Changes in Use of Health Insurance and Food Assistance Programs in Medically Underserved Communities in the Era of Welfare Reform: An Urban Study
|
|
- Anabel Fowler
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Changes in Use of Health Insurance and Food Assistance Programs in Medically Underserved Communities in the Era of Welfare Reform: An Urban Study Susmita Pati, MD, MPH, Diana Romero, PhD, MA, and Wendy Chavkin, MD, MPH Passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 ended standard entitlement and most regulatory oversight of traditional welfare mechanisms in the United States and separated cash assistance from food assistance and health insurance. 1 As part of the federal Balanced Budget Act of 1997, the State Child Health Insurance Plan was established to allow many low-income children to be eligible for health insurance even if their parents were not. 2 Although many people no longer eligible for cash assistance could have continued to receive food assistance and health insurance, various reports have documented declines in enrollment in all 3 programs Nationally, there have been reduced Food Stamp 5 and Medicaid 6 program enrollments, a rise in the uninsured population, 12 and inadequate enrollment in the State Child Health Insurance Plan. 13 The devolution of welfare responsibility to the states under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act has resulted in more than 50 versions of welfare reform. Previous studies have documented declines in Medicaid and Food Stamp program enrollment at the state level. 6,14 16 However, it is important to learn how these policy changes have affected underserved populations at the local level. In New York City, the welfare caseload declined from 1.16 million in 1995 to less than half a million in In 1998, a lawsuit filed by 7 poor New York City residents (Reynolds v Giuliani, 35 F Supp 2d 331 [SDNY 1999]) alleged that the city did not always provide Food Stamps and Medicaid benefits to eligible people who filed applications for cash assistance. 18 Our hypothesis was that welfare reform would be adversely associated with use of health insurance and food assistance programs among underserved populations. To Objectives. The purpose of this study was to assess changes in health insurance and food assistance enrollment following passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of Methods. Extant data sources were used to calculate changes in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Medicaid, and Food Stamp program enrollment in medically underserved Manhattan communities after Results. Dramatic declines in TANF enrollment were accompanied by declines in Food Stamp program enrollment and a deceleration in Medicaid enrollment among several communities. Conclusions. As the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act comes up for reauthorization later in 2002, policymakers should revise legislation so that needy families do not lose health insurance or food assistance support. (Am J Public Health. 2002;92: ) test this hypothesis, we examined welfare, Medicaid, and Food Stamp program enrollment data from the 12 community districts in the New York City borough of Manhattan. METHODS Sociodemographic data were obtained from the US Bureau of the Census and the New York City Department of City Planning. Designations of medically underserved areas were obtained from the United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. 19 These designations are based on a scoring system ranging from 0 to 100 for specified geographic areas (e.g., census tracts, counties). Scores are weighted sums of 4 components: ratio of primary care physicians per 1000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the federal poverty level, and percentage of the population aged 65 years or older. To qualify as medically underserved, an area must have a score of 62 or lower. Data on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Medicaid, and Food Stamp enrollment were obtained from the New York City Human Resources Administration. Data are reported for each of the 12 community districts in Manhattan. In the case of TANF and Medicaid, enrollment was reported as the number of individuals receiving benefits during the years 1994, 1996, 1998, and In the case of Food Stamps, enrollment was reported as the number of households receiving benefits in 1996, 1998, and Overall trends in enrollment before and after enactment of welfare reform are reported according to available data (TANF and Medicaid data were available only for 1994, 1996, 1998, and 2001; Food Stamp data were available only for 1996, 1998, and 2001). To better relate changes in enrollment to welfare policy changes, we also calculated percentage changes in enrollment (based on available data) in each community district for shorter time intervals ( , , and ). RESULTS Three community districts in Manhattan (Table 1) have been designated medically underserved areas by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services: Central Harlem, East Harlem, and Washington Heights/Inwood. 19 These districts have larger populations with greater proportions of children September 2002, Vol 92, No. 9 American Journal of Public Health Pati et al. Peer Reviewed Forum on Welfare Reform 1441
2 TABLE 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of 12 Community Districts in Manhattan, 2000 Income, a Median Community District Population Children, % Adults, % Elderly, % Males, % (Poverty, %) White, % African American, % Hispanic, % Battery Park City, Tribeca (21.8) Greenwich Village, Soho (23.5) Lower East Side, Chinatown (53.5) Chelsea, Clinton (30.9) Midtown Business District (23.9) Stuyvesant Town, Turtle Bay (14.5) West Side, Upper West Side (23.0) Upper East Side (12.0) Manhattanville, Hamilton Heights (51.8) Central Harlem b (60.6) East Harlem b (62.1) Washington Heights, Inwood b (53.8) Note. Data were derived from the Department of City Planning, New York City, 2000, with the exception of income data as noted. a 1990 median household income and percentage of persons with poverty status under 200% of federal poverty level (from Department of City Planning). b Medically underserved area as designated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. and minorities than do the districts not so designated. Among the Manhattan underserved areas, Washington Heights/Inwood has the highest proportion of Hispanic residents; Central Harlem and East Harlem have the highest proportions of African American residents. There were declines of at least 50% in TANF enrollment among all 12 community districts of Manhattan from 1994 to 2001 (data not shown). In terms of the 3 medically underserved community districts, TANF enrollment declined by 56.9% in Central Harlem, 53.5% in East Harlem, and 62.1% in Washington Heights/Inwood. In contrast, Medicaid enrollment increased during this period and doubled in all 3 medically underserved community districts. Enrollment trends from 1996 to 2001 (data not shown) showed that declines in TANF enrollment were accompanied by declines of nearly one third in Food Stamp enrollment in the medically underserved community districts. To assess the temporal relationship between enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act and changes in enrollment in these programs more closely, we examined percentage changes in enrollment over shorter time intervals (see Table 2 and Figure 1). During 1994 to 1996, TANF caseloads had already begun to decline throughout Manhattan. Medicaid enrollment increased in the medically underserved community districts but remained steady in other areas. In the immediate period after passage of the legislation ( ), TANF enrollment continued to fall, Food Stamp enrollment began to decrease, and Medicaid enrollment decelerated or actually decreased. TANF enrollment dropped precipitously between 1998 and 2001, with declines of an additional one third in nearly all community districts. After Reynolds v Giuliani was filed in 1998 alleging that benefits had been inappropriately denied to applicants, Medicaid enrollment increased by more than 50% in Central and East Harlem, by approximately 44% in Washington Heights/Inwood, and by 42% in all community districts combined. Food Stamp caseloads plateaued in Washington Heights/Inwood, while they continued to decline in Central and East Harlem. DISCUSSION Our results show that significant decreases in TANF enrollment were accompanied by decreases in Food Stamp enrollment and a deceleration in Medicaid enrollment from 1996 to 2001 in each of Manhattan s 12 community districts. The greatest declines in both Medicaid and Food Stamp enrollment were seen in community districts with the highest proportions of low-income individuals. Other studies conducted at the state level have yielded similar findings. 5,6,14,20,21 It has been hypothesized by some that these decreases may be due to an unintended churning effect wherein recipients have been categorically denied Medicaid and Food Stamp benefits along with TANF benefits owing to links in the application processes for the 3 programs. In a recent policy analysis of all 50 states, guidelines that deterred TANF application predicted decreases in Medicaid enrollment and increases in the number of people without insurance coverage. 14 In South Carolina (P. Bailey, chief, Health and Demographics Section, Office of Research and Statistics, South Carolina State and Budget Control Board, oral communication, November 2001) and Wisconsin, 20 identification of churning led to changes in the application process, and Medicaid and Food Stamp enrollment subsequently increased. Boston Medical Center s Department of Pediatrics recently instituted a welfare screening project to assist families by advocating for appropriate benefits. 22 Our findings add to the current state of knowledge by focusing on the effects 1442 Forum on Welfare Reform Peer Reviewed Pati et al. American Journal of Public Health September 2002, Vol 92, No. 9
3 of welfare reform on medically underserved neighborhoods in New York City. An alternative explanation for these findings is that decreases in TANF, Food Stamp, and Medicaid enrollment were due to former TANF recipients having obtained employment during the economic boom of the 1990s and no longer requiring Food Stamp and Medicaid benefits. However, employment trends do not account for all of the observed decreases in Food Stamp and Medicaid enrollment. 23,24 In addition, studies have shown that jobs obtained through welfare-to-work programs have been seasonal or part-time positions rather than entry-level positions that could potentially lead to established careers with steady incomes. 25 There were limitations to this study. The analysis involved a single locale, Manhattan; thus, generalizability to other areas may be limited. However, because devolution of responsibility to the states under the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act resulted in more than 50 versions of welfare reform, it is difficult to collect data that are generalizable to the state or national level. Given Manhattan is a major urban center with a large population of un- Number Enrolled Welfare reform Lawsuit filed TANF Medicaid Food stamps 9/ Note. Shown are the number of individuals enrolled in TANF and Medicaid and the number of households enrolled in the Food Stamp program during 1994, 1996, 1998, and TANF = Temporary Assistance for Needy Families. FIGURE 1 Time line of combined TANF, Medicaid, and Food Stamp program enrollment: Central Harlem, East Harlem, and Washington Heights/Inwood community districts, 1994 to TABLE 2 Percentage Changes in Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), Medicaid, and Food Stamp Enrollment in 12 Community Districts of Manhattan: , , and TANF, % Medicaid, % Food Stamps, % Community District Battery Park City, Tribeca Greenwich Village, Soho Lower East Side, Chinatown Chelsea, Clinton Midtown Business District Stuyvesant Town, Turtle Bay West Side, Upper West Side Upper East Side Manhattanville, Hamilton Heights Central Harlem a East Harlem a Washington Heights, Inwood a All 12 community districts Note. Percentage changes were calculated as A B/B, where A is the number of enrollees in year 2 and B is the number of enrollees in year 1. Enrollees were numbers of individuals for TANF and Medicaid and number of households for Food Stamps. a Medically underserved area as designated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. September 2002, Vol 92, No. 9 American Journal of Public Health Pati et al. Peer Reviewed Forum on Welfare Reform 1443
4 derserved residents, our results suggest that policy reform may be relevant for other urban centers with areas of concentrated poverty. Also, because ours was an ecological study, we could not identify specific attributes of individuals who may have lost benefits. However, the intent of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act was to decrease cash assistance caseloads while maintaining Medicaid and Food Stamp enrollment, and thus examination of rates of enrollment rather than individual attributes is appropriate. 26 Low socioeconomic status has been repeatedly and persistently shown to have harmful effects on the health status of children and families National studies, state-level data, and our findings all suggest that welfare reform has influenced the well-being of poor children and their families through changes in the availability of family resources (i.e., access to health insurance and food assistance). There is evidence that decreases in family resources, including food assistance 32 and food sufficiency, 33,34 have the potential to lead to predictable consequences in terms of child health. These consequences include impaired academic performance and psychosocial development, 34 both of which may impede future success in adulthood. Uninsured populations, especially low-income groups, have limited access to health care services. 35,36 Policy reform is a crucial component of efforts to reduce health disparities between socioeconomic groups. In conclusion, declines in cash assistance enrollment in the wake of welfare reform have been accompanied by decelerations in Medicaid enrollment and declines in Food Stamp enrollment in the underserved communities of Manhattan. These declines have occurred at a time when the needs of underserved populations in New York City are clearly increasing and the city is facing an economic recession. In the 6 weeks following the tragedies of September 11, more than families in New York City enrolled in a temporary Medicaid program created to offer 4 months of relief to all low-income New York City residents, not only those directly affected by the attacks. 37 This was one of the largest single enrollment increases in Medicaid history, 38 demonstrating the need for streamlined and simplified administration of benefits. In New York City neighborhoods with large proportions of immigrants, there has been an increase in the number of Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program benefit checks left uncollected, and investigators suspect that this increase may have been due to confusion about eligibility. 39 Between September 2001 and March 2002, nearly New Yorkers applied for Food Stamps, 40 but the newly appointed commissioner of the city s Human Resources Administration refused to accept a federal waiver that would have allowed unemployed heads of households to continue receiving Food Stamps beyond the current limit of 3 months in a 3-year period. 41 As the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act comes up for reauthorization later in 2002, policymakers should consider revisions to improve access to health insurance and food assistance for underserved populations. About the Authors Susmita Pati is with the Departments of General Pediatrics and General Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City. Diana Romero and Wendy Chavkin are with the Heilbrunn Department of Population and Family Health, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City. Requests for reprints should be sent to Susmita Pati, MD, MPH, Division of General Medicine, 622 West 168th St, PH 9 East, Room 105, New York, NY ( sp293@columbia.edu). This article was accepted May 1, Contributors S. Pati was responsible for study conception and design, data analysis and interpretation, and article preparation. D. Romero and W. Chavkin contributed to study conception, data interpretation, and critical revision of the article. Acknowledgments This study was supported by a National Research Service Award (T32 PE ) to Susmita Pati and by a Maternal and Child Health Bureau grant to Diana Romero and Wendy Chavkin. Human Participant Protection This project was approved by the institutional review board of Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center. References 1. New York City Human Resources Administration. Welfare reform in New York State. Available at: Accessed August 20, Cunningham PJ, Park MH. Recent Trends in Children s Health Insurance Coverage: No Gains for Low- Income Children. Washington, DC: Center for Studying Health System Change; Change in Welfare Caseloads Since Enactment of New Welfare Law. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families; Change in TANF Caseloads Since Enactment of New Welfare Law. Washington, DC: US Dept of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families; The Decline in Food Stamp Participation: A Report to Congress. Washington, DC: US Dept of Agriculture; Medicaid Enrollment: Amid Declines, State Efforts to Ensure Coverage After Welfare Reform Vary. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office; Losing Health Insurance: The Unintended Consequences of Welfare Reform. Washington, DC: Families USA Foundation; demause N. Food stamp probe spurs Fed probe. In These Times. December 27, 1998:8. 9. Polner R. A welfare mess : Fed report, state official fault city s food stamp policy. Newsday. January 21, 1999:A Mann CM, Hudman J, Salganicoff A, Folsom A. Five years later: poor women s health care coverage after welfare reform. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2002; 57: Zedlweski SR. Leaving welfare often severs families connections to the Food Stamp program. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2002;57: Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. The Uninsured and Their Access to Health Care. Washington, DC: Families USA Foundation; Vastag B. Education needed to expand SCHIP eligibility. JAMA. 2002;287: Chavkin W, Romero D, Wise PH. State welfare reform policies and declines in health insurance. Am J Public Health. 2000;90: Romero D, Chavkin W, Wise PH, Hess C, Van- Landeghem K. State welfare reform policies and maternal and child health services: a national study. Maternal Child Health J. In press. 16. Romero D, Chavkin W, Wise PH. The impact of welfare reform policies on child protective services: a national study. J Soc Issues. 2000;56: New York City Human Resources Administration. Public assistance recipients in NYC: Available at: Accessed December 6, Lipton E. In settlement, welfare offices will become city job centers. New York Times. February 15, 2001:B Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Scores of medically underserved areas within the United States of America. Available at: hrsa.gov/databases/newmua. Accessed December 10, Willis E, Malloy M, Kliegman RM. Welfare reform consequences for children: the Wisconsin experience. Pediatrics. 2000;106:E Forum on Welfare Reform Peer Reviewed Pati et al. American Journal of Public Health September 2002, Vol 92, No. 9
5 21. Kronebusch K. Medicaid for children: federal mandates, welfare reform, and policy backsliding. Health Aff. 2001;20: Lawton E, Leiter K, Todd J, Smith L. Welfare reform: advocacy and intervention in the health care setting. Public Health Rep. 1999;114: Holzer HJ, Wissoker D. How Can We Encourage Job Retention and Advancement for Welfare Recipients? Washington, DC: Urban Institute; Bavier R. Welfare reform data from the Survey of Income and Program Participants. Monthly Labor Rev. 2001;124(7): Moving Hard-to-Employ Recipients Into the Workforce. Washington, DC: US General Accounting Office; Schwarz S, Carpenter KM. The right answer for the wrong question: consequences of type III error for public health research. Am J Public Health. 1999;89: Wise PH, Meyer A. Poverty and child health. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1988;35: Brooks-Gunn J, Duncan GJ. The effects of poverty on children. Future Child. 1997;7: Askew GL, Wise PH. The neighborhood: poverty, affluence, geographic mobility, and violence. In: Levine M, Carey W, Crocker A, eds. Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders Co; 1999: Parker S, Greer S, Zuckerman G. Double jeopardy: the impact of poverty on early childhood development. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1988;35: Garfield R, Greene D, Abramson D, Burkhardt S, eds. Washington Heights/Inwood: The Health of a Community II. New York, NY: Health of the Public Program, Columbia University; Smith LA, Wise PH, Chavkin W, Romero D, Zuckerman B. Implications of welfare reform for child health: emerging challenges for clinical practice and policy. Pediatrics. 2000;106: Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA, Breifel RR. Food insufficiency, family income, and health in US preschool and school-aged children. Am J Public Health. 2001;91: Alaimo K, Olson CM, Frongillo EA. Food insufficiency and American school-aged children s cognitive, academic, and psychosocial development. Pediatrics. 2001;108: Wyn R, Teleki S, Brown ER. Differences in Access to Health Care Among the Moderate- and Low-Income Population Across Urban Areas. Los Angeles, Calif: Center for Health Policy Research, University of California, Los Angeles, 1998: Kuttner R. The American health care system health insurance coverage. N Engl J Med. 1999;340: Finkelstein KE. Disaster gives the uninsured wider access to Medicaid. New York Times. November 23, 2001:D Russakoff D. Out of tragedy, NY finds way to treat Medicaid need: streamlined post-crisis process draws record enrollment through multilingual grapevine. Washington Post. November 26, 2001:A Jessop D, Finkelstein R, Rosenberg T, et al. The Impact of Recent Immigration Policy Changes on the Receipt of WIC Services: An Aggregate Analysis. New York, NY: Medical Health Research Association; Barton T. 9/11 six months on: New York factfile. The Observer. March 10, 2002: Bernstein N. New welfare director defends stance on food stamp waiver. New York Times. March 15, 2002:B3. Community-Based Public Health: A Partnership Model Edited by Thomas A. Bruce, MD, and Steven Uranga McKane, DMD Published by APHA and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Developing meaningful partnerships with the communities they serve is crucial to the success of institutions, nonprofit organizations and corporations. This book contributes to a wider understanding of how to initiate and sustain viable partnerships and improve community life in the process. Community-Based Public Health: A Partnership Model focuses on public health practice in communities, the education and training of public health professionals at colleges and universities, and public health research and scholarly practice within academic institutions. ISBN pages softcover $17.00 APHA Members $22.00 Nonmembers plus shipping and handling American Public Health Association Publication Sales Web: APHA@TASCO1.com Tel: (301) FAX: (301) KL02J2 September 2002, Vol 92, No. 9 American Journal of Public Health Pati et al. Peer Reviewed Forum on Welfare Reform 1445
6 [(H3F)] 1446 [(H2F)] Peer Reviewed [(H1F)] American Journal of Public Health September 2002, Vol 92, No. 9
ELE Strategies to Increase Medicaid and SCHIP enrollment
Horner, Lazarus, and Morrow Express Lane Eligibility Dawn Horner, Wendy Lazarus, and Beth Morrow Although great progress has been made in providing health coverage to low-income children, 9.2 million children
More information25ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER
APIA 25ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER 1986-2011 AMERICAN HEALTH FORUM advocates guide to health care reform implementation in utah april 2011 Advocates for health justice The Asian & Pacific Islander American
More informationChildren s Health Insurance Timeline
Children s Health Insurance Timeline Introduction The health and welfare of children has been a longstanding social concern for policymakers in America. With the establishment of Medicaid in 1965, public
More informationIssue Brief. The Quiet Revolution in Health Care Coverage for Illinois Children NOVEMBER 2004 LAWRENCE B. JOSEPH
Issue Brief NOVEMBER 2004 The Quiet Revolution in Health Care Coverage for Illinois Children LAWRENCE B. JOSEPH 1313 EAST 60TH STREET CHICAGO, IL 60637 TEL: 773-753-5900 FAX: 773-753-5940 Chapin Hall publications
More information25ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER
APIA 25ASIAN & PACIFIC ISLANDER 1986-2011 AMERICAN HEALTH FORUM advocates guide to health care reform implementation in texas april 2011 Advocates for health justice The Asian & Pacific Islander American
More informationL.A.Health. Recent Trends In Health Insurance Coverage Among Los Angeles County Children. Volume 3 Issue 1 October 2000
L.A.Health A Publication of Los Angeles County Department of Services Volume 3 Issue 1 October 2000 The Los Angeles County Health Survey is a biennial, population-based telephone survey that collects information
More informationCONNECTICUT FAMILY ECONOMIC SECURITY PROFILE
CONNECTICUT FAMILY ECONOMIC SECURITY PROFILE State policies that promote the economic security of our nation s families can help offset larger economic and social conditions that make it difficult for
More informationBowen Garrett and John Holahan. National Survey of of American America s Families
THE URBAN INSTITUTE WELFARE LEAVERS, MEDICAID COVERAGE, AND PRIVATE HEALTH INSURANCE Bowen Garrett and John Holahan NEW FEDERALISM National Survey of of American America s Families A product of Assessing
More informationHow Will the Uninsured Be Affected by Health Reform?
How Will the Uninsured Be Affected by Health Reform? Children Timely Analysis of Immediate Health Policy Issues August 2009 Lisa Dubay, Allison Cook and Bowen Garrett How Will Uninsured Children be Affected
More informationTrends in Child Enrollment in California s Public Health Insurance Programs
October 2009 Trends in Child Enrollment in California s Public Health Insurance Programs Michael R. Cousineau, Dr.P.H., Gregory D. Stevens, Ph.D., Albert J. Farias, M.P.H. INTRODUCTION Health insurance
More informationNATIONAL BABY FACTS. Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families in the United States THE BASICS ABOUT INFANTS AND TODDLERS
NATIONAL BABY FACTS Infants, Toddlers, and Their Families in the United States T he facts about infants and toddlers in the United States tell us an important story of what it s like to be a very young
More informationRacial and ethnic health disparities continue
From Families USA Minority Health Initiatives May 2010 Moving toward Health Equity: Health Reform Creates a Foundation for Eliminating Disparities Racial and ethnic health disparities continue to persist
More informationmedicaid and the uninsured June 2011 Health Coverage for the Unemployed By Karyn Schwartz and Sonya Streeter
I S S U E kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured June 2011 P A P E R Health Coverage for the Unemployed By Karyn Schwartz and Sonya Streeter In May 2011, 13.9 million people in the U.S. were unemployed,
More informationHow To Get Health Insurance For Women
APRIL 2007 Issue Brief Women and Health Coverage: The Affordability Gap Elizabeth M. Patchias and Judy Waxman National Women s Law Center For more information about this study, please contact: Elizabeth
More informationHealth Insurance Continuation Coverage Under COBRA
Health Insurance Continuation Coverage Under COBRA Janet Kinzer Information Research Specialist July 11, 2013 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Congressional Research
More informationHealth Reform and the AAP: What the New Law Means for Children and Pediatricians
Health Reform and the AAP: What the New Law Means for Children and Pediatricians Throughout the health reform process, the American Academy of Pediatrics has focused on three fundamental priorities for
More informationHow Health Reform Will Help Children with Mental Health Needs
How Health Reform Will Help Children with Mental Health Needs The new health care reform law, called the Affordable Care Act (or ACA), will give children who have mental health needs better access to the
More informationLogic Model for SECCS Grant Program: Florida Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems (ECCS) Statewide Plan INTERVENTION
TOTAL FUNDS REQUESTED (for GRANTEE/ PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS (i.e., the first year of the project): goals and description of the project, $155,496 Infant Mental Health Association Updated Florida's statewide
More informationElders Living on the Edge. The Impact of California Support Programs When Income Falls Short in Retirement
Elders Living on the Edge The Impact of California Support Programs When Income Falls Short in Retirement Elders Living on the Edge The Impact of California Support Programs When Income Falls Short in
More informationAn Overview of Children s Health Issues in Michigan
An Overview of Children s Health Issues in Michigan Sponsors Michigan Chapter American Academy of Pediatrics Michigan Council for Maternal and Child Health School - Community Health Alliance of Michigan
More informationGuide to Health and Social Services
Guide to Health and Social Services Health Services If you have little or no insurance and need health services: You can visit one of the 159 county health departments across the state. The local health
More informationNew Federalism. Paying the Price? Low-Income Parents and the Use of Paid Tax Preparers. National Survey of America s Families THE URBAN INSTITUTE
New Federalism National Survey of America s Families THE URBAN INSTITUTE An Urban Institute Program to Assess Changing Social Policies Series B, No. B-64, February 2005 Paying the Price? Low-Income Parents
More information?atbxst]cb 7T[_X]V CHILDREN 2012
CHILDREN 2012 February 2012 Dear Reader, Michael R. Petit, President Every Child Matters Washington, D.C. THE CHALLENGE FOR THE NEXT PRESIDENT AND THE 113 TH CONGRESS A REALITY FOR MILLIONS OF CHILDREN...
More informationThe Current and Future Role and Impact of Medicaid in Rural Health
The Current and Future Role and Impact of Medicaid in Rural Health Prepared by the RUPRI Health Panel Keith J. Mueller, PhD, Chair Andrew F. Coburn, PhD Jennifer P. Lundblad, PhD, MBA A. Clinton MacKinney,
More informationBig Data in Early Childhood: Using Integrated Data to Guide Impact
Big Data in Early Childhood: Using Integrated Data to Guide Impact Rob Fischer, Ph.D. & Beth Anthony, Ph.D. Center on Urban Poverty & Community Development Rebekah Dorman, Ph.D. Cuyahoga County Office
More informationChanges in Health Insurance Coverage in the Great Recession, 2007-2010 John Holahan and Vicki Chen The Urban Institute Executive Summary
I S S U E P A P E R kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured Changes in Health Insurance Coverage in the Great Recession, 2007-2010 John Holahan and Vicki Chen The Urban Institute Executive Summary
More informationDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES MEDICAID PROGRAM OVERVIEW
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES MEDICAID PROGRAM OVERVIEW North Carolina General Assembly Fiscal Research Division February 2005 Overview Purpose of Medicaid Impact of Medicaid - On the State Economy
More informationContinuity of Medicaid Coverage in an Era of Transition. A Working Paper
Continuity of Medicaid Coverage in an Era of Transition A Working Paper Leighton Ku, PhD, MPH, Erika Steinmetz, MBA and Tyler Bysshe, MPH Department of Health Policy and Management Milken Institute School
More informationSINGLE MOTHERS SINCE 2000: FALLING FARTHER DOWN 1
SINGLE MOTHERS SINCE 2000: FALLING FARTHER DOWN 1 For the one in four U.S. families who are single mother families, the Great Recession of 2008-2009 exacerbated a period of losing ground that had started
More informationReport to Congress. Improving the Identification of Health Care Disparities in. Medicaid and CHIP
Report to Congress Improving the Identification of Health Care Disparities in Medicaid and CHIP Sylvia Mathews Burwell Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services November 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS
More informationHealth Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, January June 2013
Health Insurance Coverage: Early Release of Estimates From the National Health Interview Survey, January June 2013 by Michael E. Martinez, M.P.H., M.H.S.A., and Robin A. Cohen, Ph.D. Division of Health
More informationHealth Insurance Coverage of Children Under Age 19: 2008 and 2009
Health Insurance Coverage of Children Under Age 19: 2008 and 2009 American Community Survey Briefs Issued September 2010 ACSBR/09-11 IntroductIon Health insurance, whether private or public, improves children
More informationWhose Security? What Social Security Means to Children and Families. Nancy K. Cauthen. February 2005
Whose Security? What Social Security Means to Children and Families Nancy K. Cauthen February 2005 215 West 125th Street, 3rd floor New York, NY 10027 TEL 646-284-9600 FAX 646-284-9623 www.nccp.org The
More informationUnlike children in most other economically developed countries,
192 CHILD INDICATORS Health Insurance Coverage Eugene M. Lewit Linda Schuurmann Baker Eugene M. Lewit, Ph.D., is director of research and grants for economics at the Center for the Future of Children.
More informationCONSIDERING CHILDREN HEALTH INSURANCE PROGRAM WITH DISABILITIES AND THE STATE CHILDREN S
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation Office of Disability, Aging and Long-Term Care Policy CONSIDERING CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES AND THE STATE CHILDREN
More informationState of North Carolina. Medicaid Dental Review
State of North Carolina Medicaid Dental Review October 2010 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) is committed to improving pediatric dental care in the Medicaid program
More informationSelf-Sufficiency on the Westside of Chicago, Illinois
September 2009 rev 9.17 Self-Sufficiency on the Westside of Chicago, Illinois The struggles facing many Illinois families today did not begin with the current economic crisis. Economic security has been
More informationA Project of the ASU College of Public Programs Debra Friedman, Dean
GREATER PHOENIX FORWARD Sustaining and Enhancing the Human-Services Infrastructure This section provided as an excerpt of the larger publication available at copp.asu.edu A Project of the ASU College of
More informationAMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS. Committee on Child Health Financing
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Committee on Child Health Financing Implementation Principles and Strategies for Title XXI (State Children s Health Insurance Program) ABSTRACT. A major provision of the
More informationPUBLIC POLICY BRIEFING KEYS
KEY PUBLICATIONS: ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE PUBLIC POLICY BRIEFING KEYS Prepared by Health Access, www.health-access.org California Pan-Ethnic Health Network, and www.cpehn.org Western Center on Law & Poverty
More informationLegislative Policy: Health Insurance M-56 1 of 5. Purpose
1 M-56 1 of 5 Purpose To establish the Board of Supervisors legislative policy regarding health insurance, and to provide guidance to the County s legislative representatives when advocating the County
More informationSENATE BUDGET AND APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE STATEMENT TO SENATE COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR. SENATE, No. 2236 STATE OF NEW JERSEY DATED: JUNE 23, 2005
SENATE BUDGET AND APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE STATEMENT TO SENATE COMMITTEE SUBSTITUTE FOR SENATE, No. 2236 STATE OF NEW JERSEY DATED: JUNE 23, 2005 The Senate Budget and Appropriations Committee reports
More informationDirect Care Workers: Essential to Quality Long Term Care
Direct Care Workers: Essential to Quality Long Term Care WV Partnership for Elder Living 2013 Summit Presenter: Carla Washington Outline National issues effecting direct care workers Direct Care Alliance
More informationEnrolling Children in Health Coverage Before They Start School: Activities for Early Childhood Programs
Enrolling Children in Health Coverage Before They Start School: Activities for Early Childhood Programs October Prepared for Covering Kids by Donna Cohen Ross and Meg Booth Center on Budget and Policy
More informationFacts. Who are direct-care workers? Job titles and responsibilities. February 2011 Update
Facts 3 February 2011 Update Who are direct-care workers? irect-care workers provide an estimated 70 to 80 percent of the paid hands-on long-term care and personal assistance received by Americans who
More informationNEW YORK STATE OFFICE OF THE STATE COMPTROLLER
NEW YORK STATE OFFICE OF THE STATE COMPTROLLER H. Carl McCall STATE COMPTROLLER DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH MANAGEMENT OF CHILD HEALTH PLUS B 2000-S-28 DIVISION OF MANAGEMENT AUDIT AND STATE FINANCIAL SERVICES
More informationEssential Hospitals VITAL DATA. Results of America s Essential Hospitals Annual Hospital Characteristics Survey, FY 2012
Essential Hospitals VITAL DATA Results of America s Essential Hospitals Annual Hospital Characteristics Survey, FY 2012 Published: July 2014 1 ABOUT AMERICA S ESSENTIAL HOSPITALS METHODOLOGY America s
More informationChild Care Subsidy Grants - Source and Funding
Appendix E DEFINITIONS OF TERMS AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION List of Acronyms ACT AFDC CCDBG CCDF CCMS CDA CCP CPS DV ECI FFY FMAP FPIL FSET FSA FY HB HHS HHSC HIPPY LBB LWDA LWDB MOE PRWORA RMC R&R SB SMI
More informationPerspective Implications of the Affordable Care Act for People With HIV Infection and the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program: What Does the Future Hold?
Perspective Implications of the Affordable Care Act for People With HIV Infection and the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program: What Does the Future Hold? There are numerous aspects of the Patient Protection and
More informationRECENT STATE INITIATIVES IN REBALANCING LONG-TERM CARE
A Guide to Long-Term Care for State Policy Makers RECENT STATE INITIATIVES IN REBALANCING LONG-TERM CARE Reaching a more equitable balance between the proportion of total Medicaid long-term support expenditures
More informationChildren s Health Coverage Outreach: A special Role for School Nurses
Children s Health Coverage Outreach: A special Role for School Nurses October Prepared for Covering Kids by Donna Cohen Ross and Meg Booth Center on Budget and Policy Priorities First Street NE, Suite
More informationAccess and Barriers to Post-Secondary Education Under Michigan's Welfare to Work Policies
Access and Barriers to Post-Secondary Education Under Michigan's Welfare to Work Policies Policy Background and Recipients' Experiences Coalition for Independence Through Education (CFITE) February 2002
More informationUninsured Children Eligible For Medicaid
THE URBAN INSTITUTE NEW FEDERALISM National Survey of of American America s Families A product of Assessing the New Federalism, an Urban Institute Program to Assess Changing Social Policies Most Uninsured
More informationWisconsin s Direct-Care Workforce Wisconsin s direct-care workers are the state s frontline paid caregivers providing
State Facts December 2011 Wisconsin s Direct-Care Workforce Wisconsin s direct-care workers are the state s frontline paid caregivers providing daily living services and supports to persons with disabilities
More informationThe Effects of Medicaid Expansions on Insurance Coverage of Children
152 REVISITING THE ISSUES The Effects of Medicaid Expansions on Insurance Coverage of Children Lisa C. Dubay Genevieve M. Kenney Lisa C. Dubay, Sc.M., is senior research associate at the Health Policy
More informationOVERVIEW OF KENTUCKY Outreach MEDICAID AND KCHIP
OVERVIEW OF KENTUCKY Outreach MEDICAID AND KCHIP Lisa Lee Director, Medicaid Division of Provider Operations Program Director, Kentucky Children s Health Insurance Program (KCHIP) September 2011 Background
More informationJUST THE FACTS A Monthly Public Assistance Update from the Illinois Department of Human Services
A Monthly Public Assistance Update from the Illinois Department of Human Services January 2014 Summary Total cases receiving Public Assistance in Illinois decreased by 10,008 (20,138 persons) in January
More informationMedicaid 101: The SoonerCare Safety Net By Kate Richey, Policy Analyst
January 2012 Medicaid 101: The SoonerCare Safety Net By Kate Richey, Policy Analyst he health care system in the United States is experiencing an unprecedented period of upheaval. T Decades of rising costs,
More informationFamilies who have children with disabilities or other special needs face many challenges, particularly
Children with Disabilities and Other Special Needs: Opportunities to Participate in Quality Programs Must Be Expanded Families who have children with disabilities or other special needs face many challenges,
More informationMedicaid Topics Impact of Medicare Dual Eligibles Stephen Wilhide, Consultant
Medicaid Topics Impact of Medicare Dual Eligibles Stephen Wilhide, Consultant Issue Summary The term dual eligible refers to the almost 7.5 milion low-income older individuals or younger persons with disabilities
More informationSUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS 2012 THE CITY OF NEW YORK
SUMMARY OF VITAL STATISTICS 2 THE CITY OF NEW YORK PREGNANCY OUTCOMES 4 35 Birth Rate per 1, Population 3 25 2 1 14.8 5 1898* 1913* 192 194 1954 198 1982 199 2 *1898-1913 Birth counts are estimated as
More informationLong-term Socioeconomic Impact of Child Abuse and Neglect: Implications for Policy. By David S. Zielinski, Ph.D.
Long-term Socioeconomic Impact of Child Abuse and Neglect: Implications for Policy By David S. Zielinski, Ph.D. Child abuse and neglect greatly influence victims long-term wellbeing. Until recently, however,
More informationDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH MULTIPLE MEDICAID PAYMENTS FOR MANAGED CARE RECIPIENTS. Report 2004-S-48 OFFICE NEW YORK STATE DIVISION OF STATE SERVICES
Alan G. Hevesi COMPTROLLER OFFICE NEW YORK STATE COMPTROLLER DIVISION OF STATE SERVICES Audit Objective...2 Audit Results - Summary... 2 Background... 3 Audit Findings and Recommendations...4 Identifying
More informationCommunity, Early Childhood, and Adult Education Programs
INFORMATION BRIEF Research Department Minnesota House of Representatives 600 State Office Building St. Paul, MN 55155 Danyell Punelli, Legislative Analyst, 651-296-5058* Updated: December 2010 Community,
More informationProfile of Rural Health Insurance Coverage
Profile of Rural Health Insurance Coverage A Chartbook R H R C Rural Health Research & Policy Centers Funded by the Federal Office of Rural Health Policy www.ruralhealthresearch.org UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
More informationTRACKING TRENDS IN HEALTH SYSTEM PERFORMANCE
TRACKING TRENDS IN HEALTH SYSTEM PERFORMANCE SEPTEMBER 2013 IN STATES HANDS How the Decision to Expand Medicaid Will Affect the Most Financially Vulnerable Americans Findings from the Commonwealth Fund
More informationPARTICIPATION STATUS AMONG VERY POOR FOOD STAMP ELIGIBLE HOUSEHOLDS
VI. PARTICIPATION STATUS AMONG VERY POOR FOOD STAMP ELIGIBLE HOUSEHOLDS As established in the previous chapter, while non-participants might not be participating because they are only temporarily poor,
More informationuninsured RESEARCH BRIEF: INSURANCE COVERAGE AND ACCESS TO CARE IN PRIMARY CARE SHORTAGE AREAS
kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured RESEARCH BRIEF: INSURANCE COVERAGE AND ACCESS TO CARE IN PRIMARY CARE SHORTAGE AREAS Prepared by Catherine Hoffman, Anthony Damico, and Rachel Garfield The
More informationFederal Programs That Can Fund Employment for Homeless People 1
Federal Programs That Can Fund Employment for Homeless People 1 Food Stamp Employment and Training Program (FSET) U.S. Department of Agriculture 100 percent Federal administration grants; 50/50 Federal
More informationkaiser medicaid and the uninsured commission on THE IMPACT OF MEDICAID AND SCHIP ON LOW-INCOME CHILDREN S HEALTH February 2009
P O L I C Y kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured February 2009 B R I E F THE IMPACT OF MEDICAID AND SCHIP ON LOW-INCOME CHILDREN S HEALTH Today, one-quarter of children in the U.S. and half
More informationHealth Insurance Coverage: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2004
Health Insurance Coverage: Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 2004 by Robin A. Cohen, Ph.D., and Michael E. Martinez, M.P.H., Division of Health Interview Statistics, National Center
More informationHow Proposed Cuts in Vital Services Will Hurt New Jersey
How Proposed Cuts in Vital Services Will Hurt New Jersey January 12, 2006 On February 1, 2006, the U.S. House of Representatives is scheduled to take up legislation cutting $40 billion in health care,
More informationOver the past decade, expansions under
Wong Universal Health Care for Children: Two Local Initiatives Liane A. Wong Over the past decade, expansions under Medicaid and the State Children s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) have brought a significant
More informationGuide to Welfare in Maryland
Guide to Welfare in Maryland Welfare Advocates November, 2008 1979 2008 Celebrating 29 Years of Education and Advocacy Since its founding in 1979, Welfare Advocates has grown into an umbrella organization
More informationEssential Hospitals VITAL DATA. Results of America s Essential Hospitals Annual Hospital Characteristics Report, FY 2013
Essential Hospitals VITAL DATA Results of America s Essential Hospitals Annual Hospital Characteristics Report, FY 2013 Published: March 2015 1 ABOUT AMERICA S ESSENTIAL HOSPITALS METHODOLOGY America s
More informationExpress Lane Eligibility
Express Lane Eligibility New Strategies for Increasing Enrollment June 2009 www.centerforbenefits.org What is Express Lane Eligibility? Having gained prominence recently as a result of its inclusion in
More informationState Data Collection and Reporting Requirements in the Affordable Care Act
State Data Collection and Reporting Requirements in the Affordable Care Act The Affordable Care Act (ACA) and its amendments, including the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, set up multiple
More informationLower Taxes, Lower Premiums
Lower Taxes, Lower Premiums The New Health Insurance Tax Credit in Idaho Families USA : The New Health Insurance Tax Credit in Idaho September 2010 by Families USA Acknowledgments This report was written
More informationMichigan s Direct-Care Workforce In Michigan each day, personal attendants, home health aides, and nursing aides
State Facts September 2011 UPDATED Michigan s Direct-Care Workforce In Michigan each day, personal attendants, home health aides, and nursing aides provide essential daily living services and supports
More informationMORE AMERICANS, INCLUDING MORE CHILDREN, NOW LACK HEALTH INSURANCE
820 First Street NE, Suite 510 Washington, DC 20002 Tel: 202-408-1080 Fax: 202-408-1056 center@cbpp.org www.cbpp.org Revised August 31, 2007 MORE AMERICANS, INCLUDING MORE CHILDREN, NOW LACK HEALTH INSURANCE
More informationCOMMON PATHWAYS TO ELIGIBILITY
IN THIS FACT SHEET: PENNSYLVANIA MEDICAID, SCHIP, AND STATE-FUNDED HEALTH PROGRAMS AUGUST 2008 An Overview of Pennsylvania s Publicly Funded Insurance Programs This summary is intended to assist professionals
More informationEarly Education and Care in NY State
Early Education and Care in NY State Information provided by the NYS Council on Children & Families Edited by Child Care Solutions Child Care NY State regulations define child care as care for a child
More informationIMPROVING CHILDREN S HEALTH: A Chartbook About the Roles of Medicaid and SCHIP by Leighton Ku and Sashi Nimalendran
Summary IMPROVING CHILDREN S HEALTH: A Chartbook About the Roles of Medicaid and SCHIP by Leighton Ku and Sashi Nimalendran This chartbook summarizes numerous recent research findings about children who
More informationCovering all Florida s Children with Health Insurance
Introduction Florida ranks at the bottom among the 50 states and the District of Columbia in covering children with health insurance. Only the State of Texas is behind Florida. 1 An estimated one in five
More informationPatient Protection and Affordable Care Act [PL 111-148] with Amendments from 2010 Reconciliation Act [PL 111-152] Direct-Care Workforce
DIRECT-CARE WORKFORCE AND LONG-TERM CARE PROVISIONS AS ENACTED IN PATIENT PROTECTION AND AFFORDABLE CARE ACT AND HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION RECONCILIATION ACT OF 2010 Key Provisions Direct-Care Workforce
More informationSupplemental Security Income. Informational Paper 46
Supplemental Security Income Informational Paper 46 Wisconsin Legislative Fiscal Bureau January, 2015 Supplemental Security Income Prepared by Sam Austin Wisconsin Legislative Fiscal Bureau One East Main,
More informationarticipation in the Community Districts D Insurance I
Public Health H Insurance I ParP articipation in the Community Districts D of New N York k CityC New York City Mayor s Office of Health Insurance Access Marjorie Cadogan, Executive Director 51 Chambers
More informationNorth Carolina Medicaid for Children/SCHIP Eligibility Expansion
North Carolina Medicaid for Children/SCHIP Eligibility Expansion Summary On July 31, 2007, Governor Mike Easley signed into law NC Kids Care. NC Kids Care is a new publicly subsidized insurance program
More informationLogic Model for SECCS Grant Program: The Utah Early Childhood Comprehensive Systems (ECCS) Statewide Plan/Kids Link INTERVENTION
GRANTEE/ PROJECT CHARACTERISTICS (i.e., goals and description of the project, environment, description of population/case load and partner organizations): TOTAL FUNDS REQUESTED (for the first year of the
More informationkaiser medicaid and the uninsured MARCH 2012 commission on
I S S U E kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured MARCH 2012 P A P E R Medicaid and Community Health Centers: the Relationship between Coverage for Adults and Primary Care Capacity in Medically
More informationNursing Workforce. Primary Care Workforce
Key Provisions Related to Nursing: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Public Law 111-148) clearly represents a movement toward much-needed, comprehensive and meaningful reform for our nation
More informationHow To Get A Medicaid Card
MEDICAID care is reasonable, necessary, and provided in the most appropriate setting. The PROs are composed of groups of practicing physicians. To receive Medicare payments, a hospital must have an agreement
More informationHealth Priority: Access to Primary and Preventive Health Services Objective 4: Access to Oral Health Services
Health Priority: Access to Primary and Preventive Health Services Objective 4: Access to Oral Health Services Long Term (2010) Subcommittee Outcome Objective: By 2010, increase by 10 percentage points
More informationNew York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene Bureau of Maternal, Infant & Reproductive Health TEEN PREGNANCY IN NEW YORK CITY: 1997-2007
New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene Bureau of Maternal, Infant & Reproductive Health TEEN PREGNANCY IN NEW YORK CITY: 1997-2007 Bureau of Maternal, Infant, & Reproductive Health 1 TEEN
More informationHealth Care Reform, What s in It?
Health Care Reform, What s in It? Rural Communities and Rural Medical Care No. 9 July 2010 Jon M. Bailey Center for Rural Affairs A critical component of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act
More informationHow To Get A Job At A Health Care Facility
HEALTH REFORM: WHAT COMES NEXT FOR PUBLIC HEALTH? Iowa Public Health Association February 11, 2011 Presenter Information Capt. Jose Belardo, JD, MSW Captain (CAPT) Jose Belardo is a career officer of the
More informationGrowth of Home Health Services and Disparities in California, 2001-2010
Growth of Home Health Services and Disparities in California, 2001-2010 Vivian Y. Wu Background This policy brief describes the recent expansion in the supply of home health (HH) services in California,
More informationSTATE CONSIDERATIONS ON ADOPTING HEALTH REFORM S BASIC HEALTH OPTION Federal Guidance Needed for States to Fully Assess Option by January Angeles
820 First Street NE, Suite 510 Washington, DC 20002 Tel: 202-408-1080 Fax: 202-408-1056 center@cbpp.org www.cbpp.org March 13, 2012 STATE CONSIDERATIONS ON ADOPTING HEALTH REFORM S BASIC HEALTH OPTION
More informationMaine s Bright Futures Story
Maine s Bright Futures Story Judith Gallagher, R.N., Ed.M., M.P.A. Marisa Ferreira, M.P.H., R.D. February 2006 Health Systems Research, Inc. 1200 18th Street NW Suite 700 Washington DC 20036 Telephone:
More informationand the uninsured June 2005 Medicaid: An Overview of Spending on Mandatory vs. Optional Populations and Services
I S S U E kaiser commission on medicaid and the uninsured June 2005 P A P E R Medicaid: An Overview of Spending on vs. Optional Populations and Services Medicaid is a federal-state program that provides
More information