The Environmental Impacts of Norwegian Aquaculture
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1 The Environmental Impacts of Norwegian Aquaculture Monitoring Program Pathogen Transmission Abdullah Madhun Hardangerfjordseminaret 2013
2 Risk Assessment: Environmental Impacts of Norwegian Aquaculture
3 Healthy Wild Salmon? Sphaerospora truttae Trypanoplasma sp. Piscicola geometra Acanthobdella peledini Cryptocotyle lingua Diplostomum spathaceum Diplostomum mergi Diplostomum sp. Tylodelphys clavata Ichthyocotylurus erraticus Perkinsea gen. sp. Hysterothylacium aduncum Contracaecum sp. Crepidostomum metoecus Crepidostomum farionis Gyrodactylus salaris Eimeria truttae Exophiala sp. Phoma herbarum Verticillium sp. Paeciliomyces farinosus Saprolegnia spp. Chilodonella spp. Discocotyle Lepeophtheirus salmonis Eubothrium crassum Discocotyle sagittata Proteocephalus longicollis Discocotyle sagittata Caligus elongatus Udonella caligorum Gyrodactyloides bychowskii Hepatoxylon trichiuri Nybelinia surmenicola Hemiurus communis Derogenes varicus Hemiurus levinseni Hemiurus luehei Lecithaster gibbosus Paranucleospora theridion Trichodina sp. I Ichthyobodo necator Ichthyobodo salmonis Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola Tetrabothriidae plerocercoider Myxidium truttae Myxobolus neurobius Henneguya nuesslini Spironucleus salmonicida Spironucleus barkhanus Discocotyle sagittata Capriniana piscium Riboscyphidia sp. Apiosoma sp. Trichodina sp. II Anisakis simplex Papillomavirus Isavirus (HPR 0) Birnavirus (IPNV) Alphavirus (SAV-I) Reovirus (PRV) Renibacterium salmoninarum Listonella anguillarum Aeromonas salmonicida sspp. Aliivibrio salmonicida Moritella viscosa Vibrio splendidus Pseudomonas Flavobacterium psychrophilum Piscichlamydia Clavochlamydia salmonicola Piscirickettsia salmonis Margaritifera margaritifera Argulus spp. Scolex pleuronectis Glugea truttae Cyathocephalus truncatus Acarii gen. sp. Brachyphallus crenatus Chloromyxum truttae Chloromyxum sp Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Neoparamoeba perurans Amoebae indet. FW
4 Sick Farmed Fish? Lepeophtheirus salmonis Eubothrium crassum Paranucleospora theridion Caligus elongatus Ilavirus (HPR 0) Birnavirus (IPNV) Alphavirus (SAV-I) Reovirus (PRV) Moritella viscosa Trichodina sp. II Piscichlamydia Neoparamoeba Gyrodactyloides Ichthyobodo salmonis Totivirus (PMCV) Poxvirus?
5 Pathogen Transmission from Farmed to Wild Salmon Transmission of pathogens from farmed to wild fish may occur. The frequency of transmission? If transmission leads to disease that has a stock reducing effect. Therefore, we need more research to improve our knowledge about pathogen transmission between farmed and wild salmon and vice versa.
6 Indicators of Increased Infection Pressure from Salmon Farming Farmed salmon wild salmon Pathogen prevalence in migrating smolt. Pathogen prevalence in returning spawning salmon. Infected escaped farmed salmon Prevalence of pathogen-specific antibodies in sera from wild salmon. Pathogen concentration in water around the salmon farms and in the rivers.
7 Pathogen Monitoring in Wild Salmonids Pathogen screening in areas with little or no fish farming compared to areas with intensive fish farming. Screening of pathogens in: Returning spawning salmon (infection status) Migratory smolt (infection status) Sea trout (local indicator) Smolt cages (infection pressure/transmission dynamic) Pathogen in smolt Transmission in time and space Prevalence of pathogen i escaped salmon
8 Pathogens Listed diseases: Pancreas disease (PD): SAV virus Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI): PRV virus Infectious salmon anaemia: ISA virus Non-listed diseases: Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS): PMCV virus Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN): IPN virus Number of farms with virus disease outbreak in 2012 Patogen SAV (PD) PRV (HSMI) ISAV IPNV PMCV (CMS) Total. Outbreaks* * Approved/suspected Fiskehelserapporten 2012
9 Monitoring: Sea Trout Prevalence of pathogen (SAV-3, PRV) in sea trout from Finnmark Sogn og Fjordane Osterfjord Hardangerfjord Rogaland > 1200 sea trout
10 Pathogen screening of returning salmon from North Norway 400 sea salmon a year ( )
11 Pathogen-surveillance in returning spawning salmon from Osterfjord Pathogen-prevalence in returning salmon in the sea and rivers (Dale og Vosso) in Osterfjord 800 salmon heads of returning Vosso salmon (2012) 50 spawned salmon from Dale river.
12 Smolt Sentinel Cages (infection pressure) Hardanger fjord 2013
13 Smolt Release (Stock Reducing Effect) Etne 2013
14 Escaped Farmed Salmon Pathogen-screening in escaped farmed salmon in Hardangerfjord (2012, 59 escaped farmed fish). Can infection profile help us tracing the escaped salmon to the farm of origin?
15 Acknowledgments and Partners Egil Karlsbakk Cecilie Helen Isachsen Linn Maren Omdal Ann Cathrine Einen Pål Arne Bjørn Ove Skilbrei Kevin Glover Øystein Skaala Vidar Wennevik Rune Nilsen Ole B. Samuelsen, Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup (UniMiljø) Anne-Katrine Haldorsen (NIFES) Bente Torstensen (NIFES) Martin Svenning (NINA) Eero Niemela (RKTL, Finland)
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