How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update

Transcription

1 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update 89 GLENDA WIESE, Ph.D* and ALANA CALLENDER, M.S. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence have been as high as six hundred. The authors identified 436 different school names from 1897 until the publication of an earlier list in Since that time, the authors have identified an additional 157 school names, for a total of 593. Allowing for name changes, mergers, acquisitions and satellite schools the figure for the past 110 years is much smaller, nearer 250. An updated list of these institutions is the major part of this paper. The schools are categorized by country and state, location and dates of operation, when known. Estimates of the number of chiropractic schools that have been in existence have been as high as six hundred (1). One chiropractor testifying before a Senate Committee in 1926 claimed there had been as many as 200 schools in the state of Michigan (2). Although these claims were exaggerated at the time, the number six hundred may not be far off the mark today if one considers the international colleges, as well as college name changes and variations. The authors originally published an historical directory of chiropractic schools and colleges in 1985 (3) and updated their work in 1988 (4) by adding additional schools and colleges, providing a directory by state and province, and an analysis of the growth of the number of chiropractic schools. Since that time the authors have identified approximately one hundred additional schools, colleges, or variations of names of schools and colleges that they thought should be added to the historical record. The authors have also expanded their list to include international schools, in addition to those originally reported in the United States and Canada. The appendix to this paper contains the schools identified in 1985 and in 1988, as well as the names of the more recently identified schools and colleges, for a total of 593 institutions. During the eighteen years in which the authors worked as librarians, archivist, curator, or research administrator for Palmer College of Chiropractic their increasing access to technology made the process of recording the schools more streamlined. From a file drawer (which one author still refers to) the authors migrated to an Access database. The use of this database allows the authors to easily identify all colleges by date, state, college president, key word, or any Mecca College of Chiropractic Association for the History of Chiropractic. *Address all correspondence to Glenda Wiese, Ph.D., Palmer College of Chiropractic, 1000 Brady St., 52803; wiese_g@palmer.edu. Compressed Chiropractic University and the American Hospital.

2 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 90 Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools. Parker Chiropractic. other category that the authors identify as being potentially useful. The authors continued to rely on announcements and advertisements in the Palmer College Archives, but also received additional school names from colleagues who sent potential additions. The internet has also been a useful resource for identifying schools currently in operation, especially international schools. The authors continue to update the list and encourage readers to report any errors or additions, which will be incorporated into a future update. As in the authors former school directories, no attempt has been made to credit sources or to corroborate the sources accuracy. When sources give conflicting information on dates, the authors chose to report the broadest range of dates. Street addresses have been omitted from this listing for the sake of conciseness. In many instances the address in unknown to the authors. Brackets around a date indicate dates of existence where opening and closing dates are not certain. A date flanked by the symbol indicate a date the school was in operation, when no other date information is known. The authors wish to acknowledge and thank the many people who sent us additions during the past eighteen years. They include, but are not limited to, Walter Wardwell, Bill Rehm, Russell Gibbons, Joseph Keating, Jr., Rolf Peters, Robert Jackson, and Jetta Nash. The authors also wish to acknowledge the in-kind support of Palmer College of Chiropractic, and the resources of the David D. Palmer Health Sciences Library and its Special Collections. REFERENCES 1. Lin, Phyllis Lan, The Chiropractor, Chiropractic, and Process: A Study of the Sociology of an Occupation (Ann Arbor, MI: University Microfilms, 1973). 2. Chiropractic and Osteopathic Licensure in the District of Columbia. (United States Government Printing Office, 1926). 3. Wiese, Glenda C. and Alana C. Ferguson, Historical Directory of Chiropractic Schools and Colleges, Research Forum 1985, 1(3): Ferguson, Alana C. and Glenda C. Wiese, How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Analysis of Institutions That Offered the D.C. Degree, Chiropractic History, 1988, 8(1):26-36.

3 91 Chiropractic Schools Listed by State Alabama Carver Chiropractic College of the South Southern Chiropractic College Arkansas Progressive College of Chiropractic California Berkeley Chiropractic College Bullis and Davis School of Chiropractic, Neuropathy, Ophthalmology Bullis Chiropractic School (and Sanatorium) Cale College of Chiropractic Cale College of Naturopathy California Chiropractic College California College of Electro-Mechano Therapy California College of Natural Healing Arts Chiropractic College of America Chiropractic Sanitarium and School for Drugless Therapeutics Chiropractors, Incorporated Cleveland Chiropractic College Clewell Chiropractic College College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons College of Drugless Healing College of Drugless Physicians College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons Columbia College of Chiropractic Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Continental Chiropractic College Dr. H.B. Moore Drown College of Chiropractic Eclectic College of Chiropractic Golden State Chiropractic College Golden State College of Chiropractic Hollywood College of Chiropractic Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic Life Chiropractic College - West Los Angeles College of Chiropractic Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Metropolitan College of Chiropractic Natural College of Drugless Physicians Natural Institute and Sanitarium of California Northern California College of Chiropractic Oakland Chiropractic College Pacific College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapeutics Pacific School of Chiropractic Pacific States Chiropractic College Palmer and Mitchell School of Chiropractic Palmer Mitchell College of Chiropractic Palmer Chiropractic School Palmer College of Chiropractic - West Pasadena College of Chiropractic Quantum University School of Chiropractic R.A. Ratledge College of Chiropractic Ratledge Chiropractic College Ratledge System of Chiropractic Schools San Diego School of Chiropractic, Inc. San Francisco Chiropractic College San Francisco College San Francisco College of Chiropractic San Francisco College of Chiropractic & Drugless Physicians Scholz Sierra States University; Sierra State University Sinclair College of Chiropractic Southern California College of Chiropractic Southern California College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons Southern California University of Health Sciences Standard College of Chiropractic, Inc. State College of Chiropractic and Naturopathic Physicians Storey s School of Chiropractic University of Pasadena, College of Chiropractic West Coast Chiropractic College Western (School) College of Chiropractic Western College of Chiropractic and Drugless Therapy Western University of Chiropractic Colorado Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Colorado Chiropractic University Colorado College of ChiropracticDenver Chiropractic Institute, Inc. Denver School of Chiropractic Hunt Chiropractic School and Cure MIU University Colorado College of Chiropractic Pueblo College of Chiropractic Rocky Mountain College of Chiropractic and Psychology Spears Post-Graduate College of Chiropractic- Spears Sanitarium University of Natural Healing Arts Western College of Chiropractic Connecticut Central College of Chiropractic College of Chiropractic, The Connecticut College of Chiropractic Eastern Chiropractic Institute or College University of Bridgeport College of Chiropractic University of the Healing Arts Delaware Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Royal Institute of Chiropractic

4 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 92 District of Columbia Capitol School of Chiropractic Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Central Chiropractic College Chiropractic Research University Eastern Chiropractic College Evans School of Chiropractic Frelinghuysen University, The National University of Therapeutics Riley Chiropractic College School of Modern, Liberal, and Progressive Therapeutics Standard School of Chiropractic Washington D.C. School of Chiropractic Florida Florida College of Chiropractic Mitchell College of Chiropractic Palmer College of Chiropractic Florida Georgia Atlanta Chiropractic College Atlantic Chiropractic College Goshea Chiropractic Institute Grant Chiropractic College Life Chiropractic College Life College Life University School of Chiropractic Illinois A. Henry School of Chiropractic American College of Mechanotherapy American Institute of Chiropractic American University of Chiropractic Chicago Chiropractic College Chicago College of Mechano-Therapy Chicago University of American Sciences Chiropractic University of Chicago Columbia College of Chiropractic Eclectic College of Chiropractic Howard Post-Graduate School, The Howard School of Chiropractic Illinois Kiro-Practic University and Adjusting Parlors Kent College of Chiropractic Lincoln College Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics National College of Chiropractic National School of Chiropractic National School of Drugless Therapy National School of Sciences National University of Health Sciences Palmer - Gregory School of Treatment Peerless College of Chiropractic Progressive College of Chiropractic-Illinois Rock Island Chiropractic College Rubel College of Chiropractic, Inc. Sanipractic-The Howard Post Graduate School Standard School of Chiropractic Wellington University Indiana Bebout College of Chiropractic Bremer Chiropractic College Central States College of Chiropractic College of Universal Sciences Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc. Fort Wayne Chiropractic College, The Genetic Chiropractic College Indiana Chiropractic College Indianapolis Chiropractic College International University of Chiropractic Lincoln Chiropractic College Nebraska Indiana Chiropractic College Oliver College of Chiropractic O Neil College of Chiropractic or Chiropractic College O Neill-Ross College of Chiropractic Pennsylvania Chiropractic College Peskin College of Chiropractic Ross College of Chiropractic United College of Chiropractic United States College of Chiropractic Iowa American School of Chiropractic Ball Sanitarium and Health School Barnett School of Chiropractic Brown s Sanitarium Chiropractic Psychopathic Sanitarium Chiropractic School and Cure Colombian School of Chiropractic and Natural Cure, The Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic Davenport College of Chiropractic Davenport School of Chiropractic Des Moines School of Chiropractic Howard System of Chiropractic International University of Chiropractic Interstate College of Chiropractic Iowa College of Chiropractic Langworthy School of Chiropractic Loban Chiropractic College National School of Chiropractic National School of Chiropractic and Institute of Adjustments Palmer College of Chiropractic Palmer Infirmary & Chiropractic Institute; Palmer School and Cure Palmer School and Infirmary of Chiropractic, The Palmer School of Chiropractic

5 93 Palmer School of Correspondence Palmer s School of Magnetic Cure Parker College of Chiropractic of School of Chiropractic Sharp and Carlson School of Chiropractic Smith s Davenport School of Chiropractic Universal Chiropractic College Volmer School of Chiropractic Wiegart School of Chiropractic Kansas Carver Chiropractic College and Sanitarium Chiropractic College and Sanitarium Chiropractic University Kansas Colvin Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Darling and Baker s Chiropractic College Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College Darling and Darling Chiropractic College Dr. H.S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc. Foy s Chiropractic College Harris Chiropractic College Kansas School of Chiropractic Kansas State Chiropractic College Ratledge College of Chiropractic Wichita College of Chiropractic Wichita College of Kiropractic Kentucky International College of Chiropractic, Inc. Louisiana Louisiana Chiropractic College Maryland Columbia College of Chiropractic Maryland College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Massachusetts Boston College of Chiropractic (School and Clinics) New England College of Chiropractic Oxford School of Chiropractic Riley School of Chiropractic Washington School of Chiropractic Michigan Alma Chiropractic College in Michigan Detroit Chiropractic College Detroit Chiropractic Institute Hewitt s Sanatorium and College International College of Chiropractic International College of Spondylotherapy Lansican College of Chiropractic Michigan Chiropractic College Michigan College of Chiropractic, Inc. Michigan Kiropractic College Michigan Mechanical College of Chiropractic National College of Chiropractic Wells Academy of Chiropractic(s) Wolverine College of Chiropractic Minnesota A. McCardy School of Chiropractic Brainerd School of Chiropractic Carroll School of Chiropractic Chiropractic Institute Chiropractic Institute and College Chiropractic School and Cure College and Cure of Chiropractic Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure Gould s Chiropractic College and Cure Hammerele Chiropractic College, P.W. International University of Chiropractic Lincoln Chiropractic College Marshoto School Midwest College of Chiropractic Minneapolis Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing Minnesota Chiropractic College Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy Minnesota School of Chiropractic Modern School of Chiropractic National School of Neuropathy and Psycho-Magnetic Healing, The Northwestern College of Chiropractic Ortho Chiropractic College Private Chiropractic Institute Ramsay College of Chiropractic Reaver School of Chiropractic Reisland College of Chiropractic St. Paul College of Chiropractic St. Paul College of Chiropractic and Mental Therapeutics St. Paul Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing (Sanitarium and College) Wentworth Chiropractic College Inc. Zenith School of Chiropractic Mississippi Mississippi State Chiropractic College Missouri Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College Central Chiropractic College, The Chiropractic College, The Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City

6 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 94 Chiropractic Institute, The Chiropractic University Chiropractic University (and the American Hospital) Cleveland Chiropractic College College of Chiropractic Research Foundation or College of Chiropractic College of Chiropractic, The Hughes College of Chiropractic Hunter School of Chiropractic Logan Basic College of Chiropractic Logan College of Chiropractic Mid-west School of Chiropractic Missouri Chiropractic College or Missouri College of Chiropractic Missouri Chiropractic Institute Ratledge College of Chiropractic Spino-Neural (or Neuro) Chiropractic College Springfield Chiropractic College( the School of Efficiency) St. Louis Chiropractic College Western Chiropractic College Montana James Chiropractic College Jones Chiropractic College Montana Chiropractic College Nebraska Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic Lincoln Chiropractic College Nebraska Chiropractic College or College Chiropractic Western Academy of Science New Jersey American School of Chiropractic College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Eastern Chiropractic Institute Eastern College of Chiropractic First National University of Neuropathy and Allied Sciences, Inc. Mecca College of Chiropractic Nature Science College of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy New York Academy of Chiropractic Advanced School of Chiropractic Allen Chiropractic School Amalgamated Chiropractic College(s) American College of Chiropractors American School of Chiropractic, Inc. American School of Chiropractic American School of Naturopathy and Chiropractic, The Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute Bronx School of Chiropractic Chiropractic Institute of New York Chiropractic University of New York Columbia Chiropractic College Columbia College of Cosmotherapy Columbia Institute of Chiropractic Continental School of Chiropractic Cosmopolitan College of Chiropractic Darling and Darling Chiropractic College Eastern Chiropractic Institute Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, Inc. Eastern States Chiropractic Institute Empire Institute of Chiropractic Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic International School of Chiropractic International School of Chiropractic Interstate College of Chiropractic Manhattan College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Metropolitan School of Chiropractic National Eclectic Institute New York Chiropractic College New York College of Chiropractic New York Eastern Institute of Chiropractic New York School of Chiropractic Premier School of Chiropractic Standard School of Chiropractic or Institute Nevada Nevada Chiropractic College North Dakota College of Chiropractic and Cure Ohio Akron College of Chiropractic Bloodgett Chiropractic College; var. Blodgett Chiropractic College Central College of Chiropractic Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic Cleveland Chiropractic College Deshler College of Chiropractic Dickinson Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Haney, Dr. W.J. International College of Chiropractic Inter-State Chiropractic College Metropolitan and Cleveland College Metropolitan Chiropractic College Nesmith College of Potomac University Ohio State Chiropractic College Reaver School of Chiropractic

7 95 Scientific Chiropractic College Standard College of Chiropractic Oklahoma Carver Chiropractic College Carver Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Carver College of Relatolity Carver College of Relatology Carver-Denny Chiropractic College Carver-Denny Chiropractic College and Infirmary Chiropractic Institute of Oklahoma City Crabtree Chiropractic School Johnson Chiropractic College Northwestern School of Chiropractic Oklahoma Chiropractic College and Chiropractic Adjusting Parlors Oklahoma Chiropractic University Oklahoma City Chiropractic Institute Oklahoma College of Mechano-Therapy Oklahoma Institute of Chiropractic Palmer - Gregory College of Chiropractic Palmer Chiropractic College Palmer Gregory Chiropractic College and School of Physio Therapy Palmer-Gregory Chiropractic College Ratledge System of Chiropractic Southwestern Chiropractic Institute Temple of Knowledge Chiropractic College or Institute Oregon D.D. Palmer School of Chiropractic Gorby-Henkley School of Chiropractic Marshes School and Cure Oregon College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons Oregon Peerless Chiropractic College Oregon State Chiropractic College Pacific Chiropractic College Pacific School of Chiropractic or Chiropractic College, Inc. Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy Portland College of Chiropractic Portland College of Chiropractic Physicians and Orthopedic Surgeons Western States Chiropractic College Western States College Willamette Chiropractic College Pennsylvania Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic American Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Central College of Chiropractic in Pennsylvania Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic Lafayette Institute Marchand College of Chiropractic National Chiropractic College Neff College Pennsylvania College of Chiropractic Pennsylvania School of Chiropractic Philadelphia College of Chiropractic Pittsburgh College of Chiropractic Union College of Chiropractic Universal Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Washington School of Chiropractic South Carolina Sherman College of Straight Chiropractic South Dakota Chiropractic Institute Tennessee Nashville College of Chiropractic Tennessee Academy of Arts & Sciences, Inc. Texas Chiropractic College, The Cisco Chiropractic College Dallas Chiropractic College Fort Worth Chiropractic College Grant School of Chiropractic Parker College of Chiropractic Richmond University of Chiropractic San Antonio Chiropractic College Southeastern College of Natural Healing Arts and Sciences Southwestern Chiropractic College or Institute Southwestern College of Chiropractic Texas College of Chiropractic Utah Medlin School of Health Salt Lake College of Chiropractic Salt Lake Drugless Physician s Institute Utah Chiropractic College, (Inc.) Washington Grace University Northwestern College of Chiropractic Rest View Chiropractic College Seattle College of Chiropractic Spokane School of Chiropractic Universal Sanipractic College University of Chiropractic Western Drugless College Western Therapeutic College

8 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 96 West Virginia George F. Murry s Private School of Chiropractic Murray s School of Chiropractic Wisconsin Antigo College of Chiropractic Central College of Chiropractic Milwaukee Chiropractic College Wisconsin Chiropractic College Australia Academy of Chiropractic Medicine Ashfield College of Chiropractic British and Australian Institute of Naturopathy Chiropractic and Osteopathic College Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia Chiropractic College of Australasia Chiropractic College of Australia Chiropractic, Osteopathic and Naturopathic College of South Australia College of Naturopathy and Chiropractic International College of Chiropractic Laws College for Naturopathy and Chiropractic Macquarie University Centre for Chiropractic Murdoch University NSW College of Chiropractic PAX Chiropractic College Philip Institute of Technology Progressive School of Chiropractic Queensland College of Natural Therapeutics Queensland Institute of Natural Science RMIT University Chiropractic Unit Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology South Australia Chiropractic College South Pacific College of Natural Therapeutics Southern School of Naturopathy Sydney College of Chiropractic Brazil Feevale Central University School of Chiropractic University of Anhembi Morumbi School of Chiropractic Canada Canadian Chiropractic College Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Duval School of Toronto Imperial College of Chiropractic Manitoba School of Chiropractic National University of Therapeutics Ontario Chiropractic College; Ontario College of Chiropractic Robbins Chiropractic Institute of College Royal Blue College of Chiropractic Toronto Chiropractic College Université Du Québec Á Trois-Rivières School of Chiropractic Denmark Copenhagen School of Chiropractic Danish Chiropractic School University of Southern Denmark France French Chiropractic Institute Institute Francaise de Chiropractic Institut Franco-European de Chiropratique Japan Chukyo College of Chiropractic Fukenbara Institute of Chiropractic Japan School of Chiropractic Kokusai Chiropractic College Nippon Chiropractic College RMIT University Chiropractic Unit-Japan Shiokawa College of Chiropractic Takyachi College of Chiropractic Tokyo Chiropractic College Universal Chiropractic College Korea Hanseo University RMIT Unit Mexico Daniel David Palmer Spanish American School of Chiropractic Escuela Mexicana de Quiropractica School of Chiropractic at the State University of Ecatepec Valley (UNEVE) Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatpec (UNEVE) New Zealand New Zealand College of Chiropractic Philippines Fajardo School of Chiropractic Far Eastern Chiropractic College National Chiropractic College South Africa Durban Institute of Technology Technikon Natal Technikon Witwatersrand

9 97 University of Johannesburg Sweden Ackermann College of Chiropractic Skandinaviska Kiropraktorhogskolan United Kingdom Anglo-European College of Chiropractic British College of Chiropractic Looker College of Osteopathy & Chiropractic Manchester College of Osteopathy and Chiropractic McTimoney Chiropractic College McTimoney Chiropractic School National College of Osteopathy and Chiropractic Limited Oxford College of Chiropractic University of Glamorgan, School of Applied SciencesUniversity of Surrey, European Institute of Health and Medical Sciences West Germany Kollege Der Studiegesellschatt fuer Physiotherapy and Chiropractic Chiropractic Schools Listed Alphabetically A. Henry School of Chiropractic, The Peoria, IL A. McCardy School of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN Academy of Chiropractic Academy of Chiropractic Medicine Darwin, NT, Australia Ackermann College of Chiropractic Stockholm, Sweden Adams Chiropractic Institute [ ] Adio Institute of Straight Chiropractic Levittown, PA became Pennsylvania College of Straight Chiropractic Advanced School of Chiropractic Akron College of Chiropractic 1922-[1932] Akron, OH Allen Chiropractic School combined with America Institute of Chiropractic Alma Chiropractic College in Michigan 1920-[1922]- Detroit, MI Amalgamated Chiropractic College(s?) [1918] American Chiropractic College or College of Chiropractic Philadelphia, PA American Chiropractic Drugless College [1923] American College of Chiropractors American College of Mechanotherapy became Eclectic College of Chiropractic, Inc. in 1920 American Institute of Chiropractic [ ] Rock Island, IL American School of Chiropractic var. American College of Chiropractic var. American School of Chiropractic & Nature Cure 1903-(1918) Cedar Rapids, IA American School of Chiropractic, Inc. var. American School of Chiropractic 1905-[1931] New York City, NY American School of Chiropractic var. American School of Naturopathy var. American School of Naturopathy and Chiropractic

10 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 98 Moved to New Jersey in 1914 American School of Chiropractic var. American School of Naturopathy var. American School of Naturopathy and Chiropractic Butler, NJ Formerly in American University of Chiropractic var. American University of Chicago Anglo-European College of Chiropractic Bournemouth, Dorset, England, UK Antigo College of Chiropractic var. Antigo School of Chiropractic var. Antigua School of Chiropractic [1947] Antigo, WI Ashfield College of Chiropractic Ashfield, NSW, Australia Aspeur/Feevale see Feevale Central University School of Chiropractic Atlanta Chiropractic College [1927]-1928 Atlanta, GA Atlantic Chiropractic College Georgia Atlantic States Chiropractic Institute Brooklyn, NY Merged with Columbia Institute of Chiropractic in 1964 Atlantic States College of Chiropractic Ball Sanitarium and Health School Colfax, IA Barnes Sanitarium and School of Chiropractic [ ] Barnett School of Chiropractic Iowa Bebout College of Chiropractic 1949-[1965] Indianapolis, IN Berkeley Chiropractic College Berkeley, CA Black Hills College of Chiropractic Bloodgett Chiropractic College var. Blodgett Chiropractic College [1927] Cleveland, OH Booker T. Washington Chiropractic College 1946-[1951] Kansas City, MO Boston College of Chiropractic (School and Clinics) Boston, MA Brainerd School of Chiropractic [-1918] Minnesota Bremer Chiropractic College 1922-[1925] Fort Wayne, IN British and Australian Institute of Naturopathy Became the Chiropractic and Osteopath College of Australasia Australia British College of Chiropractic [1925] London, UK transferred to Plymouth, UK Bronx School of Chiropractic s Bullis and Davis School of Chiropractic, Neuropathy, Ophthalmology var. Bullis & Davis School of Neuropathy, Ophthalmology and Chiropractic [1911] Bullis Chiropractic School (and Sanatorium) Oakland, CA formerly Oakland Chiropractic College; Oakland College of Chiropractic

11 99 Burton College of Chiropractic Cale College of Chiropractic Var. Gale College of Chiropractic became Southern California College of Chiropractic Cale College of Naturopathy became Chiropractic College of America California Chiropractic College Long Beach, CA California Chiropractic College Oakland, CA California Chiropractic College San Francisco, CA California Chiropractic College Merged with Los Angeles College of Chiropractic California Chiropractic College San Jose, CA California College of Electro-Mechano Therapy [1925] California College of Natural Healing Arts formerly Chiropractic College of America merged with Continental Chiropractic College and Los Angles College of Chiropractic in 1946 Canadian Chiropractic College var. Canadian College of Chiropractic Hamilton, ON, Canada Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College Toronto, ON, Canada Capitol School of Chiropractic Washington, DC Carroll School of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN Carver Chiropractic College Oklahoma City, OK Carver Chiropractic College and Sanitarium Wichita, KS became Colvin Chiropractic College in 1919 Carver Chiropractic College var. Carver College of Chiropractic 1907 [1908] Oklahoma City, OK formerly Carver-Denny Chiropractic College merged with Logan College of Chiropractic in 1958 Carver Chiropractic College of the South Montgomery, AL Carver Chiropractic Institute Carver College of Relatolity Var. Carver College of Relatology Oklahoma City, OK Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Denver, CO Carver College or Carver Chiropractic University Washington, DC Carver-Denny Chiropractic College var. Carver-Denny Chiropractic College and Infirmary [1908) Oklahoma City, OK became Carver Chiropractic College Central Chiropractic College Washington, DC Central Chiropractic College, The 1922-[1924] Kansas City, MO Became Cleveland Chiropractic College Central College of Chiropractic [1926] Hartford, CT

12 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 100 Central College of Chiropractic [1926] Cleveland, OH Central College of Chiropractic Milwaukee, WI Central College of Chiropractic in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Central Scientific College of Chiropractic Central States College of Chiropractic Indianapolis, IN Central States College of Physiatrics and Chiropractic Eaton, OH Chicago College of Mechano-Therapy Chicago University of American Sciences Chiropractic and Osteopathic College 1966-[1977]- Formerly the Chiropractic, Osteopathic and Naturopathic College of South Australia Wayville, SA, Australia Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia 1959-[1977]- South Melbourne, VIC, Australia Carnegie, VIC, Australia renamed Chiropractic College of Australasia in the mid-sixties. Chiropractic College Missouri Chiropractic College and Sanitarium Wichita, KS Chiropractic College of America formerly Cale College of Naturopathy became California College of Natural Healing Arts in 1938 Chiropractic College of Australia Victoria, Australia in 1963 Melbourne, Australia formerly Chiropractic and Osteopathic College of Australasia Chiropractic College, The St. Louis, MO Chiropractic College, The San Antonio, TX became Texas Chiropractic College in 1925 Chiropractic Institute Duluth, MN Chiropractic Institute South Dakota Chiropractic Institute and College St. James, MN Chiropractic Institute of Kansas City [1914] Kansas City, MO Chiropractic Institute of New York New York City, NY formerly the Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic formed by merger of Eastern Chiropractic Institute, New York School of Chiropractic, and Standard School of Chiropractic in 1944 affiliated with National College in 1968 Chiropractic Institute, The [1911] Kansas City, MO Chiropractic Institute of Oklahoma City Oklahoma City, OK Chiropractic, Osteopathic and Naturopathic College of South Australia Wayville, SA, Australia became Chiropractic and Osteopathic College Chiropractic Psychopathic Sanitarium Chiropractic Research University Washington, DC Chiropractic Reserve University

13 101 Chiropractic Sanitarium and School for Drugless Therapeutics Santa Ana, CA Chiropractic School and Cure Chiropractic School and Cure Duluth, MN Chiropractic School and Cure St. Paul, MN, moved to Minneapolis in 1905 Chiropractic University, The Kansas City, MO Chiropractic University (and the American Hospital) 1908-[1927] Kansas City, MO Chiropractic University Kansas var. Chiropractic University of Kansas City Kansas Chiropractic University of Chicago Chiropractic University of New York became New York College of Chiropractic in 1919 Chiropractors, Incorporated 1920-[1921] Chukyo College of Chiropractic Nagoya, Japan Cisco Chiropractic College Cisco, Texas became Southwestern Chiropractic College in 1979 Cleveland Chiropractic College Cleveland, OH became Metropolitan Chiropractic College Cleveland Chiropractic College Kansas City, MO formerly Central Chiropractic College Cleveland Chiropractic College; Cleveland Chiropractic College of Los Angeles formerly Ratledge Chiropractic College Clewell Chiropractic College San Diego, CA became Western University of Chiropractic College and Cure of Chiropractic Minnesota College of Chiropractic, The Feb. 7, 1936 Hartford, CT College of Chiropractic, The St. Louis, MO College of Chiropractic and Cure Lisbon, ND College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy New Jersey became Mecca Chiropractic College in 1916 College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons formerly Southern California College of Chiropractic College of Chiropractic Research Foundation or College of Chiropractic Sept St. Louis, MO became Logan College of Chiropractic College of Chiropractic Physicians and Surgeons var. College of Naturopathic Physicians & Surgeons became Southern California Chiropractic College College of Drugless Healing became College of Drugless Healing, Naturopathy

14 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 102 College of Drugless Physicians -[1943] California College of Mecca of Chiropractic see Mecca College of Chiropractic College of Medical and Drugless Surgeons College of Original Chiropractic College of Naturopathy and Chiropractic Sydney, NSW, Australia College of Scientific Chiropractic College of Universal Sciences Indiana Colombian School of Chiropractic and Natural Cure, The Cedar Rapids, IA Colorado Chiropractic University Denver, CO became University of Natural Healing Arts Colorado College of Chiropractic see main entry at Marycrest International University Columbia Chiropractic College Columbia College of Chiropractic Baltimore, MD was a satellite of Columbia Institute in New York consolidated with Columbia Institute of Chiropractic of New York in 1954 Columbia College of Chiropractic Elgin, IL Columbia College of Chiropractic Alameda, CA became Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Columbia College of Chiropractic 1943 Sacramento, CA Columbia College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Sacramento, CA formerly Columbia College of Chiropractic, Alameda Columbia College of Cosmotherapy New York City, NY Columbia Institute of Chiropractic merged with Atlantic States College of Chiropractic became New York Chiropractic College Columbia Institute of Chiropractic, in Delaware Delaware Columbia University of Physicians, Inc Colvin Chiropractic College var. Colvin College of Chiropractic Wichita, KS Formerly Carver Chiropractic College Colyer Chiropractic College Connecticut College of Chiropractic Connecticut became New York School of Chiropractic Continental Chiropractic College Berkeley, CA Continental Chiropractic College; var. Continental College of Chiropractic merged with California College of Natural Healing Arts and Los Angeles College of Chiropractic in 1946 Continental School of Chiropractic [1921]-[1925] Copenhagen School of Chiropractic Copenhagen, Denmark Cosmopolitan College of Chiropractic var. Cosmopolitan School of Chiropractic

15 New York Coyler Chiropractic College Crabtree Chiropractic School Chickasha, OK D.D. Palmer School of Chiropractic Portland, OR became Peerless College of Chiropractic and Neuropathy Dallas Chiropractic College Dallas, TX Daniel David Palmer Spanish American School of Chiropractic var. Escuela Mexicana de Quiropractica var. Escuela Hispanoamerican De Quiropractica Daniel David Palmer (EHQ) Mexico City, Mexico Danish Chiropractic School var. Danish Chiropractors School Denmark Darling and Baker s Chiropractic College Wichita, KS Darling and Campbell Chiropractic College Wichita, KS Darling and Darling Chiropractic College Wichita, KS Darling and Darling Chiropractic College New York Davenport College and Sanitarium of Chiropractic Davenport College of Chiropractic Davenport School of Chiropractic 1916-(1917)- Reorganized from Davenport College of Chiropractic in 1916 became Smith s Davenport School of Chiropractic Davray Neuropathic Institute Delta Chiropractic College Denver Chiropractic Institute, Inc. var. Denver Institute of Chiropractic var. Denver College of Chiropractic var. Denver School of Chiropractic Denver, CO Denver School of Chiropractic Denver, CO Des Moines School of Chiropractic [1923] Des Moines, IA Deshler College of Chiropractic [1926] Deshler, OH Detroit Chiropractic College Detroit, MI Affiliated with National in 1968 Detroit Chiropractic Institute var. Detroit Institute of Chiropractic [1914] Detroit, MI Dickinson Chiropractic College var. Dickinson College of Chiropractic [1926] Columbus, OH Dimayuga Chiropractic College [1923] Doughty-Marsh College of Chiropractic var. Dorighty Marsh College Philadelphia, PA Dr. H.S. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc var. Dr. S.H. Miller School of Advanced Chiropractic, Inc Topeka, KS Dr. H.B. Moore [1914]

16 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 104 San Diego, CA Dr. Harley Institute, The Drew College of Chiropractic 1933 Drown College of Chiropractic var. Drown College of Chiropractic and Drown College of Radio Therapy & Natural Healing 1949 Hollywood, CA Formerly Pasadena College of Chiropractic Became Hollywood College of Chiropractic Duluth School of Chiropractic Durbin Institute of Technology South Africa Duval School of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada D Youville College Buffalo, NY Eastern Chiropractic College Washington, DC Eastern Chiropractic College Eastern Chiropractic Institute var. Eastern College of Chiropractic Newark, NJ Moved to New York to form Eastern Chiropractic Institute in 1923 Eastern Chiropractic Institute var. Eastern Institute of Chiropractic, Inc Absorbed Eastern College of Chiropractic in New Jersey in 1923 Merged with New York School of Chiropractic and Standard School of Chiropractic in 1944 to form Chiropractic Institute of New York Eastern Chiropractic Institute or College 1925 Hartford, CT Eastern College of Chiropractic New Jersey Eastern Institute of Chiropractic see Eastern Chiropractic Institute Eastern States Chiropractic Institute Manhattan, NY Eclectic College of Chiropractic Absorbed American College of Mechanotherapy in 1920 Eclectic College of Chiropractic merged with Los Angeles College of Chiropractic in 1923 Empire Institute of Chiropractic 1919-[1925]- Escuela Mexicana de Quiropractica var. Escuela Hispanoamerican De Quiropractica Daniel David Palmer (EHQ) see Daniel David Palmer Spanish American School of Chiropractic Evans School of Chiropractic [1921] Washington, DC Evansville College of Chiropractic, Inc Evansville, IN Evolutionary Academy of Scientific Ease Fairmont Chiropractic College and Cure Fairmont, MN Fajardo School of Chiropractic Manila, Philippines Far Eastern Chiropractic College Dec Manila, Philippines Far Eastern Physical Therapy Institute Feevale Central University School of Chiropractic Nuovo Hamburgo, Brazil

17 105 First National University of Neuropathy and Allied Sciences, Inc. [1926]-[1930] Newark, NJ Formed by the merger of New Jersey College of Osteopathy, New Jersey College of Chiropractic and Naturopathy Florida College of Chiropractic [1913- Formerly Palmer & Mitchell College of Chiropractic, Los Angeles, CA, St. Petersburg, FL Fort Wayne Chiropractic College, The Indiana Fort Worth Chiropractic College 1922 Fort Worth, TX Foy s Chiropractic College [1910] Topeka, KS Francis School of Chiropractic Frelinghuysen University, The Washington, DC Fukenbara Institute of Chiropractic Ikuta-Ku, Kobe, Japan Genetic Chiropractic College New Albany, IN George F. Murray Private School of Chiropractic var. George F. Murry s Private School of Chiropractic Belington, WV German Chiropractic College Gillespie Institute Golden State Chiropractic College; var. Golden State Chiropractic College and School of Physiotherapy Berkeley, CA became Sierra States University Golden State College of Chiropractic merged with LACC in 1926 Gorby-Henkley School of Chiropractic Oklahoma Portland, OR Gordon School of Chiropractic Goshea Chiropractic Institute Savannah, GA Gould s Chiropractic College and Cure St. Paul, MN Stillwater, MN Grace University [1930] Seattle, WA Grant Chiropractic College Columbus, GA Grant School of Chiropractic Waskom, TX Guthrie Chiropractic College Hammerele Chiropractic College, P.W St. Paul, MN Haney, Dr. W.J. [1914] Cleveland, OH Hanseo University RMIT Unit Seoul, Korea Harris Chiropractic College Wichita, KS Hewitt s Sanatorium and College [1912] White Cloud, MI Hollywood College of Chiropractic Hollywood, CA formerly Drown College of Chiropractic merged with LACC in 1963

18 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 106 Howard Post-Graduate School, The Howard School of Chiropractic var. Howard College of Chiropractic Howard System of Chiropractic 1909 Hughes College of Chiropractic St. Louis, MO Hunt Chiropractic School and Cure Fort Collins, CO Hunter School of Chiropractic [1923] Springfield, MO Illinois Kiro-Practic University and Adjusting Parlors Imperial College of Chiropractic Canada Indiana Chiropractic College var. Indiana School of Chiropractic 1911-[1923] Anderson, IN Indianapolis Chiropractic College [1921] Indiana Institut Franco-European de Chiropratique var. French Chiropractic Institute Paris, France formerly Institute Francaise de Chiropractic Institute Francaise de Chiropractic Paris, France name changed to Institut Franco-European de Chiropratique Institute of the Science and Art of Chiropractic became Chiropractic Institute of New York in 1945 International Basic Technique Institute International Chiropractic and Physicians Surgeons College International College of Chiropractic var. International Chiropractic College Dayton, OH International College of Chiropractic [1910] Detroit, MI International College of Chiropractic 1920-[1921] International College of Chiropractic Bundoora, VIC, Australia International College of Chiropractic and Healing International College of Chiropractic, Inc [1943]- Lexington, KY International College of Spondylotherapy var. International College of Chiropractic Spondylotherapy Detroit, MI International School of Chiropractic 1922 New York City, NY International School of Chiropractic and Healing International School of Chiropractic var. International College of Chiropractic Buffalo, NY International University of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN International University of Chiropractic 1920 Iowa International University of Chiropractic 1921 Indianapolis, IN

19 107 Interstate Chiropractic College Inter-State Chiropractic College 1919-[1922] Cleveland, OH Interstate College of Chiropractic Interstate College of Chiropractic Iowa College of Chiropractic Des Moines, IA James Chiropractic College var. James College of Chiropractic Montana Japan School of Chiropractic Japan Johnson Chiropractic College Oklahoma Jones Chiropractic College Montana Kansas City School of Chiropractic Kansas School of Chiropractic Topeka, KS Kansas State Chiropractic College Wichita, KS Amalgamated with Texas Chiropractic College on August 9, 1958, Amalgamated with National in 1974 Kent College of Chiropractic var. Kent Chiropractic School Kinetic Drugless College of Chiropractic [1926] Kokusai Chiropractic College 1995 Japan Kollege Der Studiegesellschatt fuer Physiotherapy and Chiropractic Hamburg, West Germany Konkler Chiropractic Institute Lafayette Institute 1947-[1950] Philadelphia, PA Langworthy Institute of Chiropractic Lincoln, NE Langworthy School of Chiropractic Cedar Rapids, IA became American School of Chiropractic (and Nature Care) Lansican College of Chiropractic [1913] Lansing, MI Laws College for Naturopathy and Chiropractic 1973-[1977]- Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Life Chiropractic College Marietta, GA became Life College Life Chiropractic College West San Lorenzo, CA formerly Pacific States Chiropractic College Life College Marietta, GA formerly Life Chiropractic College became Life University Life University School of Chiropractic Marietta, GA formerly Life College Lincoln Chiropractic College Lincoln, NE Lincoln Chiropractic College Minneapolis, MN Lincoln Chiropractic College Indianapolis, IN

20 How Many Chiropractic Schools? An Update - Wiese and Callender 108 Lincoln College [ ] Lindlahr College of Natural Therapeutics Merged with Progressive College of Chiropractic Illinois in 1927 Loban Chiropractic College 1910 became Universal Chiropractic College Logan Basic College of Chiropractic St. Louis, MO became Logan College of Chiropractic in 1955 Logan College of Chiropractic Chesterfield, MO formerly Logan Basic College of Chiropractic Looker College of Osteopathy & Chiropractic Manchester, England, UK Los Angeles College of Chiropractic Glendale, CA in 1946 Whittier, CA in 1982 absorbed Hollywood College of Chiropractic became Southern California University of Health Sciences Los Angeles College of Natural Healing Louisiana Chiropractic College [ ] New Orleans, LA Macquarie University Centre for Chiropractic Sydney, NSW, Australia Major College of Chiropractic 1925 Manchester College or School of Osteopathy and Chiropractic England, UK Manhattan College of Chiropractic 1919 Manitoba School of Chiropractic Winnipeg, MB, Canada Mankato School Marchand College of Chiropractic Philadelphia, PA formerly Doughty-Marsh College Marshoto School Marshoto, MN Marshes School and Cure Portland, OR became Pacific College of Chiropractic Marycrest International University Colorado College of Chiropractic Denver, CO Maryland College of Chiropractic Baltimore, MD McTimoney Chiropractic College Abingdon, Oxford, UK Formerly McTimoney Chiropractic School McTimoney Chiropractic School Eynsham, Oxford, UK became McTimoney Chiropractic College Mecca College of Chiropractic var. Mecca Chiropractic College Newark, NJ formerly The New Jersey College of Chiropractic Medlin School of Health 1914 Salt Lake City, UT Metropolitan and Cleveland College Cleveland, OH formerly Metropolitan Chiropractic College Metropolitan Chiropractic College -Feb. 27,

21 109 Cleveland, OH formerly Cleveland Chiropractic College became Metropolitan and Cleveland College Metropolitan College of Chiropractic San Francisco, CA formerly San Francisco College of Chiropractic name changed back to San Francisco College of Chiropractic Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Delaware, MD Metropolitan Institute of Chiropractic Metropolitan School of Chiropractic New York City, NY merged into the New York School of Chiropractic Michigan Chiropractic College (Branch of Grand Rapids) Detroit, MI, Grand Rapids, MI, became Ross College of Chiropractic (Ft. Wayne, IN) Michigan College of Chiropractic, Inc. var. Michigan College of Chiropractic Grand Rapids, MI Michigan Kiropractic College Grand Rapids, MI Michigan Mechanical College of Chiropractic 1909 Coldwater, MI Midwest College of Chiropractic St. Paul, MN Minneapolis, MN Mid-west School of Chiropractic Missouri Milwaukee Chiropractic College Milwaukee, WI Minneapolis Institute of Chiropractic and Natural Healing Minneapolis, MN Minnesota Chiropractic College Minneapolis, MN formerly Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy Minnesota College of Non-Medical Therapy Minnesota became Minnesota Chiropractic College Minnesota School of Chiropractic Minneapolis, MN Mississippi State Chiropractic College 1965 Mississippi Missouri Chiropractic College var. Missouri College of Chiropractic St. Louis, MO Merged with Logan in 1964 Missouri Chiropractic Institute St. Louis, MO Mitchell College of Chiropractic 1913? St. Petersburg, FL see also Florida College of Chiropractic Modern School of Chiropractic Brainerd, MN Montana Chiropractic College Montana Murdoch University Perth, WA, Australia Murray s School of Chiropractic var. Murry s School of Chiropractic Bellington, WV NSW College of Chiropractic Absorbed by Sydney College of Chiropractic Sydney, NSW, Australia Nashville College of Chiropractic var. Chiropractic College of Nashville var. Nashville College of Drugless Therapy, Inc., The