How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Analysis of Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree

Transcription

1 Carver Chiropractic College (below with exterior and auditorium views, circa 1910) existed in Oklahoma City for over half a century ( ), merging with Logan College. The authors believe that fewer than 190 schools actually existed in any regular, systematic offering of the D.C. degree. The first institution, the Palmer School of Chiropractic, started in 1897 as the Chiropractic School and Cure (left, circa 1907). The second school of record was the American School of Chiropractic in Cedar Rapids (below), which operated for some 14 years ( ).

2 Chiropractic History Volume 8, No How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Analysis of Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree ALANA FERGUSON, M.S.* GLENDA WIESE, M.A.**, Medical literature has often repeated early and unsubstantiated statements to the effect that "as many as 500 different schools of chiropractic have seen the light of day." Research by the authors, which initially resulted in a listing of chiropractic institutions known to have existed from 1897 to the date of the publication in 1985, indicates a far smaller figure. Allowing for mergers, acquisitions and satellite schools, the figure for the past 90 years may be nearer 190. An updated list ofthese institutions, including those located since this original work, is part ofthe appendix of this study. They are categorized by states and provinces, location and dates of operation when known. The authors originally published a historical directory of chiropractic colleges three years ago, in response to several requests for a list of all the chiropractic schools and colleges that had ever existed. The authors chose to publish the directory in its incomplete form, hoping that it would be useful while they continued to add to the list (Wiese and Ferguson 1985). The directory that is the appendix to this paper contains the information in the 1985list plus the names of 130 additional schools and colleges. The authors are confident that the important schools in the profession's history have been noted, and that schools not appearing on the list were ephemeral in nature. Although the authors will continue to note the existence of additional schools, the omission of these institutions in the appendix of this paper should not influence the analysis of the development of chiropractic schools and colleges. In the compilation of the 130 schools not found in the 1985 directory, the authors relied almost exclusively on advertisements and school catalogs found in the Palmer College Archives. A 1914 directory of chiropractors was also useful in locating several early names (Michel1914, 93). The authors also wish to thank the readers who responded with additions and corrections to the first historical directory. Their contributions have been incorporated in this listing. No attempt has been made to credit each source. In many instances, information was corroborated in more than one source, from directories, catalogs, advertisements and simi- - <Coordinator, Palmer Research lnslilute Reference Librarian, David D. Palmer Health Sciences Library Correspondence to 1000 Brady Street, Davenport, IA Delivered at the Eighth Annual Conference on Chiropractic History at Cleveland Los Angeles on June 4, ' 1988 Association tor th History of Chiropractic Jar listings. In other instances, they found only one listing in a directory or an advertisement to indicate that the school existed. They have chosen to report all listings separately except for name changes. A name change will be mentioned in the listing under the most current college or school name. Sources often gave conflicting information as to dates. The authors have chosen to report the broadest range of dates, if the credibility of the sources was equal. If one source appeared to be more accurate, the information in that source was reported. An example of such distinctions would be the date of a newspaper advertisement being more credible than the dates given in a secondary source. Street addresses have been omitted from this listing for the sake of conciseness. In many instances the address is unknown to the authors. Starting and closing dates of schools are indicated by dates without brackets. Brackets around a date indicate dates of existence where opening and closing dates are not certain. The symbol -) preceded by a date indicates the institution was no longer in existence at that time but that the closing date is unknown. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence often reach as high as 600 (Lin 1973, 77). Indeed, one chiropractor testifying before a Senate Committee in 1926 claimed, "... we had, at one time 200 schools in the State of Michigan." (Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure 1926, 5) The authors' research indicates that these claims are exaggerated, although an estimate of 500 may not be too far off the mark if one considers only a listing of the names of schools from around the world. The list of school names appended to this article numbers 436 if one considers all the name changes, and will probably continue to grow slowly.

3 28 If one looks more closely at the information provided, however, one notices that several names are changes in name only (i.e., Palmer School to Palmer College, National School to National College, Drown College to Hollywood College, etc.) By eliminating these changes "in name only" the list shrinks to 392 names. One can further reduce the number of names if the researcher eliminates the different branches of the same school (i.e., Carver Colleges in Wichita, Kansas City, Denver, New York; Ratledge, Darling and Darling, etc.) The number of schools decreases from 392 to 376. If one chooses to eliminate schools outside the United States from this discussion, the list is further reduced to 346. Merged schools have been counted in the totals (i.e., Carver into Logan, Universal into Lincoln into National) as these schools stood alone for a number of years. Of the remaining 346 schools, a researcher might question whether all of these were legitimate institutions of higher education. The earliest graduates were licensed to "teach and practice" and research indicates that many early graduates did just that. Their advertisements would solicit both patients and students. No information has been found for many schools indicating that they operated for more than a period of a few months, or even that they had any students. Although the authors chose to include these in their list, if one choses to eliminate names of schools for which no record of existence for longer than a year can be found, the number of names shrinks from 346 to 188. Any evaluation of the remaining 188 names must be subjective. One criteria could be: did the school offer a DC degree after a resident course? Two more names can be eliminated American University and Palmer School of Correspondenceboth of which operated solely by correspondence courses. (American University 1916, 1917; Palmer School of Correspondence 1911). Schools which offered residence courses in addition to correspondence courses have not been removed. In many instances, the authors had little to go by other than lists. When catalogs or bulletins for the institution exist, some information is available. Even so, many of the bulletins are vague about the school's starting date and number of graduates, leaving one to conclude that the institution's actual dates of existence may have been brief. In a few instances, even when evidence of several graduates exist, the authors question the quality of the education as measured against the prevailing standards for chiropractic schools at that time. B. J. Palmer alludes to the problem: "The curse of Chiropractic is the army of scholastic pretenders, who, leech-like, have fastened themselves to the pedagogical phase of the vocation for the money there is in it." (Palmer 1916, 4-5). In preparing a 1922 report to the Universal Chiropractors Association, an investigator visited the campuses of approximately 25 schools. When considering the number of full time faculty, classroom hours, testing facilities, and evidence of 'graft' as criteria for judging a school, several fell short of the UCA's standards (Universal Chiropractors Association 1922). It appears that another common failing of many of these early institutions may have been a course of study shorter than the standard eighteen months after The American University received notoriety as being a "diploma mill" in a 1915 Harper's Weekly expose (Creel1915). Evidence indicates that Indiana Chiropractic College may also have been in the 'diploma mill' category. In analyzing the patterns of growth of the chiropractic schools and their student populations, the authors have chosen to use Gibbons' categorization of periods of activity: the Tutorial Period, ; the Classical Period, ; the Proprietary Period, ; the Professional Period, (Gibbons 1980, 339). The Tutorial Period, , was characterized by relatively few schools. Although the list of those in existence during this period numbers 17, documentation of graduates from these schools can only be found for a few. D. D. Palmer's schools in Davenport and Santa Barbara and Langworthy'S' American School could not have accounted for more than 100 graduates (not DC's but graduates), and the majority of them (57) were from Palmer. Although Palmer may have graduated students from Portland, the authors could not document the school's existence, or any evidence of graduates during this period. The early existence of the Sinclair College in Santa Rosa is problematical, but is cited in a 1950 study as being in existence for 14 years (Stanford Research 1960). The Classical Period, , saw an explosion in the number of chiropractic schools and their student population. By referring to the graph in Figure 1, the researcher finds that the number of schools in existence increased from 17 in 1906 to 64 in Reed's assessment that there were as many as 79 schools in existence in 1920 is probably high (Reed 1932, 79). The graph in Figure 1 indicates there were 58 schools in 1920, but the figures exceed his estimate in 1925, when 82 schools were in existence. The student enrollment for this period increased tremendously. At the Palmer School, enrollment went from eight in 1906 (Lin 1973, 76) to almost 2300 in There was a dip in enrollments during due to World War I (Turner 1931, 34-36). Again, the authors' inability to document the existence of many of the schools of this time for more than a year suggests that many were not viable schools and may not have graduated any students. Little evaluative material is available on the chiropractic schools in existence during this time. Aside from catalogs of some of them, a primary source for this period is the Universal Chiropractors Association's 1922 report on chiropractic schools. Most of the 25 institutions evaluated were housed in a suite of rented rooms with only a modest amount of equipment. The report tends to be more understanding of these deficiencies, than of the questionable motives on the part of the founders. On the American School of Chiropractic the investigator for the UCA, one Frank Myers, wrote: "My opinion, with relation to Chiropractic is that they have taken on this subject for its commercial possibilities and are not devoting any of their time to specializing on it.... Nevertheless their graduates are being turned out and practicing their mode under the name of Chiropractic" (Universal Chiropractors Association 1922).

4 29 DISTRIBUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC COLLEGES BETWEEN 1895 AND 1988 On the Indiana Chiropractic College, Frank Myers reported: "Requirements for degrees: Stick around fo( a while. I saw two diplomas in two so-called chiropractors offices from this school, although the school has been running only four months. One of these men had been a farmer and got his diploma four months ago. The other was a chiropodist and writes D.C. in pen and ink on his business card" (Universal Chiropractors Association 1922). Not all of those investigated received negative reports. Advanced School (New York), Carver Chiropractic College (New York), Los Angeles Chiropractic College, and Chiropractic University (Kansas) received generally favorable reports. In spite of the questionable academics and short life span of many during this time, it was established that the eighteen month course became the norm. A few schools (National, Carver, and Universal) offered an optional three or four year course. It was also during this period that a pioneer effort was made by the International Association of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges to discuss standardization, curriculum, and other educational policies (Gibbons 1980, 344). Proprietary : A decline in the numoer of schools followed the NCM controversy and then the economic depression. The number of schools and their population dropped from 82 in 1925 (See Figure 1) to 69 with a total student population of 2,000 in 1927 to 59 schools with a total enrollment of 1,400 in 1932 (Figure 1; Reed 1932, 36). The number of schools indicated by the authors' chart is considerably higher than the figures given by Reed. The authors chose to use his enrollment figures, because they suspect the additional schools had very few students, and no other enrollment figures are available. The Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association issued a scathing report on the chiropractic educational system in 1927 (American Medical Association 1928). The medical educational community had been struggling successfully to improve its own standards of education and were highly critical of the lack of standards in chiropractic. In 1910, the Council on Medical Education, in cooperation with the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teac.hing, had issued the Flexner Report (Flexner 1910). Highly critical of the medical education at that time, the Flexner Report became an invaluable catalyst in the fight to raise the education level in America's medical schools. In the years following its publication, enormous progress was made in raising the standards of medical education.

5 30 During the 1930's a similar effort was made by the National Chiropractic Association to raise the educational standards of the chiropractic profession. In 1935 the Committee on Educational Standards was created. In 1947 the Council on Chiropractic Education was created and received the support of the NCA (Schaefer 1976, 34). During the period 1941 to 1960, the committee, under the leadership of John Nugent, worked to strengthen chiropractic education. Many weaker institutions were merged with other institutions and some substandard institutions were closed. An increase in the number of new schools following World War II was predictable, but most had merged by the end of the 1950's. By 1960 the number of chiropractic schools had decreased to 22. Although student enrollment figures are not available for most of this period, the economic depression and World War II took a terrible toll on student enrollment. Enrollment climbed steeply after the war, largely because of the increased student pool and the influx of funding created by the G.l. bill. Professional : The next two decades saw important advances in profession-wide standards. The National Board of Chiropractic Examiners was formed in 1962 and the first exams were held in The CCE was incorporated as an autonomous organization in 1971 and was officially recognized by the U.S. Office of Education in 1974 <Schaefer 1976, 34). P artially as a result of the profession's increasing educational standards, and partially because of the maturation of the first of the "Baby Boomers" the early 1970's witnessed increasing enrollments in all chiropractic colleges. By 1975 there were 5,000 students (Schaefer 1976, 71 ) and by 1978 enrollment stood at 8,570, (Wardwelll980, 30). Today there are over 12,000 students (FACTS 1986, 19). The number of colleges decreased from 22 in 1960 to 11 in , comparable to the number of schools in existence in The mid-1970's saw an increase in the number of schools and the number has remained stable for the last decade. Pasadena, Life, Life-West, Palmer-West, Sherman and Pennsylvania Straight were founded in this decade. The demographic distribution of the schools by state is represented in Table 2. The number of schools in each state closely parallels the practitioner concentration (i.e., California, 47 ; New Yor k, 31 ; Iowa, 16; etc.). If all the branches of the colleges were included in the count, the numbers would be even greater in states like California and New York. Although references to as many as 436 chiropractic school and college names have been located by the authors, the number of viable colleges in North America that graduated a significant number of chiropractors is much lower, under 200. As the profession raised its educational standards, the potential for profiting from ownership of a school decreased. Thus fewer new schools were opened and many of the weaker schools closed or merged with a stronger school. The story 100 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS (/) 90 _J I 70 (.) (/) 60 LL (/) a: 30 w OJ 20 ~ 10 ::::> z 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 ll) 0 I() 0 I() 0 1()00 0> N N (") (") ~ ~ ll) I() <D <D,..., > 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0> 0>0> ,.....-, , YEAR

6 HOW MANY CHIROPRACTIC SCHOOLS FERGUSONJWIESE 31 of the chiropractic schools parallels the story of the profession as a whole-self-sacrifice on the part of many institutions and educators as they struggled to ultimately bring the profession up to the standards necessary to insure the inclusion of chiropractic as part of the health care delivery system of North America. REFERENCES American University Extension Department Chiropractic: the Science of Spinal Adjustment. Chicago: American University. Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure in the District of Columbia United States Government Printing Office. Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the American Medical Association Schools of Chiropractic and Naturopathy in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (18) : Creel, George Making Doctors While you wait: Mail order miracle men and easy money doctors. Harper's Weekly, Flexner. Abraham Medical Education in the United States and Canada. Boston: D. B. Updyke, Merrymount Press. The Foundahon Cor the Advancement or Chiropractic Tenets and Science Facts Bulletin, 2: 19. Gibbons, Russell W "The Rise o the Chiropractic Educational Establishment," Who's Who in Chiropractic International, ed. by Fern Dta man. Littleton, CO: Who's Who in Chiropractic, International Publishing Co., Inc. Lin, Phyllis Lan The Chiropractor, Chiropractic, and Process: A Study of the Sociology of an Occupation. Ann Arbor, MI: University Microrums. Michel, G. H Directory of Chiropractors and Chiropractic Colleges of the United States and Canada. Cleveland: Michel and Co. Palmer, B. J The Chiropractor. Davenport, la: Palmer School of Chiropractic. Palmer School or Correspondence Lessons in Chiropradic. (Palmer College Archives.) Reed, Louis S The Healing Cults, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Schaefer, Richard C., ed Chiropractic Health Care, Des Moines, Iowa : Foundation for the Advancement of Chiropractic Tenants and Sci ~nce. Stanford Research Institute Chiropractic in California. Los Angeles: The Haynes Foundation Turner, Chittenden The Rise of Chiropractic. Los Angeles: Powell Publishing Co. Universal Chiropractors' Association Report to the Education Committee. Wardwell. Walter I "The Present and future role of the chiropractor," Modern developments in the principles and practice of chiropractic," ed. by Scotl Haldeman. New York: Appleton Century Crofts. Weise, Glenda C. and Alana C. Ferguson Historical Directory of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges. Research Forom 1(3):79-94.

7 32 Chiropractic schools of record, NO LOCATION Adams Chiropractic Institute [ American Chiropractic Drugless College [19231 American University of Sanipractic [1919) Barnes Sanitarium and School of Chiropractic [ ) Barnett School of Chiropractic [ 1923) Black Hills College of Chiropractic [n.r.1923j Bramerd School of Chiropractic [ -1918] Burton College of Chiropractic Central Scientific College of Chiropractic [1925) College of Original Chiropractic [1925] College of Scientific Chiropractic [ -1918) Columbia University of Physicians, Inc. [1922] Colyer Chiropractic College [ Evans School of Chiropractic [19211 Francis School of Chiropractic [19?? Gordon School of Chiropractic [19??) Dr. Harley Institute [1925] Konkler Chiropractic Institute [19??- 1918] Major College of Chiropractic fl925) George F. Murray Private School of Chiropractic [1925] National Metropolitan f 1956) National School of Spinology North Western Chiropractic School [-<1923) Pennington Chiropractic School [1918-<1923) Potomac University [- 1923] Potter School of Clinical Chiropractic [ ) Riedl Chiropractic Institute [ 1923] Royal Blue College of Chiropractic [1925] Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. [ ] Sharp School [1915] Volmer School of Chiropractic [1904] Waterloo College of Chiropractic l-<1923] Weigert School of Chiropractic [-<1918] Wolverine College of Chiropractic 1-<1923] ALABAMA Carver Chiropractic College of the South, Montgomery Southern Chiropractic College, Montgomery 1922-[1923) ARKANSAS Progressive College of Chiropractic, Fort Smith [1919-<1923) CALIFORNIA American College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles [1936] Berkeley Chiropractic College, Berkeley Bullis Chiropractic School - Oakland Chiropractic College, Oakland Cale College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles California Chiropractic College, Oakland California College of Electro-MechanoTherapy [1925] California College of Natural Healing Arts, Los Angeles Formerly Cale College of Naturopathy Formerly the Chiropractic College of America 1933-L1943] Chiropractors, Inc., Los Angeles 1920-[ 1921] Cleveland Chiropractic College of Los Angeles, Los Angeles Formerly Ratledge College of Chiropractic College of Drugless Healing, Los Angeles College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons, Los Angeles [19--J Columbia College of Chiropractic, Sacramento l1943] Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy, Sacramento Formerly Columbia College of Chiropractic (Alameda) Continental Chiropractic College, Berkeley Continental Chiropractic College, Los Angeles [1940]-1946 Davis College of Neuropathy, Los Angeles f1914] Golden State College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles Hollywood College of Chiropractic, Hollywood Formerly Drown College of Chiropractic Formerly Pasadena College of Chiropractic Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles [1926] Life Chiropractic College - West, San Lorenzo Formerly Pacific States Chiropractic College Los Angeles College of Chiropractic, Whittier Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Arts, Los Angeles McMillan's [Swedish Medical Gymnastic and Naturopathic] Institute, San Jose Dr. H. B. Moore, San Diego [ National College of Drugless Physicians Naturopathic Institute of California Oakland Chiropractic College, Oakland [ ] Pacific College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapeutics, Berkeley Pacific School of Chiropractic, Oakland [ ] Palmer Chiropractic School, Santa Barbara Palmer College of Chiropractic-West, Sunnyvale Formerly Northern California College of Chiropractic Pasadena College of Chiropractic, Pasadena Formerly University of Pasadena, College of Chiropractic 1973-f1980] Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools, Los Angeles San Diego School of Chiropractic, San Diego 1910-ll914] San Francisco Chiropractic College, San Francisco [ ] San Francisco College of Chiropractic, San Francisco , Formerly West Coast Chiropractic College, Inc San Francisco College of Chiropractic and Drugless Physicians, San Francisco Formerly San Francisco College of Chiropractic Sierra State University, San Francisco 1938-[19??] Formerly Golden State Chiropractic College (Berkeley) Sinclair College of Chiropractic, Santa Rosa Southern California College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles

8 33 Formerly Southern California College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., Oakland Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., Sacramento Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., San Francisco Standard Chiropractic College, Inc., San Jose State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians, San Jose [19381 Storeys School of Chiropractic l ] Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy, San Francisco Formerly Western College (School) of Chiropractic Western University of Chiropractic, San Diego 1935-[1943] Formerly Clewell Chiropractic College [ ] COLORADO Carver College, Denver Denver Chiropractic Institute, Inc., Denver [ ] Denver School of Chiropractic, Denver [1914] Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic, Denver University of Natural Healing Arts, Denver Formerly Colorado Chiropractic University Western College of Chiropractic, Denver [ ] CONNECTICUT Central College of Chiropractic, Hartford [1926) Connecticut College of Chiropractic [1932] Eastern Chiropractic Institute (or College), Hartford [1925] University of the Healing Arts, Hartford 1935-[1938] DELAWARE Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Royal Institute of Chiropractic DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Capital School of Chiropractic Carver Chiropractic Research Institute [19--] Chiropractic Research University ll927] Eastern Chiropractic College National University of Therapeutics Riley Chiropractic College (Riley School of Chiropractic) Standard School of Chiropractic Washington, D.C. School of Chiropractic [ ] GEORGIA Atlanta Chiropractic College, Atlanta [1927] Grant Chiropractic College, Columbus Life Chiropractic College, Marietta ILLINOIS American Institute of Chiropractic, Rock Island [ ) American School of Chiropractic, Chicago [1915] American University of Chiropractic, Chicago [ ] Eclectic College of Chiropractic, Inc Formerly American College of Mechano Therapy, Chicago Bernarr McFadden Healthatorium, Chicago [1914] Chicago Chiropractic College, Chicago [1913] Chicago University of American Sciences [1925) Chiropractic University of Chicago, Chicago [1921] Howard School of Chiropractic, Chicago [1914)-1922 Kent College of Chiropractic, Chicago Lincoln College, Chicago [ ] Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics, Chicago [1916) National College of Chiropractic, Lombard Formerly National School of Chiropractic (Davenport) Formerly National School of Chiropractic (Chicago) National College of Drugless Physicians, Chicago National School of Drugless Therapy, Chicago [1920] National University of Sciences, Chicago -<1956 Palmer-Gregory School of Treatment, Chicago l-<1918] Peerless c.ollege of Chiropractic, Chicago Formerly Eclectic College of Chiropractic Progressive College of Chiropractic, Chicago Standard School of Chiropractic, Chicago [-<1923] Wellington University, Chicago [1929] INDIANA Bebout College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis 1946-[1965] Bremer Chiropractic College, Fort Wayne 1922-[<1925] Central States College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis [1927] College of Universal Sciences Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc., Evansville [1927] Genetic Chiropractic College, New Albany Indiana Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [ J Indiana School of Chiropractic, Anderson [1913]-1918 Indianapolis Chiropractic College l1921] International University of Chiropractic, Indianapolis [1922] Lincoln Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [ ) Oliver College of Chiropractic, Marion [1983] O'Neil College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne O'Neil-Ross Chiropractic College, Fort Wayne 1929-[1953] Pennsylvania Chiropractic College, Indianapolis [ ] Peskin College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne [1921] Ross College of Chiropractic, Fort Wayne United College of Chiropractic, Marion [1914] United States College of Chiropractic, Indianapolis IOWA American School of Chiropractic and Nature Cure, Cedar Rapids Ball Sanitarium and Health School, Colfax 1919-[19-] Branett School of Chiropractic Chiropractic School and Cure, Davenport, la Columbia School of Chiropractic, Cedar Rapids [1903] Davenport College of Chiropractic, Davenport Davenport College of Chiropractic, Davenport Formerly Sharp and Carlson School of Chiropractic Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic, Davenport [ <1923)-[1932]

9 34 Des Moines School of Chiropractic [1918) International University of Chiropractic (1920) Iowa College of Chiropractic, Des Moines L1915) Palmer College of Chiropractic, Davenport Formerly Palmer's School of Magnetic Cure 1896 Formerly Palmer School and Cure Formerly Palmer Infirmary and Chiropractic Institute Formerly Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic Formerly Palmer School of Chiropractic Palmer School of Correspondence, Davenport Parker College (or School) of Chiropractic, Ottumwa [ <1918] Universal Chiropractic College, Davenport Dr. AI White, Brighton [1914) Weigert School of Chiropractic, Waterloo [1913] KANSAS Carver Chiropractic College, Wichita 1919-[19-??] Formerly Carver College Chiropractic University Colvin Chiropractic College, Wichita [ ) Darling and Baker, Wichita [ ] Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College, Wichita Darling and Darling Chiropractic College, Wichita 1912-[1917) Foy's Chiropractic College, Topeka [1910) Harris Chiropractic College, Wichita Kansas City School of Chiropractic, Kansas City Kansas School of Chiropractic [1917] Kansas State Chiropractic College, Wichita [ ] Dr. H. S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc., Topeka [1943] Ratledge College of Chiropractic Wichita College of Kiropractic KENTUCKY International College of Chiropractic, Inc., Lexington [1943) MARYLAND Columbia College of Chiropractic, Baltimore Maryland College of Chiropractic, Baltimore MASSACHUSETTS New England College of Chiropractic, Boston 1914-[1918] Riley School of Chiropractic, Boston [1925) Washington School of Chiropractic, Boston [-<1956) MICHIGAN Alma Chiropractic College, Detroit 1920-[1922) Detroit Chiropractic College, Detroit [ ] Detroit Chiropractic Institute, Detroit [ ) International College of Chiropractic, Detroit [1910) International College of Chiropractic Spondylotherapy [ <1922) Michigan Chiropractic College, Detroit Michigan College of Chiropractic, Grand Rapids [ ) Michigan Kiropractic College [1910) Wells Academy of Chiropractic, Lansing, MI MINNESOTA Carroll School of Chiropractic [ ) Chiropractic School and Cure, Duluth Chiropractic School and Cure, St. Paul Duluth School of Chiropractic, Duluth [1925 Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure, Fairmont [1904-) Hammerle Chiropractic College, St. Paul International University of Chiropractic [1920) Mankato School, Mankato -<1923 Marshoto School, Marshoto [1902] McCandy School of Chiropractic, Minneapolis 1964-[19??] Midwest College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [19261 Minnesota Chiropractic College, Minneapolis Formerly Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy Minnesota School of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [1904] Modern School of Chiropractic, Brainderd <1956 Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Bloomington rtho Chiropractic College, Minneapolis Ramsay College of Chiropractic, Minneapolis [1926) St. Paul College of Chiropractic, St. Paul Wentworth Chiropractic College, Inc., Duluth [ -<1923] MISSISSIPPI Mississippi State Chiropractic College MISSOURI Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College, Kansas City Chiropractic Institute and College, St. James 1904-[19-J Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City, Kansas City [1914] Chiropractic University, Kansas City [ ] Cleveland Chiropractic College of Kansas City, Kansas City Formerly Central Chiropractic College College of Chiropractic Research Foundation, St. Louis [1943] Excelsior Chiropractic Sanitarium, Excelsior Springs U ) Hughes College of Chiropractic, St. Joseph Hunter School of Chiropractic, Springfield [1925) Logan College of Chiropractic, Chesterfield Formerly Logan Basic College of Chiropractic Mid-West School of Chiropractic Missouri Chiropractic College, St. Louis Missouri Chiropractic Institute, St. Louis Missouri Chiropractic Institute and College Ratledge College of Chiropractic St. Louis Chiropractic College, St. Louis 1909-[1922) Spino-Neural Chiropractic College [1925) Springfield Chiropractic College, Springfield [ -1922) Western Chiropractic College, Kansas City [ ) MONTANA James Chiropractic College [19??-<1923) Montana Chiropractic College NEBRASKA Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic, Lincoln Lincoln Chiropractic College, Lincoln [1922-<1925) Nebraska Chiropractic College, Lincoln 1908-[1927) Western Academy of Science [-<1923)

10 HOW MANY CHIROPRACn C SCHOOLS FERGUSON/WIESE 35 NEW JERSEY Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Eastern College of Chiropractic, Newark ( ) First National University of Naturopathy and Allied Sciences, Inc., Newark [ ) Mecca College of Chiropractic, Newark 1916-[1943) Formerly New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy National Eclectic Institute, West Hoboken [ ] Nature Science College of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic, Newark [ ] NEW YORK Advanced School of Chiropractic, New York [1918] Amalgamated Chiropractic Colleges, New York [1918) American School of Chiropractic, New York 1905-[19311 American School of Naturopathy, New York Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute, Brooklyn Bronx School of Chiropractic, New York [192?-1932) Carver Chiropractic College, New York [1920] Carver Chiropractic Institute, New York Chiropractic Institute of New York, New York [1914) Chiropractic Institute of New York, New York Formerly Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic [1944]-1945 Continental School of Chiropractic, New York [ ] Darling and Darling Chiropractic College, New York [ ] Eastern Chiropractic College, Nerw York [ ] Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York [ ) Empire Institute of Chiropractic, New York 1919-[1925] Institute of the Science of Chiropractic, New York [1931) International College of Chiropractic, New York 192o-(19??) International School of Chiropractic, Buffalo [1932) Interstate Chiropractic School, Buffalo 1922-[19??) Manhatten College of Chiropractic, New York [1919) McFadden Institute of Physical Culture, New York Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic, New York [ ] National Eclectic Institute, Manhattan National Eclectic Institute, New York [ ] New York Chiropractic College, Glens Head Formerly Columbia Institute of Chiropractic New York College of Chiropractic, New York 1919-(19221 Formerly Chiropractic University of New York [1918) New York Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, New York I 1927 J New York School of Chiropractic, Bronx [1932] New York School of Chiropractic, New York [1919)-1944 Premier School of Chiropractic, New York Standard School [Institute) of Chiropractic, New York [1920) OHIO Akron College of Chiropractic, Akron 1922-[1932) Bloodgett Chiropractic College, Cleveland [1927] Central College of Chiropractic, Cleveland [1926] Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic, Eaton Cleveland Chiropractic College, Cleveland Deshler College of Chiropractic, Deshler [1926) Dickinson Chiropractic College, Columbus [ J Or. W. J. Haney, Cleveland [1914j International College of Chiropractic, Dayton [ ) Inter-State Chiropractic College, Cleveland 1921-(1922) Metropolitan and Cleveland College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Chiropractic College, Cleveland [ Metropolitan College of Chiropractic and Mechano-Therapy, Cleveland [ ) Nesmith College of Potomac University Ohio State Chiropractic College Reaver School of Chiropractic, Dayton Standard College of Chiropractic, Akron [ ) OKLAHOMA Carver Chiropractic College, Oklahoma City Formerly Carver-Denny Chiropractic College Carver College of Relatolity, Oklahoma City [1940J Chirof>ractic Institute of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma City [1914-<1923] Northwestern School of Chiropractic Oklahoma Chiropractic Univerrsity 1907-[19??] Oklahoma College of Mechano Therapy Palmer-Gregory College of Chiropractic, Oklahoma City Ratledge College of Chiropractic, Tulsa (1908) Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic College [ -<19181 OREGON Oregon State Chiropractic College [1925] Pacific College of Chiropractic, Portland Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy Formerly D.O. Palmer School of Chiropractic [1903)-1910 Formerly Portland College of Chiropractic Western States Chiropractic College, Portland Formerly Pacific Chiropractic College NEW MEXICO Reaver School of Chiropractic, Roswell 1952 PENNSYLVANIA American Chiropractic College, Philadelphia Central College of Chiropractic Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia [ ] Lafayette Institute, Philadelphia 1947-[1950) Marchand College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia , 1922-[19--] National Chiropractic College, Philadelphia [1927] Neff College, Philadelphia -<1926 Pennsylvania College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia [19501 Pennsylvania College of Straight Chiropractic, Levittown Formerly Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh [1914)-1919 Philadelphia College of Chiropractic, Philadelphia Dr. C. H. Sheway, Connellsville [1914] Union College of Chiropractic, Pittsburgh [1925) Universal Chiropractic College, Pittsburgh Washington School of Chiropractic, Washington [ )

11 36 SOUTH CAROLINA Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic, Spartanburg TENNESSEE Nashville College of Chiropractic, Nashville 1925-[1943] Tennessee Academy of Arts and Sciences, Inc. TEXAS Dallas Chiropractic College, Dallas [ Fort Worth Chiropractic College, Fort Worth [1922] Grant School of Chiropractic, Waskom Parker College of Chiropractic, Irving Richmond University of Chiropractic, Hereford 1938-[1943] San Antonio Chiropractic College, San Antonio [ ] Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences, Dallas [1943] Southwestern College of Chiropractic, Cisco 1978-[1983] Southwestern Chiropractic College, Sweetwater Texas College of Chiropractic, Pasadena UTAH Medlin School of Health, Salt Lake City [1914] Salt Lake College (School) of Chiropractic [-<1923] Utah Chiropractic College [1925) WASHINGTON Grace University, Seattle [19301 Northwestern College of Chiropractic, Seattle [1932] Restview Chiropractic College (or Restview University of Chiropractic), Seattle 1906-r Seattle College of Chiropractic, Seattle [ ] Seattle School of Chiropractic, Seattle fl918l Spokane School of Chiropractic, Spokane [ ] Universal Sanipractic College, Seattle [1926] Western Drugless College Western Therapeutic College WISCONSIN Antigo College of Chiropractic, Antigo [ ] Wisconsin Chiropractic College, Milwaukee [ ] CANADA NO PROVINCE Imperial College of Chiropractic [19??] National University of Therapeutics MANITOBA Manitoba School of Chiropractic, Winnipeg ONTARIO Canadian Chiropractic College, Hamilton [ ] Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Toronto Duval School of Toronto [1925] Ontario Chiropractic College, Ontario [1925] Robbins Chiropractic Institute, Sault St. Marie 1910-[ 1923) Toronto Chiropractic College, Toronto 1920-[19??]