-file chutes, crowd properly to prevent excessive prespens, and loading ramps will facili- sure from injuring the animals. tate animal movement (Figure 1).2 Some examples of injuries caused Crowd gates on crowd pens should by excessive pressure are broken also be solid to keep animals from ribs, a ruptured diaphragm, or a tryingto turn back. fractured pelvis. When the squeeze Another common mistake is build- control lever is pressed all the way ing chutes that are too wide. t is down, the relief valve must autoimpossible to move animals quietly matically bypass to the hydraulic through a chute if they become. reservoir to prevent excessive presjammed side by side. Single-file sure on the animal. Animals must be chutes for market-weight hogs held snugly to provide the feeling of should be 41 cm wide, and cattle being held, but excessive pressure chutes should be 66 to 71 em wide causes pain and animals will fight for cows and 76 em wide for market- restraint. fthe squeeze chute is too weight feedlot cattle. Single-file tight, the pressure should be rechutes should be sized so that the duced slowly; a sudden or jerky molargest animal. has only 1 or 2 em of tion causes excitement, but a slow, clearance on each side. steady motion is calming. Nonslip flooring is absolutely essential for safe, humane livestock Simple improvements handling. t is impossible to handle in facilities animals calmly and quietly if they Some excitability problems in are constantly slipping or falling hogs are caused by a lack of environmental stimulation in indoor down. Failing on scales and in front of the squeeze chute can be prevented by installing a floor grating Playing a radio in the finishing growing and finishing buildings. constructed from l-in. steel rods building can help prevent an excessive startle reaction to a sudden placed on 12-in. centers. have learned of an increasing noise, such as a door slamming shut. number of injuries to cattle caused Providing finishing hogs with hanging rubber hose toys to chew and by headgates. The problem may partially be due to more excitable cattle, but many of these injuries are ple in their pens will produce ensuring weekly contact with peo caused by failure to slow the animal calmer animals that are easier to down in the squeeze chute before it handle. The animals do distinguish hits the headgate. Excessive use of between interacting with people in electric prods also contributes to injuries because excited cattle hit the aisles, so it is important to have. their pens and seeing people in the headgate too hard. Flighty cattle remain calmer if the standard open f people remain only in the aisles, personnel actually enter each pen. barred sides of a squeeze chute are the animals are more likely to be

53 fearful when a person enters their pen for truck loading. Distractions that appear to be insignificant, such as a wiggling chain in a chute, and lighting mistakes, such as a chute entrance that looks like a black cave to the animal, can min the efficiency of the best chutes and crowd pens. Simple changes in lighting can improve animal movement. At night, lamps can be used to attract animals to trucks, and, in indoor facilities, chutes must be illuminated so animals can see where they are going. Both cattle and hogs tend to move from darker places to brighter areas.2.6 To attract the animals, the lamps must be aimed toward the place the animals are entering. A good example is using a spotlight to encourage animals to move into a chute. The lamp must not shine into the eyes of approaching animals because glaring, blinding light impedes movement. Both cattle and hogs will balk if they see a sparkling reflection in a puddle or a moving reflection on a sheet of metal. To locate these problems, someone must get into the empty chute and see what the animal is seeing. Moving a lamp away from the center line of a chute can eliminate a reflection on a wet floor. Any object on a fence or in a chute that appears novel also causes balking. A piece of paper lying in an alley causes both cattle and hogs to stop. A hat or coat hanging on a fence causes balking. have seen cattle balk at a small chain hanging down in a single-file chute. n one location, the leader of an approaching group of cattle stopped to watch a small, jiggling chain. n another facility, hogs balked when they had to pass by a jijtjtlinjt Jtate. Some of these distractions are subtle and require careful observation for people to detect them. To determine if small distractions are causing the balking, the animals have to be calm. t is almost impossible to determine the cause of balking when cattle or hogs are excited. Calm animals will stop and look directly at what is distracting them. Both cattle and hogs are sensitive to changes in the color and texture of floors and fences. Animals tend to balk when moving between areas with different types of fences. Painting facilities a single color improves movement. Most colors work well, but light colors should be used in wanner areas of the country to keep the facility cooler. Contrary to popular belief, cattle and hogs do see color. 7,B Drain grates and metal plates on the floor also cause balking when animals are driven over them. n beef facilities, drains should be located outside of main drive alleys, chutes, and crowd pens. A dairy cow that walks over a grate every day learns to ignore it, but an animal that has just arrived at the dairy will balk at the grate for several days. n swine confinement facilities, hogs will balk at white plastic strips used as door thresholds. Figure 2 shows a plastic threshold that hogs refused to walk over. Grower, finishing, or nursery pigs that have never walked on concrete floors often refuse to move on such a surface. Pigs raised on metal mesh or plastic floors walk more readily on concrete if they are allowed to explore a concrete floor for 30 to 60 minutes before driving or other handling is attempted. Animals may also refuse to move ifthey can see people ahead. Practitioners need to look up the chutes to determine if the animals can see other people ahead. nstalling shields to prevent animals from seeing people farther ahead often facilitates movement. Gates can also be rigged with remote controls so that they can be opened by a handler standing behind the cattle (FigureS). Noise reduction in facilities High-frequency sounds or loud intennittent noises are likely to cause animalsto balk. Although no studies are available on sound sensitivity in hogs, cattle and sheep are more sensitive to high-pitched sounds than people are. 9,10 The high-pitched whine from a hydraulic pump on a squeeze chute may increase balking in cattle. The pump and motor should be moved off the squeeze chute or a low-noise pump and motor must be purchased. At packing plants, have seen cattle balk at a high-pitched noise, such as the whine of undersized hydraulic plumbing, but ignore a low-frequency sound, such as the nunbling of a chain conveyor. Cattle voluntarily entered chutes near equipment that made a low-frequency rumbling. The sound of metal clanging and banging causes a startle reaction, but have seen an even greater' startle reaction to air exhausts that hissed. Hissing air exhausts should be piped outside or quieted with muftlers that can be purchased from an industrial supplier. Perfecting handling procedures Quiet, calm handling of animals'is impossible in facilities where animals constantly balk or stop. How-: evert once problems with the facili- -c» VEERNARV MEDClNEOCTOBE 1* 99J.

54 FOOD-ANMAL PRACTCE Solving livestock handling problems (confd) -- FlQure 1 (-:\>. J. '1"6.r... ',,::,.:,:: 1-4: Y':=::':...,; - FlQUl'84 1. A curved processing facility designed by the author for handling feedlot cattle. To facilitate the movement of cattle, the single-file chute. the crowd pen. and the curved approach alleyall have solid sides. Curves improve cattle flow because the animals cannot see people standing by the squeeze chute. 1he chute must be designed so tnat cattle standing n the crowd pen can see two body lengths into the chute entrance. 2. Hogs refused to cross trus threshold. Removal of the thresholds will improve hog movement. 3. At ttus tacirty. a rope Sused to open a gate from behnd a group of cattle. Standing in front of the animals to open the gate would cause balking. Both hogs and cattle are reluctant to approach a person they see ahead. 4. A stick with a plastic streamer on the end is a useful tool for moving cattle out of a crowd pen and into the single-file chute. 1he streamer is waved beside an animal's head to tum it. ties are fixed, the next step is to perfect calm, quiet handling methods. Handlers need to be trained in the basic principles of livestock behavior. The most important principles relate to the animal's flight zone and point of balance. The point of balance is located at the animal's shoulder. To make an animal move forward, the handler must be positioned behind the point of balance. l1,12 To make an animal move backward, the handler must stand in front of the point ofbalance. Handlers often make the mistake of standing in front of an animal whde

55 FOOD-ANMAL PRACTCE SoMnglivestock handling problems (confd) attempting to move it forward. Handlers must also learn to position themselves on the edge of the animal's flight zone. The flight zone is the animal's personal space. and its size is detennined by the wildness or tameness of the animal. When a person enters the flight zone, the animal will move away. The size of the flight zone varies from 0 m for tame, halter-broken cattle, to 2 to 5 m for feedlot cattle, to 5 to 20 m for range cattle. Cattle that have been treated roughly have a larger flight zone. The animal's experiences have a tremendous effect on its current behavior and response to stress. 13 One of the most common handling mistakes is placing too many animals in a crowd pen. A crowd pen should never be more than threequarters full. Livestock will move into a chute more efficiently if handlers wait until the chute is half empty before bringing another group into the crowd pen. This provides sufficient chute space so that several animals can follow a leader into it. Overuse of electric prods is another frequent handling problem. The prod should be used only if an animal refuses to enter a squeeze chute or truck. Cattle must never be prodded when there is no place to go. Electric prods should never be used on breeding swine, and should be used sparingly when loading market hogs. The use of electric prods on breeding swine may cause them to fear people. Australian research has shown that sows that are fearful of people will farrow fewer piglets." Cows will learn to move promptly to avoid electric prodding, and may even learn to move when they simply hear the buzz of an electric prod. f tail twisting is used to move cattle, the handler must release the tail when the animal moves forward. This rewards the animal for moving. The next time, the animal will move when the handler touches its tail. Many handlers make the mistake of continuously twisting the tail. Both cattle and hogs can be moved and turned in a crowd pen by using a stick with either plastic streamers or a plastic garbage bag tied on the end (Figure 4).The plastic is used to block the animal's vision on one side and make it turn. Cattle can be easily turned and guided with the plastic streamers. have observed that many handling problems related to personnel have resulted from poor management or a lack of employee training. On many large operations, have seen handling practices either im-. prove or become rougher when a new manager is hired. From 20 years of experience, have concluded that management's attitude is the single most important determinant of how animals are treated. The best facilities in the world are worthless unless they are managed well. n conclusion. the three steps to improving livestock handling are selecting animals with a calm temperament. correcting problems in the facility that impede livestock movement, and training handlers. REFERENCES 1. Grandin. T.: Reduce Stress of Handling to mprove ProduetMty of l.nestock. Vet. Med. 79: : GrancM. T.: Handling Facilittes and Restraintof Range Cattle. LNestOCk Handlmgand TranSlJO/t (T. Grandin. ad.). CAB international. Oxen. Wailgford, UK. 1993; pp Grandln. T.: EnwormentaJ and Genetic Factors Whdl Con1nbute to Handlrlg Problems 1'1 Pigs. LNtr stock ErMronment N. Amencan SoCety of Agncul. tura. St. Joseph. Mdt. 1993: pp Grandin. T.: BehaVOral AgnatlO("l Ounng Handling of Cattle s Persstent Over Time. A()p. Anlm. Benav. Sci. 36:1-9: Pnnce. J.H.: The Eye anc: V$Or. Duke's Physiol. ogy 0' DomestC AnrmaJs (M.J. Swenson. ec.). Cor nell Urwersrty Press. ttnaca. N.Y. 1977; pp Lambooij. E,; van Putten. G.: Transport of Pgs. Livestock Handlng and TranSlJO/t (T. Grandin. ed.). CAB ntematjonal. Oxen. Wallingford. UK. 1993; PO lhines. G.; Softie. M.:Prelmr.ary Expenments on ColorVSion rl Cattle. Sr. Vet. J. 133:97-98: Klopfer. F.D.; Butler. R.L: ColorVSonin SWne. Am. Zoo. 4:294: Ames. D.R.: Arehart. L.A.: PhYSological Response of Lambs to Auditory Stmuli. J. Anim. Sci. 34; : Klgour. R. et aj: Usng Operant Test Results Dectsions on Cattle Welfare. Proc. Conf. Human Anim. Bond. Urwersity of MlM8SOta. St. Paul Grandin. T.: Animal Handling. Vet. Clin. North Am. (Fooc:J Anim.Pract.) 3: ; Kilgour. R.; Datton. C.: Livestock BehaviOr: A PractCal GUde. Westview Press. Boulder. Colo.; Hemsworth. P.H.: Behavioral Pnnciples of Pig Handling. Livestock Handlmg and Transport (T. Grandin. ad.). CAB nternatjonaj. Oxen. Wallingford, UK. 1993; pp VETERNARV MEDlClNEJOCTOllER 1994

56 Feedlot Cattle with Calm Temperaments Have Higher Average Daily Gains Than Cattle with Excitable Temperaments' B. D. Voisinet, T. Grandin,2 J. D. Tatum, S. F. O'Connor.f and J. J. Struthers Department of Animal Sciences. Colorado State University, Fort Collins ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to assess the effect of temperament on the average daily gains of feedlot cattle. Cattle (292 steers and 144 heifers) were transported to Colorado feedlot facilities. Breeds studied included Braford (n = 177), Simmental x Red Angus t n = 92). Red Brangus (n = 70). Simbrah (n = 65). Angus (n = 18), and Tarentaise x Angus (n = 14 L Cattle were temperament rated on a numerical scale (chute score) during routine weighing and processing. Data were separated into two groups based on breed. Brahman cross ( 25% Brahman) and nonbrahman breeding. Animals that had Brahman breeding had a higher mean temperament rating (3.45 ±.09) or were more excitable than animals that had no Brahman influence (1.80 ±.10); t P <.00l). These data also show that heifers have a higher mean temperament rating than steers (P <.05). Temperament scores evaluated for each breed group also showed that increased temperament score resulted in decreased average daily gains (P <.05). These data show that cattle that were quieter and calmer during handling had greater average daily gains than cattle that became agitated during routine handling. Key Words: Beef Cattle, Temperament, Weight Gain, Breeds. Sex Differences J. Anim. Sci : ntroduction "N 0 one likes wild cattle. so why raise them?" This quote. from The Lasater Philosophy of Cattle Raising (Lasater seems obvious due to animal and handler safety concerns. Some beef producers do. in fact. consider temperament to be an important trait when selecting cattle for purchase (Elder et al ). Often. however, the economic implications of livestock temperament has been unrecognized. Reports of very excitable cattle that become highly agitated and excited when restrained or handled are increasing (Grandin. 1994). This trend could possiblv be counterproductive for the beef industrv. Few experiments have attempted to identify links between temperament and various measures of productivity. One study reported that cows with calm temperaments had a 25 to 30C«increase in milk production (Drugociu et al l. Observations tend lsupported bv the National Cattlemen's Beef ASSOCiation. Englewood. CO 8015;), The authors acknowledge Deseret Caul!' and Citrus Company in St. Cloud. Florida for their coopcrauon and assistance, :!To whom correspondence should be addressed JCurrent address: Gerber Ac.. nc S Chern' St.. Suite 600. Denver. CO Received June Accepted October to show that more excitable cattle with higher temperament scores have lower live weights andtor) weight gains (Tulloh, 1961; Fordyce and Goddard, 1984), though few data have been presented. The present study was conducted to identify the relationship between temperament and productivity as measured by daily weight gain. Materials and Methods Cattle. Four hundred thirty-six cattle (7 to 11 mo old). 292 steers and 144 heifers, were transported to feedlot facilities near Fort Collins. Colorado, for finishing. Breeds studied included Braford (3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Hereford or 1/2 Brahman x 1/2 Hereford), Simmental x Red Angus, Red Brangus (3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Red Angus or 1/4 Brahman x 3/4 Red Angus), Simbrah (3/8 Brahman x 5/8 Simmental), Angus, and Tarentaise x Angus. Braford, Red Brangus, and Simbrah cattle will be referred to as Bas indicus-cross; Simmental x Red Angus, Angus, and Tarentaise x Angus cattle will be referred to as Bos taurus. All cattle were received at the feedlot from October through December 1994 and acclimated to feedlot conditions for 2 to 3 wk before the start of the trial. The B. indicus-croes cattle were obtained from Florida, Simmental x Red Angus were obtained from Nebraska, and Angus and Tarentaise x Angus cattle 892

57 TEMPERAMENT AND AVERAGE DALY GAN N CATLE 893 were obtained from Wyoming. All cattle, regardless of origin, were produced on extensive operations with minimal human interaction. While in the feedlot, cattle were housed in groups of approximately 20 to 50 cattle, with group allotments determined by ranch and thus breed, sex, and weight. Cattle were fed to acquire a constant subcutaneous fat thickness of 9 to 13 mm (target =11 mm ) over the 12th rib, as determined by visual indices and ultrasound measurements. Al- cattle received a diet consisting primarily of whole corn and corn silage. For the complete diet, see O'Connor et al. (1997>' Growth implants were administered at the start of the finishing period and after approximately 120 d on feed. mplant protocols were as follows: steers were given an initial implant of Synovex-S (Syntex Animal Health, St. Louis, MO, 1994) and a second implant of Revalor-S (Hoechst Roussel Agri-Vet, Somerville, NJ); heifers received Finaplix-H (Hoechst Roussel Agri-Vet) for the initial and the second implants. Each heifer received.4 mgld of melengestrol acetate (MGA) for the entire feeding period. Experimental Procedure. Approximately every 28 d, weight gain assessment and ultrasound determination of subcutaneous fat thickness data were recorded for all cattle. During processing, two independent observers assessed the temperament of each animal. A single temperament rating was recorded for each animal by each observer. The number of cattle prohibited temperament observations for all cattle from being completed on a single day. Observer 1 scored cattle after they had four to eight previous experiences with the handling facility at the feedyards. Observer 2 scored cattle during the animals first encounter with the handling facilities. Observers temperament-scored the same cattle using slightly different methods. Observer 1 rated 436 B. indicus-cross and B. taurus cattle via a temperament rating system similar to that used in Grandin (1993 ), assigning scores of 1 through 5. Each animal's temperament was assessed while the animal was in a nonrestraining single-animal scale crate. Observer 2 rated 304 B. indicus-cross cattle in a hydraulic squeeze chute (crush) with a head stanchion. Observer 2 assigned scores of 1 through 4 designating behaviors similar to those denoted by the following five-point system: 1: calm. no movement; 2: restless shifting; 3: squirming, occasional shaking of device (squeeze chute or scale); 4: continuous vigorous movement and shaking of device; 5(4 ): rearing, twisting, or violently struggling. Restraint of animals in a hydraulic squeeze chute reduces the range of movement and therefore reduces the resolution of discrimination between categories on a rating scale; thus a four-point scale was used. No interobserver comparison can be made because of the differences in animal movement between the squeeze chute and scale and because of numerical differences in temperament rating scale. Due to these differences in method, the data sets have been analyzed separately and presented as two independent experiments. Experiments 1 and 2 will refer to data collected by observers 1 and 2, respectively. Statistical Anaiusi«. Data were analyzed using the SAS GLM procedure (SAS, 1985), Average daily gain was analyzed with a model that included breed, sex (where appropriate), temperament, siretbreed) (as a random effect), and fat thickness. Temperament was analyzed using a model that included breed, sex (where appropriate), siretbreed), and fat thickness. Pairwise comparisons were conducted between the means of each level of temperament score, breed, and sex. Results and Discussion Table 1 lists the unshrunk on-test and off-test least squares mean weights, days on feed, and average daily gains for animals in the study. Analysis of Breed Differences in Temperament Experiment 1. Observer 1 collected data on the Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle. Our analyses showed that temperament score differed between breed groups. No significant temperament score differences existed within B. indicus-cross cattle with respect to differing percentages of Brahman influence (1/4, 3/8, Table l. Least squares means for growth traits by breed- Breed" n On-test wt kg OfT-test wt, kg Days on feed Avg daily gain," kgld Braford 1-- ' 29( ±.03 Red Branzus 70 30t> 50i ±.04 Simbrah 65 32u ±.04 Angus ±.06 SimmentallRed Angus ±.02 Tarentaise/Angus ±.09 8Data listed are for all animals temperament scored by Observer 1. CYrraits are adjusted to a constant fat thickness of 11 mm using analysis of covariance techniques. The model included breed. sex (Brahman-cross only J. siret breed J. and fat thickness. 'Values are means :: SE. The error term for analysis of breed differences = siretbreedi (dfbos lndcus-cros5 = 73, dfbos taurus = 64),

58 894 VOSlNET ET AL. Table 2. Least squares means for temperament score by breed, steers only (Experiment 1) Braford Red Brangus Simbrah Bos indicus-cross Angus Simmental x Red Angus Tarentaise x Angus B05 taurus Mean temperament rankingb c 3.62 ±.15 d 3.78 ±.22 d 2.89 ±.22 e 3.46 ±.09' 1.70 ±.19 f 1.77 ±.07 f 2.36 ±.31 e 1.80 ±.10' amodel included breed. siretbreed, and fat thickness. The error term for analysis of breed differences = siretbreed) (df Bos lndlcus-eros mdividual breeds = 75: dfbos taurus individual breeds = 51 dfall.breed means = 123J. b} =calm. no movement: 2 =restless shifting: 3 = squirming. occasional shaking of restraint device: 4 = continuous vigorous movement and shaking of restraint device: 5 = rearing, twisting or violently struggling. 'Values are means ± SE. d.e.tmeans with different superscripts differ (P <.05 J. 1eans differ (P <.001 J. omitted from this analysis because onlv steers were present in the B. taurus breeds. Even though breed group differences were statistically significant, they may not represent true breedbased differences in temperament due to confounding by geographic origin. As was discussed in the Materials and Methods section, all B. indicus-cross breeds were obtained from a single location. Angus and Tarentaise x Angus cattle were obtained from a second location, and Simmental x Red Angus cattle were obtained from a third location. Experiment 2. No difference (P <.4) in temperament existed among any of the B. indicus breeds observed in the squeeze chute. Braford cattle had an average temperament score of 2.0 ±.12. Red Brangus cattle had a score of 2.18 ±.17, and Simbrah cattle had a score of 2.11 ±.14, on the 1 to 4 rating system. NoB. taurus cattle were included in this experiment (data not shown). Analyses of Weight Gain Difierences or 1/2 Brahman). Mean temperament scores of B. indicus-cross cattle were higher ( P <.001) than those for B. taurus steers. This agrees with research that has shown that B. indicus cattle are more temperamental or excitable than B. taurus cattle (Elder et al., 1980; Hearnshaw and Morris, 1984; Fordyce et al., 1988L Because of these differences, weight gain data for B. indicus-cross and B. taurus breed groups were analyzed separately. Mean temperament scores by breed are presented in Table 2. Differences were present within the B. indicus-cross breed group. with the Braford and Red Brangus cattle having more ( P <.05) excitable temperaments than Simbrah cattle. Accurate representation of mean temperament score for individual B. indicus-cross breeds (Braford. 3.62: Red Brangus, 3.78: Simbrah. 2.89) and the B. indicuscross breed group (3.46) necessitated that heifers be Experiment 1. Our results show a significant effect of temperament ranking on average daily gain in B. indicus-cross and B. taurus cattle (Table 3). The B. taurus steers with the calmest temperaments had.19 kg/d greater (P <.05) mean average daily gain than the steers with the highest temperament scores or most excitable temperaments. With the exception of B. indicus-cross steers and heifers that had a temperament score of 1, average daily gains in both breed groups decreased as temperament scores increased. The B. indicus cattle with calm temperaments (scores of 1 ) do not fit with this pattern. because they had the lowest average daily gains (.75 kg/d l. We speculate, however, that the small number of animals (n =4) and large standard error may have contributed to this apparently contradictory result. Experiment 2. Observer 2 temperament ranked 304 B. indicus-cross cattle on the four-point system Table 3. Least squares means for average dailv gam tor animals temperament-ranked for Experiment 1 Temperament ranking":" n }7 oo Bus taurus A\'g dailv gam.' ka/d 1.36 ::.os' 1.2!-1 ::.041: 1. EJ ::.06 n } Bos indicus-cross d Avg daily gain", kg/d.75 ±.12 h 1.07 ±.04 f 1.02 ±.03 f l: 1.01 ±.03 f l:.97 ±.04h "Model included temperament. breed. sex (B mdicus-ctos» on lvi. Sre! breed. and fat thickness. The error term for analysis of temperament differences = residual (df B ", truncu c-crs»:- = 274: dfb", Quru<-cros- = 84. U} =calm. no movement: 2 =restless shiftmg: 3 =squirming. occasional shaking of restraint device; 4 =continuous vigorous movement and shaking of restraint device: 5 = reanng, twisting or VOlently struggling, CSteers onlv. dsteers and heifers, "Values are means:: SE. f.g,nwithm each main effect. means with different superscripts differ ( P <.05l.

59 TEMPERAMENT AND AVERAGE DALY GAN N CATLE Rq::; Table 4. Least squares means for average daily gain for animals temperament-ranked for Experiment 2 Temperament ranking" Bas indicus-cross n Avg daily gain", kftld 1.04 ±.03 c 1.05 ±.03 c.95 ±.03 d.94 ±.06 cd 8Model included temperament. breed. sex. siretbreed), and fat thickness. The error term for analysis of temperament differences = residual ldf = 267). "Values are means ± SE. c.dmeans with different superscripts differ (P <.051. described previously (Table 4). Temperament score was a significant source of variation in average daily gain. Animals with temperament scores of 1 or 2 had higher i P <.05) average daily gains than animals with temperament scores of 3. The use of two observers and different experimental methods attests to the robustness of our results and the strength of the temperament effect on weight gain. Due to the lack of body restraint in the scale there was an increased ability for animal movement. As a result, observer 1 assigned more scores of 4 (25.9%) or 5 (14.0c;r ) than observer 2 assigned scores of 4 (6.6 c;r L Despite those differences, the results derived from the study remain consistent. We conclude from these results that the driving force behind average daily gain differences was primarily a product of calm temperaments. as opposed to excitable temperaments. Stated another way. calm cattle had increased average daily gains rather than excitable cattle having decreased average daily gains. More research. however. is necessary to confidently establish this. Analusi: of Sex Difierences Because heifers were present in Bas mdicus-crossgroups only. sex analyses were limited to the B. indicus-cross breed group. Sex was a significant source of variation. not only in average daily gam. as would be expected. but also in average temperament scores. Regardless of observer or temperament ranking system. heifers consistently had higher temperament scores than their male contemporaries (Table 5). n Experiment 1. heifers had a mean temperament score of and steers had a mean temperament score of n Experiment 2. the mean temperament score of heifers was 2.23 and that of steers was Similar sex differences in temperament have been found in British and European Continental exotic J cattle (Stricklin et al., 1980). Other research. which focused on B. taurus breeds. found similar trends. but no significant differences in temperament due to sex were detected (Tulloh. 1961: Shrode and Hammack. 1971). We hypothesize that sex differences may be evident only in certain breeds. For example. due to calmer temperaments among B. taurus breeds. sex differences may not be as pronounced as the sex differences in B. indicus or B. indicus-cross breeds (Elder et al., 1980; Fordvce et a L Studies with rodents, whih typically exhibit fear or anxiety (typically considered to be svnonvmous) have shown common, though inconsistent: sex differen'ces in behavior (Gray, 1987; Johnston and File >. Studies of fear may contribute to our knowledge of temperament by considering that fear. as a physiological state of the nervous system, ultimately results in certain behaviors (Gray, 1987), Additionally. Boissy (1995) defined fearfulness as a trait that determines the extent to which an individual becomes frightened in alarming situations. The evolutionary andtor) adaptive mechanisms underlying sex differences in temperament are not fully understood. Practical experience on ranches has shown that heifers are more temperamental than cows. The fact that this calming of their disposition occurs just after parturition is verified by rodent experiments. Just after parturition and during lactation, rats exhibit a decrease in emotional reactivity or fearfulness (Hard and Hansen, 1985), Nulliparous rats were more fearful than parturient females in a variety of tests, including those that measured emergence latencies from a box into an open field test arena and the inclination to flee from an intruder (Fleming and Luebke, 1981), Reduced fearfulness of parturient female rats is most likely hormonally mediated (Fleming and Luebke, 1981). n addition to genetically based differences in temperament, the possibility also exists for temperament to be influenced by growth-promotant implant protocols. which are completely confounded by sex; however, we found no research to support or refute this possibility in heifers. Two studies using steers and bulls have been conducted to examine behavioral effects of zeranol implants. Neither study showed a significant effect of implantation on agitation scores (Vanderwerf et al., 1985; Baker and Gonyou, 1986), Table 5. Sex differences in mean temperament score in Bos indicus-ctoss cattle Heifers Steers Mean temperament ranking" Experiment Experiment ±.F 3.39 ±.F 2.23 ±.10d 1.97 ±.10 d 8Model included breed. sex. siretbreedi, and fat thickness. The error term for analysis of gender differences =residual (dfob8erver 1 = 278: dfobserver 2 = 270. bvalues are means ± SE. cmeans differ (P <.01). Means differ (P <.05 J.

60 896 VOSNET ET AL. Experience also affects reactions to handling and restraint. Crookshank et a. (1979) showed that agitation and cortisol levels in cattle were decreased over multiple handling experiences. Gentling of animals is at least somewhat successful at reducing aversion to restraint and handling, although not enough to overcome the effects of highly aversive procedures (Hargreaves and Hutson, 1990). European Continental cattle that were worked through a squeeze chute repeatedly in a single day became increasingly agitated (Grandin, 1993). Calm Angus bulls, however, did not become agitated with additional passes through working facilities (B. D. Voisinet, unpublished data>. Other research, however, has shown that if given the opportunity to avoid highly aversive handling procedures, such as electroimmobilisation, sheep will do so consistently over many trials (Grandin et al., 1986>' Differences in the results between studies is likely due to differing levels of fear and how the animal perceives the aversiveness of a procedure. Animals are able to discriminate between different kinds of human interaction, aversive or nonaversive (Gonyou et al., 1986) and also between different areas of a restraint system where highly averse events occurred (Rushen, 1986). The levels of aversion expressed by an individual animal, however, are relatively persistent across multiple handling experiences (Fordyce and Goddard, 1984; Lyons, 1989; Grandin. 1993). Because of this and regardless of whether agitation in response to a particular handling event increases or decreases over time, one should expect agitation levels or temperament for an individual animal to remain relatively consistent with respect to its contemporaries. Heritability estimates of cattle temperament show that it is a moderately heritable trait (Shrode and Hammack. 1971: Stricklin et a., 1980; Fordyce et a., 1988l. Even though an economic analysis has not been completed at this time. the benefits of selecting for calmer or more docile animals may be more than enhanced animals and handler safety and decreased facility wear. Another advantage of selecting cattle with calmer temperaments would be increased welfare because injuries to the animal would be reduced. Research is needed to determine the physiological mechanisms underlying the effect of temperament on average daily gain. mplications Selection for calm temperaments mav become a key factor in maximizing production efficiency of cattle weight gains in feedlots. Cattle temperament is heritable. and temperament differences persist when animals are rated over a period of time. These two factors. considered together, imply that careful selection for a calm temperament may not only improve animal and handler safety but also increase economic returns via improved average daily gains. Literature Cited Baker, A. M., and H. W. Gonyou Effects of zeranol implantation and late castration on sexual. agonistic and handhng behavior in male feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1224. Boissy, A Fear and fearfulness in animals. Q. Re\'. Bio. 70: 165. Crookshank. H. R., M. H. Elissalde. R. G. White. D. C. Clanton. and H. E. Smalley Effect of transportation and handling of calves upon blood serum composition. J. Anim. Sci. 48:430. Drugociu, G., L. Runceanu, R. Nicorici. V. Hritcu, and S. Pascal Nervous typology of cows as a determining factor of sexual and productive behaviour. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 45:1262 (Abstr.). Elder. J. K, J. F. Kearnan, K S. Waters. G. H. Dunwell, F. R. Emmerson, S. G. Knott. and R. S. Morris A survey concerning cattle tick control in Queensland. 4. Use of resistant cattle and pasture spelling. Aust. Vet. J. 56:219. Fleming, A., and C. Luebke Timidity prevents the virgin female rat from being a good mother: Emotionality differences between nulliparous and parturient females. Physiol. & Behav. 27:863. Fordyce, G. E., R. M. Dodt, and J. R. Wythes Cattle temperaments in extensive beef herds in northern Queensland. 1. Factors affecting temperament. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 28:683. Fordyce, G. E., and M. E. Goddard Maternal influence on the temperament of Bos indicus-cross cows. Proe. Aust. Soc. Anim. Prod. 15:345. Gonyou, H. W.. P. H. Hemsworth, and J. L. Barnett Effects of frequent interactions with humans in growing pigs. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 16:269. Grandin, T Behavioral agitation during handling or"cattle is persistent over time. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 36:1. Grandin. T Solving livestock handling problems. Vet. Med. 89: 989. Grandin, T., S. E. Curtis, T. M. Widowski. and J. C. Thurmon Electro-immobilization versus mechanical restraint in an avoid-avoid choice test for ewes. J. Anim. Sci. 62:1469. Gray. J. A The Psychology of Fear and Stress (2nd Ed.). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, U.K. Hard. E.. and S. Hansen Reduced fearfulness in the lactating rat. Physiol. & Behav. 35:641. Hargreaves. A. L.. and G. D. Hutson The effect of gentling on heart rate. flight distance and aversion of sheep to a handling procedure. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 26:243. Hearnshaw. H.. and C. A. Morris Genetic and environmental effects on a temperament score in beef cattle. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 35:723. Johnston. A. L.. and S. E. File Sex differences in animal tests of anxiety. Phvsiol. & Behav. 49:245. Lasater, L. M The Lasater Philosophy of Cattle Raising. Texas Western Press. The University of Texas at El Paso. Lyons. D. M ndividual differences in temperament of dairy goats and the inhibition of milk ejection. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 22:269. O'Connor. S. F.. J. D. Tatum, D. M. Wulf. R. D. Green, and G. C. Smith Genetic effects on beeftenderness in Bos indicus composite and Bos taurus cattle. J. Anim. Sci. <n press). Rushen. J Aversion of sheep to electro-immobilization and physical restraint. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 15:315. SAS SAS User's Guide: Statistics (Version 5 Ed.). SAS nst. nc.. Cary. NC. Shrode. R. R.. and S. P. Hammack Chute behavior of yearling beef cattle. J. Arum. Sci. 33:193 (Abstr). Stncklin. W. R., C. E. Heisler, and L. L. Wilson Heritability of temperament in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 5HSuppl. 1):109 (Abstr.!. Tulloh. K. M Behaviour in cattle yards.. A study of temperament. Anim. Behav. 9:25. Vanderwert, W., L. L. Berger, F. K. McKeith, A. M. Baker, H. W. Gonyou, and P. J. Bechtel nfluence of zeranol implants on growth. behavior and carcass traits in Angus and Limousin bulls and steers. J. Anim. Sci. 61:310.

61 Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport'r' T. Grandin Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University. Fort Collins ABSTRACT: Fear is a very strong stressor, and the highly variable results of handling and transportation studies are likely to be due to different levels of psychological stress. Psychological stress is fear stress. Some examples are restraint, contact with people, or exposure to novelty. n many different animals. stimulation of the amygdala with an implanted electrode triggers a complex pattern of behavior and autonomic responses that resemble fear in humans. Both previous experience and genetic factors affecting temperament will interact in complex ways to determine how fearful an animal may become when it is handled or transported. Cattle trained and habituated to a squeeze chute may have baseline cortisol levels and be behaviorally calm. whereas extensively reared animals may have elevated cortisol levels in the same squeeze chute. The squeeze chute is perceived as neutral and non-threatening to one animal: to another animal, the novelty of it may trigger intense fear. Novelty is a strong stressor when an animal is suddenly confronted with it. To accurately assess an animal's reaction, a combination of behavioral and physiological measurements will provide the best overall measurement of animal discomfort. Key Words: Handling. Restraint, Welfare. Anxiety, Stress, Slaughter J. Anim. Sci : ntroduction Studies to determine the amount of stress on farm animals during routine handling and transport often have highly variable results and are difficult to interpret from an animal welfare standpoint. This paper will cover some of the factors that influence how an animal may react during handling. Much of the variability between handling studies is likely to be due to different levels of psychological stress. Animals can be stressed by either psychological stress (restraint. handling. or novelty J or physical stresses (hunger. thirst. fatigue. injury, or thermal ext.rernes i. Procedures such as restraint in a squeeze chute do not usually cause significant pain. but fear may be a major psychological stressor in extensively raised cattle. Many apparently conflicting results of different studies may be explained if the varying amounts of psychological stress and physical stress within each study are considered. Fear responses in a particular situation are difficult to predict because they depend on how the animal perceives the handling or transport experience. The animal's reactions will be governed by 1Presented at a svrnposium titled "Effects of Stress n Farm Animals" at the ASA5 87th Annu. Mu;.. Orlando. FL..lulv ;) The author would like to thank Mark Deesmz and -ulie Struthers for assistance with library research. Received August Accepted February a complex interaction of genetic factors and previous experiences. For example, animals with previous experiences with rough handling will remember it and may become more stressed when handled in the future than animals that have had previous experiences with gentle handling. Previous handling experiences may interact with genetic factors. Rough handling may be more detrimental and stressful to animals with an excitable temperament compared to animals with a more placid temperament. For example. Brahmancross cattle had higher cortisol levels when restrained in a squeeze chute than English crosses (Zavy et al., 1992 J. An animal's social rank within the group can also affect stress levels. McGlone et al. (1993) found that subordinate submissive pigs were more stressed by 4 h of transport than dominant pigs. This paper will only address short-term stressors such as handling and transport. The measurement of chronic stress imposed by the environment or different housmg systems is much more complex. mportance of Fear and Effects of Novelty Fear is a universal emotion in the animal kingdom and motivates animals to avoid predators. All vertebrates can be fear-conditioned (Le.Dcux, 1994). The amygdala in the brain is probably the central fear system that is involved in both fear behavior and the acquisition of conditioned fear (Davis, 1992). Davis 249

62 250 GRANDN (1992) cited over 20 animal studies from many different laboratories that showed that electrical stimulation of the amygdala with an implanted electrode triggers a complex pattern of behaviors and changes in autonomic responses that resembles fear in humans. n humans. electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits feelings of fear (Gloor et al., 1981 L Studies have also shown that electrical stimulation of the amygdala will increase plasma corticosterone in cats (Setckleiv et al., 1961; Matheson et al., 1971) and in rats (Redgate and Fahringer, Lesioning of the amygdala will block both unconditioned and conditioned fear responses (Davis, Large lesions in the amygdala will reduce emotionality in wild rats as measured by flight distance (Kemble et al., 1984). Kemble et a1. (1984) also noted that lesioning of the amygdala had a taming effect on wild rats. LeDoux (1994) explains that fear conditioning takes place in a subcortical pathway and that extinguishing a conditioned fear response is difficult because it requires the animal to suppress the fear memory via an active learning process. A single, very aversive event can produce a strong conditioned fear response, but extinguishing this fear response is much more difficult. Observations by the author on cattle ranches have shown that to prevent cattle and sheep from becoming averse and fearful of a new squeeze chute or corral system, painful or highly aversive procedures should be avoided the first time the animals enter the facility. The same principle also applies to rats. Rats that receive a strong electrical shock the first time they enter a novel alley will refuse to enter it again (Mil ler J. However. if the rat is subjected to a series of shocks of gradually increasing intensity. it will continue to enter the alley to get a food reward. Therefore. Hutson (1993) recommends that stress in sheep during routine handling could be reduced if the animals were conditioned gradually to handling procedures. Less severe procedures should be done first (Stephens and Toner. 1975: Dantzer and Morrnede ). Novelty is a very strong stressor (Stephens and Toner. 1975: Moberg and Wood. 1982: Dantzer and Mormede. 1983l. This is especially true when an animal is suddenly confronted with it. n the wild. novelty and strange sights or sounds are often a SgTl of danger (Grandin. 1993a l. Cattle will balk at shadows or differences in flooring during movement through handling facilities (Grandin r. Pigs that have been trained to laboratory procedures will respond to deviations in their daily routine with a rise in blood pressure (Miller and Twohill. 1983!. Reid and Mills (1962) have suggested that livestock can be trained to accept changes in management routines that would cause a significant increase in physiological measurements in animals that had not been trained. Gradual exposure of animals to novel experiences enables them to become accustomed to nonpainful stimuli that had previously evoked a flight reaction. Grandin et a1. (1995b) reported that training nyala antelope to cooperate during blood sampling had to be done very slowly to avoid triggering a massive flight reaction. The animals are very vigilant and will react to any unfamiliar sights and sounds. There are some situations in which novelty is attractive to animals. Cattle and pigs often approach and manipulate a piece of paper dropped on the ground. The author has observed that the same piece of paper will cause animals to balk and jump away if they are being forced to walk toward it. Therefore. the paper may be perceived as threatening in one situation and non-threatening in another. The author has observed that cattle in the Philippines seldom react to cars, trucks, and other distractions when they graze on the highway median strip. Cars and trucks are no longer novel because they have seen them since birth. n the nyala antelope. animals born after the adults had been trained to blood sampling procedures learned to cooperate more quickly (Grandin et al., 1995bl. Cattle can become accustomed to repeated nonaversive procedures such as weighing or drawing blood through an indwelling catheter (Peischel et al., 1980: Alam and Dobson, 1986). Sheep, pigs, and giraffes have been trained to voluntarilv enter a restraint device (Panepinto, 1983; Wienker, 1986; Grandin, 1989L However, animals do not habituate to procedures that are very aversive (Hargreaves and Hutson, 1990a). A procedure can be highly aversive without being painful. Full inversion to an upside-down position is extremely aversive to sheep. The time required to drive sheep down a race into a restraint device that inverted them increased the following year (Hutson, 1985l. Cortisol levels did not decrease with experience when cattle were subjected to repeated truck trips during which they fell down (Fell and Shutt. 1986). Hargreaves and Hutson (1990a) found that repeated trials of a sham shearing procedure failed to reduce the stress response. Sheep also did not habituate to 6 h of restraint with their legs tied (Coppinger et a., 1991). Apple et a1. (1995) found that in sheep. 6 h of restraint stress caused dark cutting meat and very high (> 110 ng/rnl.t levels of cortisol. Epidural blockage with lidocaine, which prevents the animals from contracting their muscles and straining against the restraint, failed to inhibit glycogen metabolism. This experiment indicates that psychological stress was probably a significant factor. Cattle are very sensitive to the relative aversiveness of different parts of handling procedures. When they were handled every 30 d in a squeeze chute and a single animal scale, balking at the scale decreased with successive experience and balking at the squeeze chute increased slightly (Grandin, 1992). The animals learned that the scale never caused discomfort. Cattle that had been mishandled in a squeeze

63 STRESS DURNG HANDLNG AND TRANSPORT chute and struck hard on the head by the headgate were more likely to resist entry into the chute in the future (Grandin et al., 1994) compared with cattle that had never been hit with the headgate. Effects of Adaptation to Handling on Stress Tame animals that are accustomed to frequent handling and close contact with people are usually less stressed bv restraint and handling than animals that seldom see people. Binstead (1977), Fordyce et al. (1985 J. and Fordyce (1987) report that training weanling heifer calves produced calmer adult animals that were easier to handle. Training these extensively raised calves involved walking quietly among them, teaching them to follow a lead horseman and quiet walking through chutes. How an animal is handled earlv in life will have an effect on its physiological response to stressors later in life. Calves on a university experiment station that had become accustomed to petting by visitors had lower cortisol levels after restraint than calves that had less frequent contact with people (Boandle et al., 1989l. Lay et al. (1992a) found that restraint in a squeeze chute was almost as stressful as hot-iron branding for extensively reared beef cattle. n hand-reared dairy cows. branding was much more stressful than restraint (Lay et al bJ. Taming may reduce the physiological reactivity of the nervous system. Hastings et al. (1992) found that hand-reared deer had lower cortisol levels after restraint compared with free-ranging deer. Even though 'the physiological response to restraint was lower in the tame animals. hand-reared deer struggled just as violentlv as free-range deer (Hastings et al., 1992 J. Associations that animals make seem to be highly specific. Mateo et al. (19911 found that tame sheep approached a person more quickly. but behavioral measurements of struggling indicated that taming did not generalize to other procedures. Smilar findings by Hargreaves and Hutson (1990a.b, showed that gentling and reduction of the sheep's flight zone failed to reduce aversion to shearing. Tame animals can sometimes have an extreme flight reaction when suddenly confronted with novelty that is perceived a a threat. Reports from ranchers and horse trainers indicate that horses and cattle that are calm and easy to handle at their horne farm sometimes become extremely agitated when confronted with the novelty of a livestock show or auction. The animal's behavioral reaction seems to be less likelv to generalize to other procedures than its physiological reaction. Moberg and Wood (1982) found that experiences during rearing greatly affected behavior in an open field test but had little effect on adrenocortical response of lambs. Exposing piglets to novel noises for 20 min increases both heart rate and motor activity. Heart rate habituated to a recording of abattoir sounds more quickly than motor activity (Spenslev et a '. The effects of previous experience'on an animal's fear response may provide one explanation for the often variable results in handling and transport studies. For example, extensively raised animals mav have more psychological or fear stress during loading and unloading for transport compared to more intensively reared animals. British researchers have found that loading and unloading of sheep and calves was the most stressful part of the journey (Trunkfield and Broom. 1990; Knowles, 1995), Kenney and Tarrant (1987 reported that for rish cattle. the actual journey was more stressful than loading and unloading. The physical stresses of the trip. such as jiggling. were more stressful than the psychological stresses of loading or unloading. A possible explanation for this discrepancy between these two studies may be the amount of contact the animals had with people. There may be a big difference in the degree of fear stress between U.S. cattle reared on rangeland where they seldom see people and European pasture-reared cattle. Differences in the degree of psychological stress may explain why too many rest stops during long-distance transport is detrimental to the health of weaner calves raised under U.S. conditions. Cattle feeders have learned from practical experience that 200- to 300-kg calves shipped from the southeast to Texas will have fewer health problems if they are transported non-stop for the entire 32-hour trip. For these extensively reared calves, rest stops may possibly turn into stress stops. Research is needed to conclusively determine what factors cause the rest stops to stressful. Legislating too many rest stops may be detrimental to welfare. One possibility is fear stress during loading and unloading at rest stops and the second possibility is that the calves become infected with diseases at the rest stop. Many of the calves shipped on these trips are not properly vaccinated. There may be an interaction between rest stops and disease. Frequent rest stops may be more beneficial to fully vaccinated calves. Genetics Genetic factors such as temperament interact in complex ways with an animal's previous handling experiences and learning to determine how it will react during a particular handling procedure. Wild species are usually more reactive to novel stimuli than domesticated animals. Price (1984) maintains that the domestic phenotype have reduced responses to changes in the environment. Domesticated animals are more stress-resistant because they have been selected for a calm attitude toward people (Parsons, 1988!. When deer or antelope are tamed, the flighty temperament is masked until they are confronted with a novel stimulus that is perceived as threatening. A

64 GRANDN tame deer or antelope can have an explosive reaction to a novel event. A wild species has a more intense flight response because this enables it to flee from predators. Temperament in cattle is a heritable trait that may affect the animal's reaction to handling (Le Neindre et al., 1995l. There are differences in temperament both between and within cattle breeds. Within the Brahman breed. temperament is heritable (Hearnshaw et al., 1979: Fordvce et al., 1988l. Temperament differences between' breeds have also been reported by Stricklin et a1. (1980, and Tulloh (1961). Genetics also affects an animal's response to stress. Brahmancross cattle had higher cortisol levels while restrained in a squeeze chute compared to English crosses (Zavy et al l. Recent research by Grandin et a1. (1995a) and replicated by H. Randle (1995. personal communication. University of Plymouth, U.K.) indicated that the spiral hair whorl on a bovine's forehead is an indicator of temperament. Cattle with spiral hair whorls above the eyes became more agitated while restrained than animals with hair whorls below the eyes. Temperament may be under genetic control in many different animals. Research with rats has shown that they can be selected for either high or low emotionality (Fujita et al., 1994) or for reduced fearinduced aggressiveness toward humans (Popova et a J. Phenotypic characteristics are also related to temperament. nterestingly. it seems that different genetic factors control fear-induced aggression and intermale aggression. Selection for reduced fearinduced aggression had no effect on aggressive behavior toward other male rats. Temperament is a trait that seems to be stable over time. n European Continental-cross cattle. certain individuals became extremely agitated every time they were handled in a squeeze chute and others were always calm (Grandin J. The agitated animals failed to adapt to being held in the squeeze chute during four handling sessions spaced 3u d apart. Cattle with a very excitable temperament may have greater difficultv adapting to repeated nonpainful handling procedures than cattle with a calmer temperament. The two types of animals may have differing physiological and behavioral reactions to the same procedure. Animals with a calm temperament mav adapt more easily and become less stressed with repeated handling treatments and animals with a verv excitable temperament may become increasingly stressed with each repeated handling treatment. Lanier et al. ( 1 95 found that some pigs habituated to a swimming task and maintained near baseline levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine and other animals failed to habituate and never adapted. At five slaughter plants in the United States. Holland. and reland. the author has observed increasing problems with very excitable pigs and cattle from certain genetic lines that become highly agitated. t is almost impossible to drive them quietly through a high-speed slaughter line. These animals seem to hav«a much stronger startle reaction to novelty. art:' man' likely to balk at small distractions such as shadows or reflections in the race. and are more likelv to bunch together. Observations at slaughter plants and reports from ranchers also indicate that excitable cattle are more likely to injure themselves when they are confronted with the novel. unfamiliar surroundings of an auction market or slaughter plant. The appearance of greater numbers of more excitable pigs and cattle may possibly be related to the increasing emphasis of the livestock industry on lean beef and pork. n both cattle and pigs. the author has observed that excessive excitability occurs most often in animals bred for leanness that have a slender body shape and fine bones. Cattle and pigs bred for large. bulging lean muscles usually have a calmer temperament. This is an area that needs to be researched. Practical experience indicates that the excitable animal problem needs to be corrected because excessive excitability creates serious animal welfare problems during handling at auction markets and slaughter plants. Cattle and pig producers need to select animals with a calm temperament. but care must be taken not to over-select for anyone particular trait. A good example of overselection for a single trait is the halothane gene in pigs. Pigs with this gene have increased meat production. but the price for this increased production is poor meat quality (Pommier and Houde. 1993l. Over-selection for calm temperament may possibly have detrimental effects on economically important traits. such as maternal ability. Researchers in Russia found that selecting foxes for calmness over 80 yr produced animals that lost their seasonal breeding pattern and had strange piebald black and white colored coats (Belvaev, 1979: Belyaev and Borodin l. The foxes turned into animals that acted and looked like Border collies. Fear Pheromones Another factor that could confound handling stress studies is fear pheromones. Vieville-Thomas and Signoret (19921 found that urine from a stressed gilt caused other gilts to avoid a feed dispenser and urine from an unstressed animal had no effect. Both the results of this experiment and observations by the author indicate that it takes 10 to 15 min for the fear pheromone to be secreted. Observations by the author indicate that cattle will voluntarily walk into a restraining chute that is covered with blood, but if an animal becomes extremely agitated for several minutes. the other animals refused to enter (Grandin, 1993b). n a laboratory setting pigs witnessing slaughter had no increases in either beta endorphins or cortisol. These were calm animals fitted with jugular catheters (Ani] et al., Eibl-Eibesfeldt

65 STRESS DURNG HANDLNG AND TRANSPORT.,-- _:'."" (1970) observed that if a rat is instantly killed by a trap, the trap will remain effective and can be used again. Rats will avoid a trap that failed to instantly kill. Research with rats indicates that blood may contain a fear pheromone (Stevens and Gerzog Thomas J. Stevens and Saplikoski (1973 J found that blood and muscle tissue from stressed rats was avoided in a choice test, whereas brain tissue and water had no effect. Blood from guinea pigs and people also had little effect (Hornbuckle and Beall J. Short-Term Stress Measurements This discussion will be limited to measuring shortterm stress induced by handling procedures such as being held in a squeeze chute. Assessment of stress and discomfort should contain both behavioral and physiological measures. Behavioral indicators of discomfort are attempting to escape. vocalization. kicking. or struggling. Other behavioral measures of how an animal perceives a handling procedure are choice tests and aversion tests. Common physiological measures of stress are cortisol. beta endorphin. and heart rate. Cortisol is a useful indicator of short-term stresses from handling or husbandry procedures such as castration. Researchers must remember that cortisol is a time-dependent measure that takes 10 to 20 min to reach peak values (Lay et a a!. A review of many studies indicates that cortisol levels in cattle fall into three categories: 1 ) baseline. 2 levels that occur during restraint in a headgate. and 3 J extreme stress (Table 1 J. Cortisol leveb are highly variable and absolute comparisons should not be made between studies. but the figures on Tables 1 and 2 would make it possible to determine whether 3 handling or slaughter procedure was either very low stress or very high stress. One could tentatively conclude that a mean value of >70 ng/rnl, in either steers or cows would possibly be an indicator of either rough handling or poor equipment. and low val ues close to the baseline values would indicate that a procedure was either low stress or was very quick. Quick procedures would be completed before cortisol levels could rise. Restraint in a headgate for blood sampling and slaughter produced similar values (Tables 1 and 2!. Sexually mature bulls have much lower cortisol levels than steers. cows. or heifers (Termessen et al., 1984 J. n one study. there was an extreme mean of 93 ng/rnl, for inverting cattle on their backs for 103 s (Dunn J. This very high figure is not due to differences in assav methods because this same researcher obtained more reasonable values of 45 ng/rnl, for upright restraint. Properly performed cattle slaughter seems to be no more stressful than farm restraint (Tables 1 and 2). Less clear cut ranges have been obtained in sheep. Pearson et a1. (1977 ) found that slaughter in a quiet research abattoir produced lower cortisol levels than slaughter in a noisy commercial plant. The values were 40 vs 61 ng/ml. Values for shearing and other on-farm handling procedures were 73 ng/ml (Hargreaves and Hutson. 1990c.d J and 72 ngiml (Kilgour and de Langen. 1970), Prolonged restraint and isolation for 2 h increased cortisol levels up to 100 ng/ ml (Apple et a ). Creatine phosphokinase ( CPK and lactate seem to be useful measures for assessing handling stresses in pigs (Warris et a ), Warris et al. (1994) found that the sound level of squealing pigs in a Table 1. Mean cortr-ol value- in cattle during handling C'nrtiso] it-vel. nrml, Breed :-l'\ Study ;}{) 4{ weaned dax of test, 6; Friesian Friesian Angus cross Angus eros- Friesland and u'unl Ba"'l'ill1t' Bulb Tennessen et al., 1984 ( '0\\'" Alarn and Dobson Bull calves Henricks et al., 1984 Hvifer calves Henricks et al Co\\,,.. Mitchell et al., 1988 Anzu-? Brahman Unknown British (' European Brahman. Hereford Afrikander Rest r.um n headzate J:! -i weaned:; wk before test Holstein cowunknown British o! Euroue.m Hand-reared Wennlmas. mixed sexes Lay et al a Crookshank et al., 1979 Brahman eros- SU'l'r- Ray et a Anau- Herr-torr: Sll'l'r,.. Zavv et al., 1992 ;{\ Simrnental. Hr-retorci Brnnman xt, Sll'l'r,.. Lay et al h Steer- Mixed sexes Steers and heifers Zavv et a Crookshank et al Mitchell et al Extreme value g;.; m ve rt ed on back for 1O) c : Unknown Brrusr: nr European Mixed Dunn. 1990

66 254 GRANDN Table 2. Mean cortisol values during slaughter Cortisol level. nzrml, Handling methods Study Baseline quiet research abattoir Held in head restraint. shot immediately with captive bolt Tume and Shaw. 199:2 Commercial slaughter plant f> rmedi an Handled quietly in conventional stunning box Unknown Conventional stunning box Conventional stunning box Poorly designed head restraint only 14t;( of cattle voluntarily entered it Electric prod all cattle. 3W; animals slipped. conventional stun box Ewbank et al a Mitchell et al Tume and Shaw. 199:2 Dunn. 1990a Ewbank et al., 1992a Cockram and Corley. 1991a Extreme stress nverted on back for 103 s Dunn. 1990;' "Conducted in either England or reland with Bos taurus cattle. commercial abattoir was highly correlated with CPK measurements. White et al. (1995) also reported that vocalizations in pigs were indicative of stress and were correlated with other measures of acute stress, such as heart rate. Cattle that become behaviorally agitated have higher cortisol levels (Stahringer et al., 1989). Heart rate in cattle during restraint in a squeeze chute was highly correlated with cortisol levels (Lay et al., 1992a,b). Stermer et al. (1981) found that rough handling in poorly designed facilities resulted in greater heart rates than quiet handling in welldesigned facilities. solation is also a factor in handling stress. During restraint for routine husbandry procedures. animals are often separated from their conspecifics. Stookey et al. (1994) found that cattle became less behaviorally agitated during weighing on a single animal scale if they could see another animal in the chute less than 1 m away in front of the scale. Agitation was measured electronically by measuring movement and jiggling via the scale load cell system. Numerous studies have shown that isolation from conspecifics will raise cortisol and other physiological measures (Kilgour and delangen. 1970: Whittlestone et al., 1970: Arave et al Aversion Tests Aversion to a handling procedure can be measured by either choice testing or measuring aversion. One measure of aversion is the time required to induce an animal to re-enter a chute where it was previously handled Rushen. 1986a.b n a choice test. the animals are allowed to choose between two different chutes that lead to different procedures (Grandin et al : Rushen and Congdon. 1986a.bJ. Another useful measure is the degree of force required to induce an animal to move through a race. n some cases. measuring the degree of force provides a more accurate assessment of aversion than time. Examples of force are the number of pats on the rump or number of electrical prods. Experience and genetic factors can confound aversion tests. Rushen (1996) warns that to accurately measure aversion in a race, the animal must experience the aversive procedure more than once. Observations by the author indicate that excitable cattle sometimes run through a single file chute quickly in an attempt to escape. Research (in progress by Bridgette Voisinet and the author) reveals that bulls trained to move through a race to a squeeze chute exhibit no aversion in the race after a single noxious treatment. After one aversive treatment, they continued to voluntarily walk through the race into the squeeze chute. but balking and turning back in the crowd pen at the entrance to the race greatly increased. At this point. the animals may perceive that they may be able to avoid re-entering the race. n aversion studies. balking and other behaviors indicative of aversion must be measured in both the single file race and in the pens and alleys that lead up to the entrance of the single file race. This is especially important if the aversive procedure is performed only once. After the animal is forced to enter the chute that leads to the squeeze, it may perceive that it may be able to escape by running quickly through it toward the squeeze chute. Under certain conditions, choice tests may be unreliable for measuring choices between mildly aversive procedures. Research conducted by Grandin et al. (1994) showed that cattle are reluctant to change a previously learned choice if the two choices in a choice test are only mildly aversive. Other research showed that sheep immediately switched sides to avoid highly aversive electroimmobilization (Grandin et al., 1986). mplications Both researchers and people making decisions about animal welfare must understand that fear during non-painful routine handling and transport can

67 STRESS DURNG HANDLNG AND TRANSPORT vary greatly. Fear is a very strong stressor. Cattle that have been trained and habituated to a handling procedure may be completely calm and have baseline cortisol and heart rate measurements during handling and restraint. Extensively reared cattle with an excitable disposition may have very high cortisol levels and show extreme behavioral agitation during the same procedure. For one animal. a squeeze chute may be perceived as neutral and non-threatening, but to another it may trigger an extreme fear response. The animal's response will be determined by a complex interaction of genetics and previous experience. Studies to assess animal welfare during handling and transport should contain both behavioral and physiological measurements. Literature Cited Alum. 1\1.G.::;.. and H. Dobson Effect of various vetermary procedure:' on plasma concentrations of cortisol. luteinizmg hormone and prostaglandin E metabolite in the cow. Vet. Rec. 11b:7. 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69 White. R. G.. J. A. DeShazer. C. J. Tressler. G. M. Borcher, S. Davy, A. Waninge. A. M. Parkhurst. M. J. Milanuk, and E. T. Clemens Vocalization and physiological response of pigs during castration with and without a local anesthetic. J. Anim. Sci. 73:381. Whittlestone. W. G.. R. Kilgour, H. de Langen. and G. Duirs Behavioral stress and cell count of bovine milk. J. Milk Food STRESS DURNG HANDLNG AND TRANSPORT.,- -=" Technol. 33:217. Wienker. W. R Giraffe squeeze cage procedures. Zoo BO. 5: 371. Zavy. M. T.. P. E. Juniewicz. W. A. Phillips. and D. L. Von Tungeln Effects of initial restraint. weaning and transport stress on baseline and ACTH stimulated cortisol responses in beef calves of different genotypes. Am. J. Vet. Res. 53:551.

70 Practical tips on why some handling systems work better than others. Squeeze- _. -_1'-. _. _--,. -: This cow can se two body lengths up the chute Figure 1. A well-designed round crowd pen takes advantage of the tendency of cattle to go back in the direction they came from. By Temple Grandin Some cattle handling systems work like well-oiled machines, while others bog down with cattle that constantly balk and turn around. Fixing crowded, poorly designed systems isn't impossible. n fact, there are usually three basic causes of problems in crowd pens and chutes: Distractions, such as a chain hanging down in the chute entrance, that cause balking, Poor handling methods, like overloading the crowd pen with too many cattle, and Layout mistakes in the crowd pen and chute. Curved vs. Straight Round crowd pens and curved single file chutes work better than straight ones, but they must be laid out correctly. A curved chute works more efficiently than a straight one because it prevents cattle from seeing people and other activities at the end of the chute. A round crowd pen will work better than a straight crowd pen because. as cattle go around a turn. they think they're going back to where they came from (see Figures 1 and 2). Round crowd pens should be laid out so cattle make a turn as they move through the crowd pen. The most common mistake is the straight-through layout shown in Figure 3. The advantage of a round crowd -pen is lost when cattle move straight through it. When cattle go around the bend as shown in Figures and 2, it takes advantage of their natural behavior. Cattle want to go back to where they came from. The design in Figure 3 can be improved by changing the angle of the entrance. The dotted line shows how 50 BEEF September 1998

71 High Efficiency 180 Degree Round Crowd Pen Cattle think they arc going back to where they carne from., Existing design /Entrance Bad Design - Chute s Bent Too Sharply 1. Single file chute is dead ended 2. Cattle move straight through crowd pen Dotted lines show way to improve this design Alternate Entrance Figure 2. n the high-efficiency round crowd pen system, cattle make a turn as they move through the crowd pen. Add a 10 ft. straight section to eliminate the dead end " " \ J\\ '" mproved design,..., " Change direction of cattle ', entry to improve movement t Existing design,""----- Figure 3. The straight-through round crowd pen and dead-end chute is poorly designed., " ,,"".-- Squeezeto improve the layout. n places where a tum is not possible, use a 90 or greater tum. Crowd pens where cattle make a 90 0 turn work better than a straight-through design. The most common design mistake is dead-ending the curved single file chute. This occurs when the chute is bent too sharply where it joins the crowd pen. An animal standing in the crowd pen must be able to see a minimum of two body lengths up the chute before it turns. Figures 1 and 2 show good layouts. and Figure 3 shows a dead-end layout. The dotted line on Figure 3 shows how to correct the problem. Cattle movement in Figure 3 can be greatly improved by adding a loft. straight section of single file chute. This will enable cattle standing in the crowd pen to see two to three body lengths up the chute before it turns. Why is it so important for an animal to be able to see up the chute? Cattle will refuse to go somewhere unless they can see a place to go. The principle of a well-designed, curved single file chute is to show the animal there is a place to go and then take him around the curve. Another common mistake is making a crowd pen either too big or too small. The ideal radius for a round crowd pen is 12ft. f a crowd gate longer than 12 ft. is used. the pen will be too big. An 8-ft. gate is too small. Cattle in a crowd pen need room to tum. The crowd pen and curved chute systems shown in Figures 1 and 2 should be built as shown. Many producers think that efficiency will be improved if the crowd pen is designed so the crowd gate can squeeze the cattle all the way into the chute. f an animal is turned around, handling will become more difficult if you attempt to squeeze the crowd pen space down to nothing. A system that is designed perfectly BEEF September

72 Photo 1. When the crowd pen shown in Figure 1. is operated correctly, the crowd gate is not pushed tightly against the cattle. will not work if the chute entrance is too dark or the system contains distractions that cause balking. Recently, visited many feedlots and worked with employees to improve handling. n half of the lots. cattle balked at dangling loose chain ends hanging down in the entrance of the single file chute. n many feedlots. good cattle movement was impossible until tied open the anti-backup gate at the entrance of the chute. Anti-backup gates can also be equipped with a remote control rope. Cattle entering the chute will enter more easily if the gate is held open. After they enter. the gate can be closed. A handling facility in a dark building will also cause balking. Cattle often move more easily in buildings equipped with translucent skylights or translucent panels in the walls. The panels provide bright lighting that is free of shadows. Cattle often move more easily if the crowd pen and most of the single file chute is located outside the building. Cattle will often balk if the wall of the building is placed at the junction between the crowd pen and the single file chute. A building either has to cover the entire crowd pen and single file chute. or you need a minimum of two body lengths of single file chute protruding outside the building. t's important that a crowd pen have solid sides and a solid crowd gate. A solid crowd gate is important to prevent cattle from attempting to turn back to where they came from. Man gates must be installed to allow people to escape from charging cattle. mprove Handling When cattle enter the crowd pen, they should move easily into the single file chute. f the animals balk, either eliminate distractions (such as a closed one-way anti-backup gate) or change where people stand. The No. rule is never overload the crowd pen. Cattle need room to turn. Fill the crowd pen less than full. Photo 1 shows a round crowd pen that is similar to Figure 1. n this photo, the pen is being used properly. Note that the crowd gate is not pushed up against the cattle. The crowd gate should be used the same wav the emergency brake is used in the car: you should almost never have to use it. The crowd gate in Photo has been left on the first notch and it stays there. f cattle are walking into the chute. don't push them with the crowd gale. The crowd gate should only be used if there are one or two stubborn cattle. Pushing the crowd gate tightly against the cattle makes handling more difficult because animals cannot turn. The handlers in Photo are using sticks with plastic flags on them to move cattle. The man in the dark shirt has his flag on the ground so car-le don't see it. He's also standing back far enough so cattle move easily. Cattle sometimes move more easily into the single file chute if the handler works fairly close to the chute entrance. Photo 2 shows a person moving caltle into the single file chute by moving on the catwalk. He walks forward to reduce jamming at the entrance and moves backwards, away from the entrance, to speed up the cattle. The handler should not move into this position until cattle have started to enter the single file chute. Cattle may refuse to approach the chute entrance if a person is standing near it. Cattle movement into the single file chute will be more efficient if handlers wait until the chute is partially empty before attempting to fill it. This takes advantage of natural following behavior. f there is space. cattle can walk directly into the chute. Also. if the chute is full. cattle in the crowd pen are more likely to turn around. The crowd pen should be used as a pass-through pen to induce cattle to enter the chute. Photo 2. Cattle entry from a crowd pen into the single file chute can be controlled by a person moving forward and backward along the catwalk.

73 DAGRAMS/LAYOUTS

74 , -1,t.rt) ", t.,,, ""q,. -1'< (lti). _ CRUS" SQUeEte HNOL R WALKWAY ROUND FORe, NG- PEN \ \ CURVED RAc.r c"uf' LOADNGftAMP Bf\S\C, CATTL E LAYOUT

75 r\ DTCH TO SUMP DRN PT UNDEft SQUEEZE,:t FT. WDE' curaed JASH GUTTER... "t " f G-"N D,tt ".K\..- ALTEftNATi, ENTAANCE t WAS HAB L WORk A fa for< 5fr CATTLE. L,AYOUf LiNt,

76 1 -r [457.2J twlgat! NOTE: ALL FENCNG ON FORCNG PEN. CURVED "DE LANE AND SNGLE FLE CHUTES ARE SOLD. ALL GATES N FORCNG PEN ARE SOLD F t o ""." 1 "",, " o [Millim..ter.] DRAWNG SCALE Ị; \t e- 0 N r- eo CURVED, SNGLE FLE CHUTE LA YOUTS (TYPCAL RADUS) UNE 1, SOFFZf, OTE \ "-:"1 " c.-: , '-0" [3858] BASCCAmELAYOUT "TH OPTONAL SNCLE FLE CHUTE LAYOUTS UNLESS OTHERWSE SPECFED; ALL Dim.enri0n8 CT. in FEET.. NCHES with [Millimet",.] in brelck.t.. DRAWNG: PLAN-04

77 LOAD/NG RAMP NOTE: ALL FENCNG ON FORCNG PEN, CURVED "DE LANE, SNGLE FLE CHUTE AND LOADNC RAMPS ARE SOLD. ALL GATES N FORCNG PEN ARE SOLD Feet o i 1 i111 o 3048 [MiUimetw8] DRAlNG SCALE 6096 eo "'! LAYOUT LNE 1 BASC FORCNG PEN PLAN - JfTH STUCHT LOADNG RAMP UNLEss QTHEBJUSE SPECFEDi ALL DimensicmB are in FEET et NCHES with [Millimeter.] in brclckeu. DRAWNG: e-q3

78 G- o u c z

79 /,s e"...,...,.....v " e...,...,a,.. 'A'"A11cr rr CAl' rail'... A CM"" l "t,, \'\ t 'AJr'1.zz: ",.,r Mtea- 'Af n...",." C'ATrL' "",... Thi. 1. a general purpose oorral.,stem for shipping, branding, 8orting, and A.. t oan handle 300 oow-calf paire or 400 mature COW8. ts oapaoity oan be inoreased to 1000 paire b7 adding more diagonal pens and holding pen epaae.

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84 t oa f) /11/fro?Afv1 J" DDUBLe clioes-.. -sfi.rcror G-A-r SOLD OOTE-f< FeNC A.::',A10'/At2L (sa'e.-- e "Hf(ov6-H,A'\DDLv, v, u.... Pe,...." --' --.f)uel- Nrf( y -lin'c \ /0 cos/venr 10 t, /(./ (5'"-)1 -_ -t, /10 ' -± ;3) l!&fa.1/qrt..-..cafre.- 5&1.1). X4. AT CH..L.JT oa. ---SQ(lTrN& Fr.N5 (QPf/DNAL) =Sf.t_Q'f.H :R LAYO()TS oll;) \\'f" \ OX o 0 \ 101'- >c-,'\,o 1..(.. * z-p.your:;j.'c1?(}vj 0 E r. i/;v!"s -, <, t h' (5rn.) */, /.J)OUBLE- C\-\UTE- SYSTE!1 rot? }j/&11 SPE D CAT,L,f! HANDi,//V? Fj;ArUfS A emoval3l SfLEC().. era/if. ttn CrA, semovt'o,h ca'11-f. CAN,Nr Bo,H chutes SMUL-rAN ou5ly ro (Jf(Dtllor rof.,l-otjlaic, BfflA V/o!? L,,A,you-r CAN_ e«()5gd LJlrH orlf ' CO/rNAL tje5/fr-n.s

85 CURVED. SNCLE FLE. CHJJH (TYPCAL RADUS) 21'-2" [8M84.] 'r 9 F.d o , 1 ", 1...,,, "...1 o «[Millime,.,..) DRAWNG SCALE,... LAYOUT UN! 2: <, c" " " to.-.1 fd ij _ - Si! \0),... (J) C?-t') CO N Ṇ... \ _ - JJ! ts -1 e- L75'-2" [ ]... NOTE: ALL FENCNG ON FORCNG PEN. CURVED "DE LANE.. SNGLE FLE CHUTE ARE SOLD. ALL GATES N FORCNG PEN ARE SOLD ''''O'" 1 'OOJ LAYOUT UN! '-9" [ ]-..J CATHERNC njl RANCH SORTNG PEN SYSTEM - "TH SNCLE SQUEEZE CHUTE SYSTEM. - NO ELECTRONC SORTATON AREA. UNLESS OTHEBrasE SPECOEDi ALL Dimenftona a.r. in FEET.. NCHES with [Millime'.,,] in wa.ek.,.. DRA"NC, PBN-Q6,

86 S'/J-n - Jr -/l' YS'J /()<!," S/PY171JY.YWWT- :is ;A7S O1 i- ;...[7/)S _... _... -?A' :?.J.AS -f)117uv no.ls.ja7 NOW:L-:- _. S:?.L -3H.LtYO ONY...lVA dlcr H.Lf'?_J.nOVi lv'oj.... :!! ' : ' - :; J n ' ; ' " :!!i." s A.J Uj: U:Jl t:'"...-.:...-_... e::;;l;ic "" >,,... i'",.,.'... ;...,.._... 4fl...." ty.;,,-.:!11 '" '- c::. -.,; c- \{ \h \{. r '" '-tj F ': ' :i D : i... Q :!..... p ;... E '" e '.i"" t9... qlt); S"'1:l \o. e i!

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95 SoRTJNtr /ff.seav/or. or SCAL.E A..cHuTE or CALF-rA8LE.,,,,, -, \ \ \,, corral for J5 cows

96 - 'CORRAL DAGRAM ].s-o.acf #flnfd 135' > SP,fTlNrr ffservor l lu,vtjpl: 6=",,/0, - /35' "J *- f. j.' S3' i; d t, _----_.-, TlY n E._111S HtTr.-D\'l11_.- -::.:.:.:._.J'Zt1 "njr,, NWr.-Hf'" -:JfArr EN.waz;an.:.J2!1lN,... ""'11/61?" Tl. - EATHUJN..'K _..-:= tons r;fvc. TM REC"A tf'1jarlons (fjtl.s 5" HUll FF,4c( 1'4A f-t'l-nl' 1Y7'.fJj _'''.#/N Jt1A' MANM-t1",SS ".+', ca'owd"'# F tilca lfrr A...J t./j A rr.:""ld 81 FF,r /K.s/4tt F/' CN"T LPA1/," fatf O/,64,'SJ,NS AcT/lA. ""-T' OF ATE. THE ulpr t TN J" tanf1 AAt' 8EADjl$"1J A '-'V la/chs s» FT ""rfs. <D CAnALA-.1/ W.."'.., AT""-k ;-r"m';jt n "", th' CH/" ,5T"""/fT.5/.DF,;,. fnsde "'" C04JS V SHA'-f/J.5}F.J ' a"rr,m.3.r A1 S' 1-/16Nr:-JN.sDrA$v,f6" f'",'t..-t'np JJ?Z1 vsr_a,sulj.srat'r/a,. FF,vcl S,,N tf$ /"-in'a'os. tj,f (tj/j Jlrl'! 'A wd 61'1." AJ. 1,41 rhl.:jt>f'tzfl - _.,frrf' AK AlA'-_Ar1-41{ :..' ALL AeASV,ff'N'S 't "s, ()(A1'A,.,, CF.f'F ft (,""rf i " ',, " S\' r--. -J \\._.,('--J.--H 4] r!...,' 'L,\: \'tj$ '... _ "':"-.--' -,ffu,lfje/f!- LAr'VT CAQE$ "..fv:nw,." KAavJ (]),'Jr/ tljn;.1,-;:'s,;:"(])t)?> /t1._z"k4. G-A1'Es,. e..-wr,s t",aa' '/'.-.lrllj.. =-, f', ff-... fl. :... ).,1 ),. D._-_..-.,---_.. ==_.LWC -= d;" "'-.!-11't' -=ray"urpm'rtl.vs-_... -!=..:. _-_::.--_-_ -==._ f l...l...-,,, js' /S"- for 100 o»: -1";:-10 '1-'" /SJ' _ -:usr Lu",n',M1.f,f- "'" G-'VKl1. 'E"P" N;fPr -' DCATll 'Or13D4.'" 1-/-+'11 "t' m,l YDVr,..llr T1'N nw "" 1"'d "",r AN U'A4 711' sv» Cpll/("'Nr"/ r6"'"1::f -wr:o "':Jf:J.1J ;faj.jry" n,"",.,-,ad,t.l Gl "''''''''''''''111 (:2. --rn1 rf'-h T AlU'V'S A..."c!.,(.sol'.Att -de"-,,'" rr /""'rn rhr.jrf-a"" "."WF, UtJfT H'''/ ;-rjnr t;1 rl.k",j4r JJt,tfo,rllJTeo j./hrtj":...r-az"ntlvr A..-Ab4 '-me esrtr«ftff,fr#t u,vr n,. 'ia'd "'F "'AA"/,,, -TMKJLT...-ls.._A"ArN'.D/JE"/f.L",-",f'lA(- nu,f',4)/s "'/A'a -C-.-O-/f-/f-A-L fwe"a CowS TE?A.;j li,fanik Jt'FSr{-t HA,t/DJ/N- SY.lr""tJ.vt T'6{ Sit V!f Sr. ;/fe,wa. rll "r1 -ZE-/f,f Tl1...A11 1tS1. ADS.T"'NrA'S' ' M,.f' AD.nrr"""'T NPJ F.n7T n..711' Uti - yrlt;......

97 ,. C.OWD"" 'N ",ouo ""." "."DiM. CM"'1.A""E_'N Pf,N C"'''UT'.100 t.- p""".10 COWl 1#0' /.JD' CAf'AC\TY 50 COCJ5 P100 'A,f'S ECO/{OM y c.aa L

98 o-.. :.t _

99 ,, :UfCH '''Tn re"'",'6 - "Tff K..' Am( ""." s,la4h',, \ \,,','! Ttruj,r.,.,, / m.- -.\ -Cr.l_.fA0'"",'r:".,. TfF LA"""" i.m'1 r.:''''''atljyl''-.n'(_,4nj (i f lr. -m..: n-*n ::'_"':.."!". =W.JrA1" _.. _u_.._. _ Lr..:'MJfr :AtUfT.-"':::::::'-=._-==- -y-,,'.wlf\" -,, a\o " --ProOT D\ffCOtlS. i' "''''«u.:-.=:0. m"ptf'lqr::.jl,:m(j _AfJJ(.,1tJ'-n:ru.1'J:'" r "JlC!' J1tL(JsrUR[ rjjltlft NfLW QLm-.DWllltfS 1'1"'-:"''' -/..",., ;# ""16 :-Clir CwfNrlCS C1Fr 1111 _"'1( "''/t1'-1 <ilmrok:"lf'" ""DE /.A,!:... :-:..-.:.._ )1tClT_AUTM,. -fns... _._... _-.til::ucau. J"tNT" -:/r16rl;'kn - LfTNA :.mt6' en LAJ:!N.r.a.DrlJ.AKC. sr.a:» Jr-lfAtFV.f1U.r,j '&fljjr.lvflfy1nnt :/rdh----:-..-.jvjjjnf-./fl."",.., n -A lit/ll - AYr.. -}fls1u'ts.:uj: - 6f611ltD H!--.NT f:"".lf1jv loll'" ""T. S Jii_f.ifDJ. _..... _ -:::1U "' ('''H f,jf) A: =:J.6f"U r.f ff1a 10 UfCT nul.( _frb.flf. COA'AL - - UTLZES prrtab AfA wok _- N fastlakt. "l - _ (-..,.,.. 8fL/:J.F../"t!'4J/,4,rt"'E AiJiif Ua.Y L.A,rOoJT J '''AND'N U S'TlX 'lo1a'o: M'e 5 ; t:s''''s N(.. "'T.'.. /WJJ /l va, 'O Ttl dntll li'j nr.-_ 'T/ r"'--,-

100 ..1- L...,tE r.. -, \ -ot,, i t:" l ;. \oi'"... llt _.. a i... f c ')1.. )t,.,,,... i "''"." c l :("...,,,tvy,,;h J :i 7:> -'0.l1)Yi"tUSAYN Y:iY1Y:i'-'O

101 '--r--r---r---:---r"--r i t i 1- - oz,o."l'-r6r _'l')oe.ptlvjlo1oj S.N/77()' lvoj ';?-ii3f1fj]dylaz [llb,':-...._, 'N SlSS.J)NllaNV )ljol.s3f\\l. NQN:-V.,[Jt7rJY3.. 7l1.ZM1l.J.3M551)OYT/Jrllllr.J.Q70J]/7.'_ ' J t :, s ';),. l - J " " <,, 6! C '-! i : Q Q t ""l lot d 'g. 5.' 10 bi 1 :, U loa t1 ' t,, '-40. ; -r- ;:J.. J. _a_ \' - oj' r._ "lx cr,. " \'.. ':..., ,- i ;. -. la.. 1 T "l:,j, ",q i - ' l-. ' []..a'".,: _

102 - :;:. "'" r _(Elm ) - o' mfjt turdo"l f'kf:551w Mf. =_QWS1S7>"71.L:11lRfl':"HAtE. -,c.ll({'rs F-,r.oNri.-mr-- UWr...JdJ!C.: i ;=:[email protected]!lU:Y- c!jt5m) i 1a 1A QVS ptt=zzlu:g--aa'.' 3. 5' M.) 1t"JfJUU!/t!!1lL tll«r:lll4fe. ' 6 t').,e:, a \."?""'JPnlli#,VEDrt---_ \.. ""& /0) J (31-!tJf\S ri,") --:-P-.tO'GN:rrmrt=. 'W:'-'- -.; - G-A-rE. _,, i '* 1<: Lto ( ftj /O <: NTfS!5C,TON ::>..,). a:a:-!1",) u (!"') (/(;.l,..) ;rf.aj'{!1!)14df Al,l.Y S _. _ fefdlo.t wokncr ARfA UStt) \NS,ALL )f-'(f.lll\1) G-ArES G-RANO\N L\VESfOC< SYSTEMS on,he; C;()T\Nlr PEN<\ f 'MTf(JFCTON

103 -co N r0 N '--'! b J - s 8 -» " \':.a.& cl' -'\\.' N NOTE: ALL FENCNG ON FORCNG PEN, CURVED "DE LANE, AND SNGLE FLE LOADNG CHUTE ARE SOLD. ALL GATES N FORCNG PEN ARE SOLD b> e -- JLA:aLJN ' ld ',.: " \ " " M'.!aM../H..toNE. ' ;; \... LAYOUT... LNE 2 -tj \\.as...'w5.611 JJ ' ' ---r-- "'-4" ). r-- 24'-0" [' J _l--- --_A t), 12'-0" [ ! 2'-0" [38&7.8OJ ': '-O" [OSmU1J 27'-4- [ J :!: - 71'-3" [ ] ' '--' BASC RANCH &FEEDLOT SHPPNG & SORTNG PENS LAYOUT - FOR USE BY PEOPLE ON FOOT JlB HORSEBACK - '2'-0" [3657.6'J wide, MAN WDE LANES with '4'-(j [4267.2'J PEN/DVERT GATES. Feet o ,,"'""1,,"',",1 o [MillimeteTBJ DRAWNG SCALE UNLESS OTHERWSE SPECFED; ALL Dimensi0n8 are in FEET et NCHES wifh [Millimeters] in brackete. DRAWNG: PEN-02

104 _L _ U : -l.,. V... _... ' '...,, "!, ' '... ' -, i " '1... L :: '- -- -a "':"01\ C!a \

105 <:... " :: rc-t ,,,:;. -c, Q' :.. '::) \.N.. i,,..., / '",.-... i M "-....

106 ; 22fNOAlPP PRE-FA5 10 (3 t; 3lVARE / S"----!:::::::::':;;';":=---=-=----=--:t:""'"t T SO!?! 5a-!1 S- -_5JJt.7 Q) 0 CAt 1Qo CotS J $ w= --- CAt? Cltr' CAP / 0 thole 7eN L'O aub ONe ane 74 L.<27f5 7;751JT J;Wfrf" i; tto aoz SC?Z20N»so/«: 2207 un tssz \, ", tc. y--",) _ , ".. '" g ) /1' 1 (f.. B7) J" -. J \ <:-),,, 14- ' /u:( ( ANCJ 1&' klvt!70ck.103 -;;« s:t:t7&a S Sorting Layout For Electronic Sorting With Entrance & Exit On a Single Alley

107 ,.. 241'-6" [ ] re ALL FENCNG ON FORCNG PEN. CURVED "DE LANE et SNGLE FLE CHUTE ARE SOLD. ALL GATES N FORCNG PEN ARE SOLD THS AREA S FOR ELECTRONC SORTNC OR OTHER SPECAUZED EQUPMENT REQURED FOR NDVDUAL UVESTOCK HANDUNC. LAYOUT UNE ADD ADDTONAL STRACHT _ SECTON TO THS AREA. 99'-9" [ ] -, -L itj:i, t: OYD< b.. ";; "1..._" CURVED. DUAL SNGLE FLE CHUTES (TYPCAL RADUS) i,;, ji 'f j U , :1.' _"7.,tC:...i 1 L.::: '-"l-''''.....'o N -CD Q) CD... Feet o "...1""..",1""',,..1 o [MilHmer.r.] DRAWNG SCALE THS AUA S ro BE EXf'ENDED F EUCTRONC SORTNe OR ANY OTHER SPECAUZED EqUPMENT S REqUUD AT THE SqUEE%. CHUT. AREA. /(' ""\ v,,,. '''''.. _-:,,,,(...,,,,, --...'f.\'..._-- _--- MAN ",D. UN SEE SHEET 3,,, " FOR DETALS t-,... -r, 'r::.., ,, '" 1\ ".., '' v \,,'" "", ",.. \: "d:4-,..--",' c.. K!, t"- '..., ' \ _.,. '(...- ( ) ""..,,' LOCC AT! MAN 12'-0" [5.,.eO] b M o N FEEDLOT PROCESSNG, andsortng PEN SYSTEM for CAmE - "TH DUAL SNCLE FLE.. DUAL SqUEEZE CHUTE SYSTEM. - WTHOUT ELECTRONC SORTATO, AREA. UNLESS OTHEBllS6 SP6CU16Dj ALL Dimennon. Are in FEET.. NCHES with [Millimeter.] in brcaeket. DRAWNe: eejy..-04

108 '". - e -l...j \n '"".. '" V'\:! -l W i!. =- W ec!.. S' \n -'! '\0-7 - '" " '", '---' -t FeJdlot Sorting Layout Space is provided for electronic sorting, ultra-sound, grubacide dispenser, and other equipment {J

109 ':---'bi(s.!>.5 i'., rv»:...) J ( 1S'{ 'r)----.2" "Y( 11"5 (l.1,.,).35 cro.,_r:::o'\ Phi Pritt. i EtEL1BPN i r -:::5'Z1LDJ5l'i= MSt 6 SA CUJl1JLL O StS, eph!sf(,o ''U--4-J",-v.r'i:-r-,:-",,::,,_---r"""-=:"-J r f bt MbSlHk tue=::::::. C14SE! 1irPJE.. SHAPEO Pi PS _.,..!..,, r \ <AM! rtpli \ t; lj9]f SSE' )ON,,..,, '- Layout that provides space for electronic sorting and individual animal evaluation

110 Ị. ; ; 1 1'- '::!, ,1

111 !, t , , r--- --, s ) 'NTEf Stu,rN(,.lfrSeA'YtJlA' FlfaA nils PN. SoliT /JAck N TO --:-: HrlfRN"etJNe StJKrlN6- PENS C7ATES AC"O$S..:,. '. AMO _ '-"'" ----,-- RoUND COJD/N" nn, A"!5W'TCNN(, GAl S,,'',sTOCk TifAU. _ ". LQAO'l" «unl ""'-/ 50QTlN&- RESERVOR SOLD FENCES compact F.EOLOT SH \rp N(,../ LOA D\Nfr J AND fo(fs5n& yaclty -..

112 (8) SELLER'S SDE SN"US C. l11r. ::1t'.6l4.."ou,. "-t:.' 5EULf's CHrl VNUJADNr Diagram 7. Diagonal.. Yard L Auction out

113 8LO(.k "llt PltftCHN," "ACE,.. OlON(, Lf\Nt cf"crf'f.300 'tt.. -,0 - \\ r1ou' UNE-, -1_ CONTNUOUSlY ff"tolvnfr CA'owD CrAT S,, " " G-"T N T f RSH:1 0N SHEEP CORR\L Nr,fAAlc FA'tJM vath N N 7/'. "'r-

114 t--- "' t--- SOLn FEHC J,.NfL.JH... OFSET STEP fl/fv NTS JAMM.MCr S',rs",-. J1ANG-A'n --Lt---- " "'th, '.2M- ROUND CR()(dJ) fen HOG- LOADNG- RAl'\fJ

115 .....: 4-0..,,.1 " t \.::.. e j! j i "! is i ;. L :... 1, , r : ' :. i ; : ; ; --- -; 'l' i r i L- : s'; ill,, " -r ': 1, i'l --,----.' --! C!j lpa ""1:... -lc "C- o.. t ::!a = e; _1.... a,...l."" 1001 ' - oj:,.'t _..o o '!NiSi t. 44;;'_

116 CU'WfD HOlDlfoUr L"NE ME\R\C CONVff?510 N5 j "" ::: 10H.3. 5 t'1 -; /:<.(f. f; J. "" -; 'f-{f Cf tt" -:; 30ff, :13 W 1S f f. R'l'\P UNO"O'HCr P'H UNLOAOnU,., PEN....4 i; -----t.enlrrhen Tll' sma SCAl 'S M 'OEHT f'okf'" Me,UT' ()ft SOt'THfo ROUND F'o""HC, "'" 5EEf STOCKYARD for PACKNG- PLANT

117 J11e rc CONVE SloNS s: Jo-f+./ 3,5,.,.:: "'. /5. J. f W :; 50f 30,5ort'\ = /oo.ff: 1,.. 1 o V) " "LJNc;. -W-'-g... TW-... 8EPtNT(NE LAYOUT FOR A BEEF PACK NC; PLANT W\TH esllcted SPACE

118 GATE SHOULD BE COUNTER B AL ANCED _ F THE GAT S1 HARD TO PUSH OPEN FLL COUNTER YE GHT Y TH CONCRETE_ GATE ADSED,'l/ USE 2 CH A NS ONE ATT ACHED FOR CALYES J.' ",,' '. " GATE...DSTED FOR COYS TO EACH SDE OF THE GATE CHAN HOOKED N SLOT OF lh"(lmm)plate ' 60" (152cm).Y İ.' // J 60", f152cm) 'r, ({ " 10,GA ' 86" ""DTH '.!'. (218cm) , ;. POSTr' '( LENGTH f 62" (157cm) 'WDTH,OF 10 GA PLUS 2"(5cm) GAP 42" (107cm) t'atvalk HEGHT 2,3r8" OR 2"(5cm} OD TOP R A L i i..--=-l. '_' _ -ClU'lALlC:.r' r '" L., '" 2"(5CmlCLEAN,OUT 'GAP Side View of chute with Oneway Gate

119 32"(01.20cm) -'i :!-26"(66CmJ- ---t-.. THE LARGEST AN MAL TO BE HANDLED L...-20"(30.40cm)--..J SHOULD RUB THE CHUTE S DES /4J " 00 CO UNT ER BR COY-CALF AHMAN CROSS: - - " WEGHT 16''f40.61cm1BOTTOM 32"(01.20cm) TOP 23.0" ENGLSH BREEDS: 24"(61cm) 16''(40.61cm) BOTTOM r ::::.44cm) TOP 21';''::LlAR -1- BOTTOM :-k.jl...jij::-:-..;2-.===-=iji...ka 32"f01.20cm1 TOP '""" TOP 5i.4cm) 23.0" AXLE 10"(46cm) TO 20"(30.40cm]... 23rO" OR 2" 1M L r FROM FLOOR TO TOP OF S"[152cm] PECE OF 10 GA STEEL LEAYE A 2"(5cmJ GAP FOR CLEAN OUT 36" 62" (91.44cm, (157.40cm) '2" (106.6 r+-+-"'-+-710" ROD 10GA STEEL " POST CATVALK 2X10 PL ANKS OR 1 112" 61bs PER FOOT. EXPANDED STEEL FRAMED VTH 1 1/2 X 1 1 /2 X 1 /4" ANGLE +,... 24"(61cm) " OUTRGGER 6"[103cm] /_. i"t.a W.i;. - ' llii -GROUND LEYEL.,... ;::(!pf;./iiii!=/flt= 5"(13cm) 2500 PS N YCHUTEt/:"''' _... JG BARS 4"(10cm) ALL OTHER SLABS -ii'-. ilay Y ON LEYEL AND VELD JG BARS N (J,f "" : -PLACE TO MANTAN NOTE:., «r.n '. DKNSONS. SET Y"S N Y CHUTE ttjst BE 32"(01.20cm) VDE a;, ' '/HOLE AFTER JG BARS.0 NS DE K ASURE AT TOP AND 16''(40.61cml. '0 ARE ATTACHED. YOU MAY OR 1lRE AT THE BOTTOM. THESE ':'". '. '. ;" V ANT TO PUT AN KASUREKNTS ARE VERY CRTCAL. gljl '...' ' : 'ADDTONAL JG BAR ON FOR OYER 1000lb (454.5kg) COVS VDEN'. ;. " lthe TOP OF THE Y VHCH BOTTOM OF CHUTE TO 10"(46cm) 7n (... n S RE1lYED AFTER THE F A 6"[103cm] Y CHUTE FENCE S.:;.e'!!!.rril SETS. POUR NEEDED FOR VLD CATTLE MANTAN J;;ifflr;:tllllil:;!!/./tl{l';FLOOR BEFORE NSTALLNG _.'--H{t!fl([a 10 GA STEEL USE THS 32"(81.28cm) VDE NSDE KASURE AT THE S"[152cm] HEGHT. "ETHOD FOR FACLTES F COVS ARE OYER 1500lb (682kg) VDEN TO 36'(91.11cm) AT HEGHT - VHCH ARE NOT DESGNED FOR VATER VASH DOVN. BASC SPECFCATONS FENCE POST 2710" OD 4'(122&m) OC N SOLD FENCE AREAS. GATE POSTS AND GATE STRKE POSTS 4 12"OD 36" (91.44cm) N GROUND. SOLD FENCES 10 GA STEEL. CONCRETE 2000 PS POST HOLES PS FLATVORK. PPE D"ENS ONS ARE FOR 0 L FELD SURPLUS PPE SCHEDULE 80.

120 CRTCAL DMENSONS; THE LARGEST ANiMAl TO BE HANDLED SHOULD RUB SDES OF' CHUTE. ::J ARE VERY CRTCAL. F'OR QVER 1000 lb. COWS, WDEN BOTTOM [812 eo) (152400) -- \ ' OF' CHUTE TO 11" [457.20) AT F'LOOR LEVEL. F' A 6'-0'" [1828.eo) V-CHUTE F'ENCE S NEEDED F'OR WLD CATTLE. 16" BOTTOM. AT CONCRETE LEVEL MANTAN 3r f WDE AT THE 5'-0" f HGH [401.40), MARK. F' CATtLE ARt OYER 1500 lb WlDtN V-CH\JTE (LARGE CATTLE) TO 31" [.,4.4OJ AT 5'-0" [ ) HEGHT. / 31" TOP, 5'-0'" ABOVE GROUND , V-CHUTE MUST BE 3r [ WDE, NSDE, AT THE 5'-0"J=_CHUTE,NS,DE"' DMENSONS: ::1l [ ),HGH MARK. AND 16" (401.40) AT THE CONCRETE (CALVES) ' F'LOCR LEVEL, AT BOTTOM OF' CHUTE. THESE MEASUREMENTS :sr TOP, 5'-0" ABOVE GROUND - )'" 'i::,...oj ", ,.}'4! \4# '-.(tt, <, ",/ /'" '" \,.11/'" /''\. /" ',,' "<, ",, " '< SET fence POSTS 2 3/r (60.33J 0.0 AT 4'-Cf ( J O.C. - MAXMUM. ALONG OUTER RADUS. SET NNER RADUS POSTS [.,4.40) [ ) " BOTTOM, AT CON;!!9" t: 9EL' [457.20, /' HANDLER WALKWAY \, \ (DETALS NOT SHOWN) \ \,, \... \ \ "''''''''''\... \... '\ ",,,,,,,,,, "",,,,,,,,,,,,, \\ '\ "",.' DO NOT USE THS DRAWNG DESGN FOR ", \\ \ MATURE DARY COWS OR SLAUGHTER PLANTS -, \ ' " \ \ " \ ' BASC SPECFCATONS; FENCE POSTS 2 3/r (60.33J 0.0 4'-0" ( J O.C. N SOUD FENCE AREAS. GATE POSTS AND GATE STRKE POSTS 4 1/'L' [114.30J " ( N GROUND. SOUD FENCES 10 GAUGE sf EEL. PPE DMENSONS ARE FOR OL F'ELD SURPLUS PPE. SCHEDULE 80. ON UNE TO CENTER RADUS PONT UKE /'., \\ \ "<, 15'44'53.226" '\. \ \: l' t "'(,. '\. ',,' ;L:., /, \ rop "-, '\\ \ V-CHUTE a.nd ONE-WAY {16 or -C'' "- " ' CATE - CROSS SECTON rjur ' '\ \ M/A R12...0!Oj A8ol,tosrs <, -, \ END VEW,'t'4f(j4f {J6 t OR,'\.. ro 17' l'nsdt 60j OUNo "<, UNLESS OTHER"SE SPECFED;, S1S1.61 RADLJ ALL Dimensions are in FEET et NCHES POST LAYOUT PLAN RADUS j NSO S with [MiLLimeters] in brackets. N", htew. 4 o [M«JUMCen) DRAWNG '0 c:o cd :8..- \) SCALE [609.60] HANDRAL wabntng' N't WALKWAYS MOUNTED 2 [Ot.lO). 01 fghe, MUST HAW 4Z' [C.OJ fgh HANDUL '.alluas LAY YO. ON LEVEL GllClUND AND WElD.110 AS.. 'LAC( TO MAllTAil THE DMDSDNS. SET vo... HOLE AFTE.no AS ME: ATTACHED. YOU MAY 10 PUT AN ADDTONAL Y WHCH S looved Aflt THE CONCl T[ SETS. POU FLGOlt UOl[ STAWNG 10 GA. STEEL. US( THS METHOD FO 'ACUTlES WHCH ME: NOT DESGNED FO WATE _ASHDOWN. CURVED RANCH V-cHUTE POSTLAYOUTPLAN RAWNG: yert-osaj

121 r- 2118" ON D AMETER... SLDNG GATE 23r8" ON DAMETER FRAME,-1 12"(3.8cm) 10 G." r 60", 1" 115HcmJ (cmj - CATYALK LOCATON.. t ROLLER Y TH Y GROOYE r8" ON D AMETER PPE YTH.-'- NY ERTED 1 "X" ANGLE YELDED TO T. GROOYED ROLLER ROLLS ON THE ANGLE STR AP GATE HANGER - """-2 118" 10 GA 10 GA SHOYN CUT AYAY TO J SHOY STEPS SPR NG LOADED 18" (16cm) MANG ATE OPENS NYARD -,'" /" ADJUST ABLE SECT ON EXTEND MAX MUM 12"(30.18cm) MUST HAYE 4"[122cm] OYERLAP YHEN EXTEND NG... 36".,1 J (91.41cm) p'" {14 G' (152cm) ' p') HORSE BACK LATCH USED TO HOLD YNG GATE (f s, /''4/ ;.-'ROD PireE YELDED io SELF t:j [t"z;"'zii'ii(i1 1.." [lj2k:lf,- ALGNNG /BU'"'FER /--,..:. lii,;ilir"'"', rr.llgnng BUMPER 1,1:t;Y: + 1" [122cm],<41 1 [122cm) "'" p" "["21cm) 3 "" lui ""6" (110cm) 1 Side View Truck Loading Ramp

122 -H>RALS G -, "7"t"lllll...--l 112" (3.Scm) ON DAMETER 3P4"(19mm) ROD 42" (101cm 10 GA 60" (152cm) l:ii, S" ON DAMETER 4"rl0cm) lis" PLATE L.t--2'6" (19cm)- F==-=====::::::::====-===[ CAN BE NARROYER 30"r16cml-+-,. EXACTLY - 4"(10cm) ANGLE ON STEPS NSDE 10 GA YELD ANGLES TO loga Jltetll1 #4 REBAR 12"(30.4Scm) ON CENTER BOTH YAYS FLOOR AND Y ALLS 3000 PS CONCRETE Cross Section Truck Loading Ramp

123 ..!! ;()(,f).!'-fo?hl SW;;'J.SAS -9NnOftlJl}-/ ;y,o..tr31117 NONVC-!". Y3J/V}flYor'! '.8 Y.::rYo/ «a: : -/V(2QO H5Vf17 ASVg --;lo.:/ /7/0/.1 V77 V.L S/l-.J2-;J/JNO-Y " J ,!, a (_""""'-:: J ':=... \ ;....., ' i., b i. ; ;;:l\j'.... ' ' 'l!<j- lij:j llo...., :li " q?;'... i'i...:."',,'!

124 Ṉ 111" [457.2Jl MANGATE 10'-0" [ ] 1'- - 12'-0",..., CD to C'i CD CDM..., Feet o o 3048 [Millimet.,...] DBAWNG SCALE 6096 '0 CD r--: to CD C') '--' b Ṉ LAYOUT LNE.. ' ' 1 14'-0" [ ] /1 \ SEE-llRJ,' \ BLOCK GATE 1 \\,,' \,/ MAN "DE LANE C=:::==-====-===-==-===-===:14'_3' [4;36.03] J=:==-=:==-=:= BASC a-waygate SYSTEM - FOR USE BY PEOPLE ON FOOT OR HORSEBACK - 10'-0' [ ] MAN "DE LANE "TH 12'-0 [ ] BLOCK CATE - 12'-0' [ ] MAN "DE LANE "TH 14'-0 [ ] BLOCK CATE UNLESS QTHERJUU SPECFED; ALL Dimnwicnv CTe in FEET.. NCHES with [MiUimefw.] in btacke". DRAWNG: 3. '2 '4

125 C 5 ( er k Q t v'"! : \.i 1) i

126

127

128 :..!,.! :B,:.! \"';'!t\i-.\: l i: r1\j! ;\)! i 'l :! i :j ; 1\ : :r:

129 r--cf>i(s. 5",). J J 0' / 'H',<?S/(.''')---'''''J'.. :( 11'5 ( 1"') 35 (/0.' j ; Cft0f J!hC\lAtt. rr i --.au Hip ls e. -=:5Z). StS i epo;!s'(,o"'u--'-+--h--"i'-r'd:-"--:"---:;;---r-"'='=r-:------r 11!LM ri SAOLUfilLL 6t M691Rli...caSE«, i:rpl _ SHijP&t1 PE ps _ 0 f.., \').1 r, \ '<,,, fl' Layout that provides space for electronic sorting and individual animal evaluation

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