How To Prevent Problem Gambling In Melbourne North

Transcription

1 Health Promotion Resource Guide for PROBLEM PREVENTION in Melbourne s North

2 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North To receive help for problem gambling or to make a referral call: BNPCA (June 2009) This resource guide has been written by Susan Rennie at the BNPCA with the support of the Northern PCP Problem Gambling Initiative Steering Group which includes representatives from: Banyule Nillumbik Primary Care Alliance North Central Metro Primary Care Partnership Hume Moreland Primary Care Partnership Gamblers Help Northern Department of Justice Women s Health in the North Centre for Culture, Ethnicity and Health Consumer representatives Thanks and acknowledgement to this steering group. For further information [email protected] Acknowledgements to WHIN for permission to use the cover photo.

3 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Forward 1 Background Context 2 Primary Care Partnerships and Integrated Health Promotion 2 Introduction 3 Audience and purpose of guide 4 Definitions 5 Gambling 5 Problem Gambling 5 Health Promotion 5 Prevention 5 Responsible Gambling 5 Problem Gambling Prevention and Health Promotion 6 Determinants of Problem Gambling 8 How the Victorian government is working in this area 9 Social regulation 9 Public health 9 At-risk groups and vulnerable communities 10 Ideas and examples for intervening with at risk groups 11 Problem Gambling and the impact on friends, family and social networks 14 Gambling and Gender 14 Undertaking Health Promotion Interventions with gaming venues 15 Data to support Health Promotion planning 16 Demographic and socio-economic data impacting on EGM use in Melbourne s Northern suburbs 16 Referral Data to Gamblers Help Services in Melbourne s North 19 Information specific to Melbourne s Northern sub-region municipalities 20 BANYULE 21 DAREBIN 23 HUME 25 MORELAND 27 NILLUMBIK 29 WHITTLESEA 31 YARRA 33 References and Resources 35

4 1 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North FORWARD In Australia gambling, in one form or another, has a significant role in community culture (Australian Institute for Gambling Research, 1999). Informal betting is a part of many community events. The first organised horse race meetings on which people bet were held in NSW within 20 years of the first settlement. Horse and dog races were common events on which people placed bets, as were cricket matches, football and card games. Races between crabs, cane toads and even flies on the wall have been elements of community events on which people placed bets. In the goldfields of Australia and in foreign battlefields men bet on the flip of coins in twoup, on the fall of dice and games of cards. Immigrant populations brought their own forms of community gambling. Informal gambling is a deeply embedded feature of Australian culture but is not of itself a major source of harm in the community and is not the focus of this resource. Informal gambling provides a cultural context for the forms of gambling that do cause major harm in the community. In the 20 th Century some small scale community gambling activities grew in scale and became institutionalised in legal structures (eg the lotteries and TABs) and illegal ones (eg SP bookmaking and two-up schools). In the 21 st Century the major community problems associated with gambling are consequences of industrial scale gambling institutionalised in, for example, casinos and poker machine venues (Australian Institute for Gambling Research, 1999). The pokies, or electronic gambling machines, have been identified as the most common cause of harm in the Northern Metropolitan communities and they are a key issue in this resource. The Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North has been developed by the Primary Care Partnerships in the Northern sub-region. It is designed for use by Primary Care Partnership member agencies. In the Guide it is assumed that the health promotion workers in these agencies will use the guide to address problem gambling issues in their communities. For this reason it does not repeat in detail the principles and practices of health promotion in general. Rather it focuses on the place of health promotion in the broader strategy to minimise harm from problem gambling and the kinds of health promotion interventions that are likely to be effective. Many of these interventions can sit alongside existing programs, adding a new dimension to established programs. For these reasons it is a model document demonstrating how to locate health promotion in novel policy areas. The Guide takes an evidencebased approach to planning problem gambling health promotion interventions. It provides an analysis of major data sets for each municipality that will inform intervention choices and intervention development. The way this analysis has been undertaken and presented is an excellent example of evidence based planning in health promotion. It can be seen as an example of how to undertake evidence-based planning that can be applied to other issues in community based health promotion. The Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North is an excellent resource that I am sure will be very useful to health promotion workers in the Northern subregion. Associate Professor Rae Walker School of Public Health La Trobe University

5 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 2 BACKGROUND CONTEXT In 2006, the Victorian Government, through the Department of Justice announced a strategy to address problem gambling in this state. Primary Care Partnerships and Integrated Health Promotion In 2006, the Victorian Government, through the Department of Justice announced a strategy to address problem gambling in this state. Among other elements, this strategy - Taking Action on Problem Gambling - lead to the redevelopment of Problem Gambling Treatment Services and the integration of these services into local Primary Care Partnerships (PCP). Concurrently, there was a recognised need to strengthen community capacity to prevent Problem Gambling using a Health Promotion framework. Primary Care Partnerships are considered to provide a strong platform from which to undertake this work given their history of undertaking and promoting integrated health promotion activities in their catchments and their existing relationships with a range of local agencies. Therefore, in 2008, the Victorian Department of Justice funded Primary Care Partnerships to undertake and facilitate Health Promotion work in this area. A more complete overview of how the Victorian government is working in this area is given later in this guide. In Melbourne s Northern sub- Region, the 3 PCPs - Banyule Nillumbik Primary Care Alliance, North Central Metro PCP and Hume Moreland PCP, decided to deliver this initiative in partnership. The Initiative has been funded for three years ( ) and has developed the local Goal to: Strengthen communities in the NMR so that they are less vulnerable to problem gambling This Goal will be achieved through a number of objectives including: 1. Increasing the number and range of health promotion interventions which are taking place which address problem gambling and its broader determinants. 2. Increasing the number of partnerships involving PCP member agencies which are working to address the determinants of problem gambling. 3. Strengthening the relationship of GHN with PCP agencies. 4. Assisting GHN with the reorientation of Health Promotion activities. This guide is contributing towards the first objective. A Problem Gambling Health Promotion Advisor has been employed by the Northern PCPs to assist agencies to undertake work in this area or further consider the implications of Problem Gambling for their community and client populations. This position is for three years ( ). In Melbourne s Northern suburbs, problem gambling treatment and health promotion services are delivered by Gamblers Help Northern (GHN) from a number of different locations. GHN is auspiced by Banyule Community Health Service and is an active PCP member agency funded to deliver both treatment and health promotion services. Health Promotion work is undertaken by the Community Education team. Organisations interested in undertaking further work in this area can contact: Susan Rennie Problem Gambling Health Promotion Advisor [email protected] or Phil Grinter Gamblers Help Northern [email protected]

6 3 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North INTRODUCTION Gambling-related harm is an emerging public health issue in Australia, with significant health, social and economic implications. In the past two decades, we have seen an increase in the consumption of gambling products and expenditure (player losses) paralleled by increases in the number of people seeking help for their own or someone else s gambling. The prevalence of problem gambling is estimated to be between one and two percent of the Australian adult population [1]. The Productivity Commission s 1999 report identified that although the number of problem gamblers appears to be small, they contribute approximately one third of total expenditure on gambling in Australia. In addition, their annual losses average $12,220 compared with under $650 for other gamblers. [2] Furthermore, the Report highlighted that the actual number of people to be directly affected by problem gambling is much higher with each problem gambler thought to adversely impact on five to ten people around them including family, friends and colleagues. Figure 1: levels of harm In addition to the personal harm experienced by problem gamblers and those close to them, gambling may cause or exacerbate other harms on social, health and economic levels. The ways in which harm from gambling can impact at different levels is shown in Figure 1. Individual Family, Friends Workplaces, Clubs, Groups Community Society stress, depression, anxiety, MH issues job loss financial hardship family and relationship issues loss of social supports and community connections family neglect, domestic violence, relationship breakdown poverty homelessness stigma and social isolation absenteeism job loss poor performance theft lower participation rates reduced resources available increased reliance on welfare supports community disempowerment loss of focus on core business for clubs that run venues poverty less employment created by spending in gambling industry compared to other areas regressive tax loss of confidence in government due to perceived conflict of interest increased crime and associated costs As the potential harms from gambling are quite significant, it is an important health and well being issue which should be considered in health promotion planning and service delivery. A strong community focus on the issue of problem gambling prevention that includes harm minimisation and health promotion approaches is key to minimising gambling-related harm, leading to healthier individuals and communities. [1] The Productivity Commission s 1999 report estimated that problem gamblers represent 2.1% of the Australian adult population (1% with severe problems; 1.1% with moderate problems). More recent research by McMillan and Marshall (2004) arrived at a prevalence rate of 1.12%. However, this study only screened respondents if they gambled weekly or more which may have resulted in missing some people who gambled less frequently but still in a problematic way. [2] The Productivity Commission s (1999)

7 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 4 Work in problem gambling prevention fits in with the Department of Human Services (DHS) Priority Health Promotion area of Promoting Mental Health and Well-being. Furthermore, given strong co-morbidity rates with Tobacco, Drug and Alcohol use it complements DHS priorities 4 and 5 of Reducing Tobacco related harm and Reducing and minimising harm from alcohol and other drugs. The DHS Integrated Health Promotion framework (DHS, 2003) has been used extensively in this guide and in developing models for problem gambling prevention. Figure 2: Relationship between DHS Health Promotion Priorities and Problem Gambling DHS Health Promotion Priorities Relationship to Problem Gambling Promoting physical activity and active communities Promoting accessible and nutritious food Promoting mental health and well-being Reducing tobacco-related harm Reducing and minimising harm from alcohol and other drugs Gambling involves low levels of PA and PA interventions may provide helpful alternatives to PG TOP CO-MORBIDITY Access to economic participation Freedom from discrimination and violence Social connectedness Tobacco, alcohol and other drug use are significant co-morbidities with PG Gambling can impact severely on people s capacity to participate in all forms of economic activity Family violence is one of the top co-morbidities with PG A history of trauma also increases PG risk Social connectedness is a significant protective factor against PG Safe environments to prevent unintentional injury Sexual and reproductive health Audience and purpose of guide This Health Promotion Planning Resource Guide is intended for use by PCP member agencies or others in Melbourne s north who are planning Health Promotion activities and interventions for communities, clients or consumers. This guide does assume a moderate level of Health Promotion knowledge and understanding. Readers who are unfamiliar with Health Promotion theory and practice may find it helpful to also refer to the DHS Integrated Health Promotion Resource kit (2003). The guide outlines why problem gambling is an issue in some communities. It identifies particular at risk groups and offers the reader a framework for undertaking Health Promotion work in this area as well as data and information to support the prioritisation of problem gambling prevention. Data and information is presented overall and then considered in the context of each of the seven Local Government areas (LGAs) that make up Melbourne s north.

8 5 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North DEFINITIONS Gambling Gambling can be considered any activity that involves spending money in return for a chance of winning money or a prize. This may include activities such as: Informal private betting for money (like playing cards at home) Playing the pokies or electronic gaming machines (EGM) Betting on table games like blackjack, roulette and poker Betting on horse or harness racing or greyhounds excluding sweeps Betting on sports and event results like on football or TV show results Lotto/Powerball/Pools/Keno/Scratch tickets Bingo Competitions/raffles/sweeps Competitions where you pay money to enter by phone or leave an SMS Internet gambling Speculative stock investments like day trading (without a long term strategy) Problem Gambling In Australia, problem gambling (PG) is generally defined as: Difficulties in limiting money and/or time spent on gambling which leads to adverse consequences for the gambler, others, or for the community 2. Health Promotion We adopt the definition of Health Promotion put forward by the Ottawa Charter (1986). Health Promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. Health Promotion is a process focussed on assisting the attainment of good health, not just the prevention of ill health. Prevention The term prevention is used in this document to encompass actions that prevent or delay the onset of gambling harm and minimise the risks and harms associated with problem gambling. Sometimes this term is used interchangeably with Health Promotion. However, the focus is often less on the positive aspects of health. Prevention, promotion and harm minimisation may include: Supply reduction strategies to limit, where appropriate, the availability of gambling Demand reduction strategies to limit the development of gambling harm and Problem limitation strategies to reduce gambling-related harm. Responsible Gambling Responsible Gambling can be defined with either an individual based focus: Responsible gambling is behaviour whereby the gambler: views gambling as entertainment with associated costs; sets a limit for the time and money spent and sticks to it; and recognizes that uncontrolled gambling can create problems for themselves, for others in their social network, and the community. (from Canadian Partnership for Responsible Gambling: us.cfm) Or a community focus: Responsible gambling is the provision of gambling services in a way that seeks to minimise the harm to customers and the community associated with gambling. (Australian Institute for Gambling Research 3, also adopted by Victorian Local Government Association and the Council of Gamblers Help Services) Our choice of definition influences the ways in which we intervene to prevent problem gambling and both of these may be useful if we consider Health Promotion interventions across the spectrum. However, population based approaches to Health Promotion may find the second definition more applicable. This guide is going to focus predominantly but not exclusively on EGM gambling as it is overwhelmingly responsible for gambling related harm (Gamblers Help Northern estimate 80-90% of clients are presenting with EGMs as their major source of problem gambling). 2 Gambling Research Australia Report (2005) - Problem Gambling and Harm: Towards A National Definition (South Australian Centre for Economic Studies/Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide) 3 McMillen, J and Mc Allister, G (undated). Responsible gambling: legal and policy issues. Australian Institute for Gambling Research. University of Western Sydney.

9 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North PROBLEM GAMBLING PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION Undertaking health promotion in the area of problem gambling is in many ways similar to undertaking health promotion in other areas. Currently, there is not a great deal of specific literature in this area with most of the research having focussed on problem gambling treatment. However, health promotion in the areas of drug and alcohol related harm can provide a useful comparison. Using a similar framework to that commonly adopted in the Alcohol and other Drugs field, initiatives to minimise or eliminate harm from Problem Gambling can generally fall into three areas: Supply reduction strategies to limit, where appropriate, the availability Demand reduction strategies to limit the development of harm Problem limitation strategies to reduce the related harm. Historically we know that many of the most successful strategies in health promotion take place at a regulatory level. Bans on advertising and limitations on how and where products can be sold are all examples of effective supply reduction strategies. Social marketing strategies which Figure 3: Scope of PCP Health Promotion work make people aware of the dangers of products, and taxes to increase the price of products are examples of demand reduction strategies. Harm minimisation approaches such as better information and education about how to consume products safely and community resources such as needle and syringe programs are examples of problem limitation strategies. However, local and tailored initiatives can be especially effective in reducing harm with some at-risk groups and particular populations. Health promotion literature also strongly supports the adoption of multiple strategies across a continuum of intervention categories and suggests that health promotion will be most successful when based on a clear understanding of needs and at-risk populations with carefully planned and delivered goals, objectives and strategies. Furthermore, an important principle of health promotion is that interventions should aim to reduce health inequality. These principles have underpinned the development of a framework for planning and delivering health promotion work in the area of problem gambling prevention. This framework draws on the Integrated Health Promotion (IHP) framework supported by DHS 4. The framework also recognises that there are significant co-morbidities that exist alongside problem gambling including: Tobacco, alcohol and other drug addictions Mental Illness and poor mental health outcomes Social isolation Family violence For this reason, generic health promotion interventions may be particularly successful and appropriate in agencies where Problem Gambling is not a primary focus. Health Promotion action in this area should also distinguish itself from early intervention and treatment. Figure 3 below shows the suggested scope of health promotion work that the PCP initiative is seeking to promote. We suggest a focus on people, groups and communities who have not yet become regular gamblers. This is based on literature which indicates that once people are regular users of EGMs their chance of becoming problem gamblers escalates to 20-25%. Therefore waiting until this point may result in missing the boat for many people. Health Promotion Early intervention Treatment Suggested scope of Health Promotion action Gamblers Help Community Ed Non gamblers 1st /occasional use of EGMs Regular use of EGMs Problematic use of EGMs Severe problem gambling PCP Focus Regulatory measures in venues Gamblers Help Counseling Services 4 DHS (2003) Integrated health Promotion Resource Kit. DHS. Melbourne.

10 7 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North In considering possible health promotion interventions in this area, the Integrated Health Promotion model developed by DHS is a useful contextual starting base 5. This model suggests a mix of interventions and a balance between more individual focus and community focus. However, it should be noted that it is often beyond the scope of a single initiative to work in all intervention categories and that the mix can be achieved by considering what other initiatives are taking place and how suggested work fits in and / or complements this other work. Figures 4 and 5 demonstrate how interventions might fit into this model. Such interventions may be initiated by any combination of the Department of Justice, Gamblers Help Northern, Primary Care Partnerships (PCPs), funded agencies, community groups and/or individuals. The PCP is particularly looking to support and encourage initiatives by PCP members and other local agencies. Figure 4: Ideas and examples of interventions with a specific gambling prevention focus Screening Risk Assessment Immunisation Health Education Skill Development Social Marketing Health Information Community Action Settings and Supportive Environments Screening test for gambling behaviours incorporated into SCOTT tools GPs ask patients about gambling habits Gamblers Help delivers Community Education Sessions Neighbourhood house runs class in understanding the odds when gambling DoJ Media Campaigns Think about what you are really Gambling With & Take the Problem out of Gambling Community groups report gaming venues that breach their code of conduct Community Groups decide not to use gaming venues for social events PCP partners train community members as peer educators to dispel myths about gambling within their communities Darebin Pokie Free Places Report informs Council activity LGA decides not to use gaming venues for any outings for at-risk groups of clients Agencies make buses available to community groups to go on non gambling related outings DoJ - Withdrawal of ATMS from venues in 2012 Figure 5: Ideas and examples of generic HP Interventions likely to make people less vulnerable to Problem Gambling Screening Risk Assessment Immunisation Health Education Skill Development Social Marketing Health Information Community Action Settings and Supportive Environments Screening and referral for people identified as socially isolated by GPs Education forums on how to set up successful groups Education program on how to get involved in local community Campaign to get people to meet their neighbours, join a group, become a volunteer, etc Setting up and support for resident actions groups Good financial literacy programs in schools Local libraries to have financial literacy games available with their internet access Excellent recreation and leisure facilities 5 DHS (2003) Integrated health Promotion Resource Kit. DHS. Melbourne.

11 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 8 Determinants of Problem Gambling Many different factors contribute to the potential for problem gambling. When undertaking health promotion work in this area it is useful to consider how these factors interact and what influence we can have that might reduce the risk to individuals and the community. Figure 6 illustrates some of the elements that exist within the current context. Figure 6: An Epidemiological Framework For Problem Gambling Industry behaviour Venue features Help Services Games features Problem Gambling Gambler Characteristics and behaviour Accessibility Information Government behaviour (Adapted from Roberts, K & Townsend P (2009) A Public Health Approach to gambling Gambling and Public Health International Newsletter. May)

12 9 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North HOW THE VICTORIAN GOVERNMENT IS WORKING IN THIS AREA In 2006, the Victorian Government announced a strategy to address problem gambling in this State. The strategy, Taking Action on Problem Gambling (2006), outlines 7 key Action Areas including: Action Area 1: Building better treatment services Action Area 2: Ensuring a more socially responsible gambling industry Action Area 3: Promoting healthy communities Action Area 4: Protecting vulnerable communities Action Area 5: Improving consumer protection Action Area 6: Enhancing the regulator Action Area 7: Fostering gambling research As described below, Taking Action on Problem Gambling combines social regulation and public health approaches in order to address problem gambling. Social regulation This approach is based on creating a broader environment of responsible gambling. Incorporating action areas 2, 5 and 6, this involves a range of initiatives, including: requiring the gambling industry to have a Responsible Gambling Code of Conduct facilitating Responsible Gambling Awareness Week strengthening the self-exclusion program improving consumer protection (eg. limiting access to ATMs and EFTPOS, halving maximum bet limits) enhancing the regulator (the Victorian Commission for Gambling Regulation) in assessing gaming machine applications These activities are based on principles of harm minimisation and consumer protection, and aim to reduce and prevent the development of problem gambling behaviour. Public health Taking a public health approach involves using a holistic framework to develop and implement an integrated, wholeof-community response to problem gambling. Contrasting with medical models, where problem gambling may be viewed as an addiction, public health approaches have a much broader perspective and focus on not just the individual experience of problem gambling, but also on the upstream determinants of and risk factors for problem gambling at a community level (eg. how settings, environments and other factors may influence the development of problem gambling). Public health initiatives are covered in Action Areas 1, 3 and 4, and include: building better treatment services (eg. enhancing the Gambler s Help Line, addressing the need for afterhours problem gambling counselling, funding the Problem Gambling Research and Treatment Centre) developing and implementing the Problem Gambling Community and Education Campaign alongside Statewide campaigns (social marketing, invenue advertising, player information standards) developing community partnerships that promote resilience and reduce problem gambling vulnerability protecting vulnerable communities via regional caps on gaming machines The Government s public health model recognises the importance of partnerships in achieving positive public health outcomes. Determinants of problem gambling are often beyond the control of individuals and require multidisciplinary efforts at a population and whole-of-community level. As a result, the Government has a particular focus on addressing problem gambling via Primary Care Partnerships and Integrated Health Promotion.

13 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 10 AT-RISKGROUPS AND VULNERABLE COMMUNITIES There are a number of identified atrisk groups and potentially vulnerable communities for problem gambling. The Victorian government has focussed its priority target groups for problem gambling prevention in the area of Gambler Characteristics. In this context, at-risk groups include: Young people and young males Senior Victorians People experiencing substance use issues People experiencing mental health issues People of CALD backgrounds People of Koori/Indigenous backgrounds People with intellectual/cognitive disabilities People in community services or corrections Families and friends of problem gamblers These priority target groups are based on available literature which identifies specific risk in these areas. The Health Promotion Resource Kit for Problem Gambling (DoJ, 2009) provides detailed references to literature supporting these priorities. Furthermore, there is some agreement that a history of trauma can make people more vulnerable to problem gambling 6. For this reason, Counsellors, Mental Health workers and Health Promotion, Community Development and other professionals working in the area might consider the needs people with a history of trauma, including: Veterans Survivors of sexual abuse Women with a history of family violence Survivors of bushfire or other natural disasters Refugees and asylum seekers More broadly in the community, there is evidence that certain demographic characteristics may make people more vulnerable to gambling 7. These include: People in areas with very high concentration of EGMs People with lower education and income levels People in lower skilled occupations and shift workers People who live in areas where there are few alternative recreation and social opportunities In the final section of this guide, information will be presented at Local Government level and there will be some exploration of the ways in which these risk factors interact and impact upon the vulnerability of different populations in Melbourne s northern suburbs. Some at-risk groups will be considered in the context of the north of Melbourne as a whole. More specific information will be provided for municipalities where the prevalence or significance of risk issues in a particular community is high Layton, Allan and Worthington, Andrew (1999) The impact of socio-economic factors on gambling expenditure. International Journal of Social Economics 26(1-3):pp , The impact of socio-economic factors on gambling expenditure. International Journal of Social Economics 26(1-3):pp

14 11 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Ideas and examples for intervening with at risk groups This table is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to provide a guide to the types of interventions that could be considered and the evidence that could support them. Many ideas and examples will be relevant to multiple groups so the reader is encouraged to consider all possibilities. At risk group Some reasons why this group may be at risk What type of information could inform your needs analysis? What agencies would be relevant partners? Ideas and examples Young people and young males Developmental stage where risk taking may occur in a number of areas Beliefs that gambling could be a way to make money Experiences of parental gambling There may be a number of other co-morbid issues Is there a high youth population in the area? (normative need) Do young people consider this to be a problem? (felt need) Are many young people presenting with problem gambling issues (expressed need) Where do young people congregate in the area and what alternatives to gambling exist? (comparative need) Youth services run by Councils, community health services and community agencies Schools and other training providers Recreation and leisure services Sports clubs Incorporate information on probability into curriculum Increase skill and awareness of misleading advertising relating to chances of winning Work to increase alternatives to gambling Senior Victorians Significant life changes such as retirement, loss of partner, etc may have occurred Increased free time Perceived safety and friendliness of venues Low cost meals and other inducements target older people Group activities may introduce people to these venues who would not otherwise go Is there a high elderly population in the area particularly people on pensions and low incomes (normative need) Are many older people presenting with gambling problems or in financial distress (expressed need) Do older people say this is an issue (felt need) Are older people in this area using gaming venues more than other groups (comparative need) Retirement villages PAG and HACC groups and providers Senior citizens clubs All organisations that run groups and/or activities for older adults Superannuation funds Use, and encourage use, of alternate venues for group outings Work with workplaces planing redundancies to prevent these being spent on gambling Work with superannuation funds on info to include with any payouts Provide non gambling related outings / activities People experiencing substance use issues One of the top 3 comorbidities with PG Same sociodemographic features may apply to both gamblers and substance users Gambling can be an addiction similar to A & OD May use gambling to try to raise money for drugs Are people saying this is an issue (felt need) Are many D&A users presenting to GH services with both issues (expressed need) Are rates of substance use high in the area compared to surrounding areas (comparative need) Do police statistics reflect high rates of substance use and property crime (normative need) Drug and Alcohol services Pharmacies GPs Licensed premises Centrelink Homelessness services Mental health agencies Police Focus interventions on PG towards clients of D&A services Direct people with D&A issues away from gaming venues for group outings and recreation Include messages about the chance of (not) winning into Harm minimisation programs

15 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 12 At risk group Some reasons why this group may be at risk What type of information could inform your needs analysis? What agencies would be relevant partners? Ideas and examples People experiencing mental health issues One of the top 3 comorbidities with PG Machines cause a dissociative state in some players which distracts from difficulties Social isolation can increase vulnerability Can be a way to mange trauma Bi-polar disorder can distort perceptions re chance of winning Are mental health services seeing clients with gambling problems & are GH services seeing clients with mental health issues (expressed) Are gambling and mental health issues a more significant problem here than in surrounding areas (comparative need) What is the burden of disease created by mental illness in local population (normative need) Are mental health clients saying that gambling is a problem (felt need) Mental Health Services Drug and Alcohol services Family Violence services GPs Centrelink Community Health Focus interventions on PG towards clients of Mental Health services Direct people with Mental Health issues away from gaming venues for group outings and recreation Support the creation of social and recreation opportunities Organise financial literacy courses incorporating PG info People of CALD backgrounds Limited language skills may undermine responsible gambling messages, limit access to help services and make gaming attractive as language skills not required Mental illness, a history of trauma, grief and loss and social isolation Ongoing settlement difficulties and pressures Few culturally appropriate and accessible alternatives Changing values growing acceptance of gambling Inducements from gaming venues to ethnic clubs What CALD groups have a significant presence in your area (normative need) Do these CALD groups and leaders recognise that problem gambling is an issue (felt need) Are people from CALD groups presenting for PG, financial or emergency relief assistance and are any groups are missing out on services? (expressed need) Are some groups / communities more at-risk than others (comparative) Migrant Resource Centres and settlement services Ethno specific organisations, clubs and associations Neighbourhood houses Providers of English Language programs Bilingual GPs/ workers/ professionals CALD community leaders Ethnic media Centrelink Employment services Use, and encourage use, of alternate venues for group outings Undertake community information programs to empower communities to make informed decisions about whether or not to gamble Organise financial literacy courses incorporating PG info for newly arrived communities Address settlement needs People of Koori / Indigenous backgrounds Population had lower income and education levels High levels of co-morbid issues (Family violence, D&A and Mental Health issues) Cultural norms around gambling Low access to alternative recreational activities How many indigenous people live in the area and do they attend gaming venues (normative need) Do these indigenous groups recognise that problem gambling is an issue (felt need) Are people from indigenous people presenting for PG, financial or ER assistance (expressed need) Indigenous health, education and employment services Community elders Indigenous festivals and events Interactive display on how pokies work and chances of loosing at Indigenous event Encourage and promote alternatives to gambling Work with elders on ways to de-normalise losing money on gambling

16 13 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North At risk group Some reasons why this group may be at risk What type of information could inform your needs analysis? What agencies would be relevant partners? Ideas and examples People with intellectual / cognitive disabilities May not have the cognitive ability to be able to understand the risks associated with gambling and the responsible gambling message May belong to low income, education groups which are at risk Boredom and ease of access to gaming venues Where do people with disabilities live in the area (normative need) Do people identify that it is a problem that they have lost money to gambling? (felt need) Are people with intellectual disabilities presenting for help at GH services or emergency relief due to lost funds. (expressed need) Are people with certain disabilities more vulnerable than others Are there (post) correctional facilities in the area (normative need) Are services and / or offenders saying this is an issue (felt need) Are people with a history of offending presenting for help at GH services (expressed need) Consider differences in rates of gambling among prisoners with different offending histories (comparative need) Where is EGM revenue highest by venue / neighbourhood, etc (normative need) Are families presenting in financial stress (expressed need) Are families, friends and communities vocal about the damage being done in their area by gambling venues (felt need) Which groups in our community may have experienced trauma? Is their vulnerability to gambling increased by other factors (low income & education levels, density of machines in their area, lack of supports, etc)? Disability support services Supported employment services Supported accommodation Carer associations and networks Disability advocacy groups Develop and implement policy that group outings to these venues are not allowed Support people to access alternative leisure and recreation activities Empower carers to understand risks of, and seek alternatives to, gambling People in community services or corrections Boredom in prison and a culture of gambling Difficulties with adjustment to post release life, including unemployment, MH and D&A issues Gambling may have preceding and/or contributed to incarceration Offender rehabilitation services Court networks Prisons Post release support programs Legal services Raise awareness with offender rehabilitation services of the signs of problem gambling and referral pathways Run info sessions for (ex) prisoners on how the pokies work and probability of wining Families and friends of problem gamblers Problem gambling damages family relationships, finances and trust Young people are more at risk of PG if they have a parent who is a problem gambler High levels of co-morbid issues in particular Family Violence, D&A use and MH issues Community agencies and family services Health services Leisure and recreation services Local media and newsletters Empower non gambling family members to take control of family finances Provide additional leisure and recreational opportunities which aim to increase social connectedness for this group People with a history of trauma Gambling can provide a 24 hour distraction from traumatic events and machines lead to a dissociative state in some people Other factors as per mental illness Veterans services Sexual abuse and family violence services Refugee services Work with services to increase awareness of risk Develop policies that reduce access to gaming venues by these groups Provide alternative activities to gambling

17 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 14 Problem Gambling and the impact on friends, family and social networks Problem Gambling has a recognised impact on family, friends and social networks. The magnitude of the potential impact is so significant that it may be valuable to consider it in more detail. In 1999 the Federal Government s Productivity Inquiry into Australia s Gambling Industries 8, found that for every one person with a gambling problem, between 5 and 10 other people are negatively affected. This adverse effect can occur in many ways, for example: Trust may be eroded when money is not available and lies are told to cover up Basic family needs may go unmet, food, clothes, bills, health care, etc Social networks can be undermined by the borrowing of money which is not paid back Family violence can occur when distress and anger over losses erupts in the home Gambling leads sever financial crisis such as bankruptcy or loss of family home Stress from gambling results in deterioration of mental health by gambler and impacts on those around These types of potential impacts may be useful for Health Promotion practitioners to consider because they point to the value of undertaking health promotion work that strengthens the capacity of family, friends and social networks to gain control over and influence the way in which problem gambling affects their lives. Gambling and Gender Men and women gamble in different ways and for different reasons. Therefore applying a gendered perspective may be useful in both understanding problem gambling and considering how to reduce vulnerability to problem gambling through Health Promotion work. Overall, there are more male problem gamblers than female. However, the picture is changing. In 1997, only five years after the introduction of pokies in Victoria, research by Women s Health West identified that gambling patterns were being influenced by the introduction of EGMs 9. Indeed in the past two decades gambling has become more feminized and socially acceptable for women. Past gambling domains, such as racetracks, sports venues and TABs, were more masculine and generally less appealing to women. Currently, there are more legalized and accessible venues to gamble including the casino and numerous pubs, hotels and clubs. Many of these venues market themselves as particularly safe and comfortable places for women to come. The introduction of EGMs in particular has increased the accessibility and social acceptability of gambling to women and is largely responsible for the fact that more women are gambling. This in turn has placed more women at risk of becoming problem gamblers. As a result of the impact of gambling on women there has been some specific and local research including work by WIRE (Women s Information Referral Exchange Inc.) which highlighted the particular role of social isolation in women s gambling and the vulnerability of older women to the perils of the pokies. 10 In addition, Women s Health in the North produced a DVD resource about women and problem gambling in partnership with Gamblers Help Northern. 11 This DVD identifies social isolation, the desire to escape stressful life circumstances and the power of EGMs to induce a love affair type relationship as factors that may lead to problem gambling. 8 Productivity Commission (1999) Australia s Gambling Industries Inquiry Report Commonwealth of Australia. Melbourne 9 Women s Health West (1997) Who Wins? Women and Gambling in the Western Metropolitan Region of Melbourne (A Pilot Study) Women s Health West. Footscray. 10 Kimberley, H (2005) The Peril s of the Pokies Research into the information needs of older women and their families. WIRE. Melbourne. This report can be accessed at 11 Women s Health in the North (2008) The Machine and Me DVD resource for women affected by problem gambling Women s Health in the North. Thornbury.

18 15 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North UNDERTAKING HEALTH PROMOTION INTERVENTIONS WITH GAMING VENUES It is important that all health promotion activities take place with a clear goal and achievable objectives and that a distinction is made between activities that take place and the impact that they have. This is particularly true in work with venues. There is minimal value in running information sessions for venues without concurrently planning and undertaking an evaluation to see if this work is valuable. As an example, practitioners working in this area should be clear about whether the aim of such sessions is to increase referral rates to help services or to decrease problem gambling. The two are inherently different in focus and outcome. Undertaking work with venues that is not explicit in its aims and is not evaluated may actually be unhelpful because it allows venues to claim credit for participating in responsible gambling activities without necessarily having to change the way in which they operate. It is important to use evidence when deciding which venues to intervene with. Problem gambling does not occur equally in all venues, indeed there are very significant differences in the losses per machine. For planning purposes, data about losses per venue / EGM is included in the final section of this guide. Generally, EGMs in club venues result in much smaller losses than EGMs in pubs and hotels. The difference can be tenfold (lowest loss per machine in 07/08 in Melbourne s north was $23,262 in Nillumbik and the highest was $207,034 in Hume). Furthermore, this difference is not only a product of venue location and the socio-demographics of the area. For example, EGMs at a West Heidelberg club venue each make a relatively low $28,652 per year despite being located in a disadvantaged neighbourhood. The culture and behaviour of venues can and does make a difference. For this reason, it is worth considering ways in which work with venues can move beyond the health promotion interventions categories of social marketing and education (often focussed on referral pathways). It is possible, although admittedly more challenging to work in other spheres. Ideas which could be further explored include: All venues are required to have a responsible gambling code of conduct. Work could be undertaken to assist venues with the strengthening and implementation of their code. Work with a venue to cease the practice of serving food and drinks to people sitting at machines. This might encourage more breaks and physical activity. Work with venues on the way in which they market themselves encourage marketing strategies which emphasise the social, dining out, good facilities, etc aspects of the venue rather than the possibility of winning. Work with venues to ensure that families entering the premises are not exposed to the gaming area or that children s play areas are not within sight of gaming areas. Work with venues to cease offering free gaming vouchers to patrons. Working with venues to run other activities for regular patrons board games, a take-a-break walk, etc. Working with venues to ensure that mail-out marketing material does not increase vulnerability to problem gambling. This work is difficult because at its core it has the potential to undermine the profits of the venues. It is estimated that 42% of the overall losses on EGMs come from problem gamblers 12. Therefore, in order to generate any interest from venues, Health Promotion workers will require some powerful messages about the benefits of participating in this kind of partnership. The importance of good corporate citizenship, the potential to increase other non gambling related activities and revenue and the use of increased knowledge about the ways in which problem gambling can undermine and destroy the fabric of families and communities are among the messages that could be explored. It may also be useful to gather examples of good practice from venues which do effectively reduce problem gambling and share these with others. A comprehensive evaluation plan should be part of the planning, development and implementation process for any initiatives. 12 Productivity Commission (1999)

19 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 16 DATA TO SUPPORT HEALTH PROMOTION PLANNING Demographic and socio-economic data impacting on EGM use in Melbourne s Northern suburbs In 2006/07, just over $446 million was lost in Electronic Gaming Machines in Melbourne s 7 northern municipalities *. However, this money was not lost evenly across the Region. Even accounting for their size and population, some municipalities lost significantly more money than others. The City of Hume was the biggest loser both in overall losses ($98.1 million) and spending per adult ($888). The Shire of Nillumbik experienced the smallest losses overall ($10.8 million) and the lowest spending per adult ($242). The average Victorian loss per adult in 2007/08 on EGM was $647. Three northern municipalities (Hume, Whittlesea and Darebin) exceeded this amount. Banyule ($642) and Moreland ($629) had losses similar to the State average. Yarra and Nillumbik experienced lower than average losses. It can be useful to understand this money in real terms because it represents a significant loss of wealth not just to individuals but more broadly to the communities that the money comes from. As the charts below illustrate, the amount of money lost to EGMs in Melbourne s north is similar to the total amount that the seven Northern municipalities are set to collect in rates in 2008/09 year (Data obtained from Council websites). A comparison of Council rates and EGM losses in Melbourne s Northern Suburbs $453 million Total Net Expenditure $ $ 120,000, ,000,000 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 0 Net EGM Expenditure Per Adult 1, City of Yarra City of Whittlesea City of Moreland City of Hume City of Darebin City of Banyule Shire of Nillumbik City of Yarra City of Whittlesea City of Moreland City of Hume City of Darebin City of Banyule Victoria Shire of Nillumbik $458 million Projected rates 2008/09 EGM losses 2007/08 In some municipalities (Banyule, Darebin, Hume and Whittlesea), residents lost more in EGMs than they will contribute to Council rates. There can be little doubt that this has an impact on the money available within the community for other spending, especially when we consider that several of these municipalities are among Melbourne s most disadvantaged. A comparison of projected rates and EGM losses $ millions $ 120,000, ,000,000 80,000,000 60,000,000 40,000,000 20,000,000 0 Banyule Darebin Hume Moreland Nillumbik Projected rates 2008/09 EGM losses 2007/08 Whittlesea Yarra * Data relating to losses on EGMs comes from Department of Justice websites. These are listed in the references section.

20 17 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Indeed, three of the four municipalities where more was spent on EGM gambling than collected by Council in rates also fall into the disadvantaged category under the SEIFA index of disadvantage (IRSED)**. These municipalities also have higher than average unemployment which may be exacerbated because spending on EGMs has very little return benefit to the community in terms of employment generated. With IRSED scores below the mean of 1000, Hume (965), Darebin (972) and Whittlesea (978) are the most disadvantagedmunicipalities in Melbourne s north. They also have the highest per capita losses on EGMs as the graph on the previous page illustrates. Relationship between SEIFA score and EGM losses SEIFA score Nillumbik The graph above highlights the clear relationship between disadvantage (as indicated by the SEIFA index) and EGM spending. That is, the lower the level of disadvantage, the lower the per capita spending and the higher the level of disadvantage the higher the level of spending. $ Yarra Moreland lost per adult Banyule Darebin Whittlesea Hume Despite the clear relationship between disadvantage and EGM spending visible in this graph, data based on a municipal area needs to be considered carefully because of the diverse of nature of some municipalities. In particular Yarra and Banyule have significant pockets of disadvantage which are masked by the average SEIFA score for the municipality. While SEIFA represents an average of all people living in an area, SEIFA does not represent the individual situation of each person. Larger areas are more likely to have greater diversity of people and households. SEIFA data is collected and available for Local Collection Districts which comprise several hundred households. When broken down in this way a more sophisticated picture can emerge. For example, using the Index of Socio-economic Disadvantage and Advantage (ISEAD) for all the municipalities in Melbourne s north, Yarra has the lowest and highest scoring collection districts with SEIFA scores of 634 and 1220 a variation of almost 600. This makes it difficult to say that residents of Yarra are less vulnerable to high spending on EGMs. This may be true for some. However, based on the clear and visible relationship between disadvantage and high spending, we might expect that residents in some areas of Yarra will experience similar or greater losses on EGMs to residents of Hume. Overall, these losses might be hidden by very low losses from residents in more advantaged pockets of the municipality. Average, lowest and highest SEIFA scores for collection districts in each municipality SEIFA score Banyule Darebin Hume Moreland Nillumbik Whittlesea Yarra ** SEIFA is a suite of four summary indexes that can be used to explore different aspects of socio-economic conditions by geographic areas. Every geographic area in Australia is given a SEIFA number which shows how that area is compared with other areas in Australia. Each index summarises a different aspect of the socio-economic conditions of people living in an area using a different set of social and economic information. The indexes provide more general measures of socio-economic status than is given by measuring income or unemployment alone, for example. The four indexes in SEIFA 2006 are: Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage Index of Relative Socio-economic Advantage and Disadvantage Index of Economic Resources Index of Education and Occupation Most of the graphs and tables put together here have been done using the Index of Relative Socio-economic Disadvantage (IRSED), which is derived from Census variables related to disadvantage, like household income, education and housing type. (

21 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 18 The graphs on this page illustrate the relationship between disadvantage and the prevalence of EGMs and per capita spending on EGMs. Nillumbik and Yarra are the two northern municipalities with the fewest EGMs. They are also the municipalities with lowest spending. Conversely, Darebin has a high number of machines and high spending although the relationship at this end of the spectrum is less clear and may also be influenced by other factors such as the availability of alternatives to gambling. This may be particularly relevant in Hume and Whittlesea where they have a number of EGMs close to the State average but very high spending overall and per machine. These municipalities form part of Melbourne s growth corridors and residents may not have the same alternative recreational and leisure opportunities as residents in the inner and middle suburbs. Relationship between IRSED score and spending per machine Spending per machine $ Moreland Darebin Hume Whittlesea Yarra Banyule Nillumbik IRSED score Relationship between IRSED score and no. of EGMs IRSED score Nillumbik Yarra Whittlesea Banyule Moreland Hume No. of EGM per 1000 adults Darebin Whilst there is a visible relationship between EGM numbers and spending per machine and levels of advantage/disadvantage, this may not be direct causal relationship. We can hypothesize that gaming corporations may well choose to place large numbers of machines in these areas because of the high overall spending and the vulnerability of these communities to problem gambling. The second graph illustrates how EGMs in different municipalities attract different losses. For most areas, the average losses per machine are in the vicinity of $90,000. However, in Nillumbik where overall spending and machine numbers are low and the SEIFA index suggests relative advantage, machines are much less lucrative for their owners with average takings of $75,000. Conversely, in Hume and Whittlesea, the areas most disadvantaged and high losing municipalities, machines make an average of $ ,000 per year.

22 19 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Referral Data to Gamblers Help Services in Melbourne s North Data about who is accessing help services for Problem Gambling can be an important source of evidence. However, this data needs careful consideration and analysis because whilst it may reflect areas where problem gambling is high, it may also reflect the accessibility and cultural appropriateness of available services. The table below provides data about the municipality of residence of clients to Gamblers Help Northern. It includes data on clients from non-northern municipalities but this has been removed for the purposes of calculating percentages for comparison. Comparing the proportion of the population living in each LGA with the proportion of clients to Gamblers Help Northern can enable us to see if there is over or under representation in any area. We can then consider why this might be. Data such as this can be cross referenced and validated with other relevant data such as EGM spending. From the chart below, we can see that clients to GHN come disproportionately from Darebin (21% of clients vs 17% of pop), Hume (20% vs 17%), Banyule (17% vs 15%), Moreland (19% vs 18%) and Whittlesea (17% vs 16%). As we might expect, residents from Nillumbik and Yarra are underrepresented as clients of GHN. Yarra is most significantly underrepresented, however, its proximity to the city where there is another Gamblers Help service may partially account for this. By and large, this data reinforces the picture created by looking at EGM losses although residents of Whittlesea appear to be underrepresented somewhat given losses in this municipality. This under-representation may be connected to accessibility of services which includes factors such as location, cultural appropriateness and knowledge of availability. Percentage of Predicted problem gamblers Accessing GHN 2007/08 (VCGR DATA) City/Shire 2007 VCGR population projection 18+ % of pop of North living in LGA No of predicted problem gambler s (2% of population) No of clients Accessing GHN % of Northern clients to GHN Banyule 94,047 15% % Darebin 107,644 17% % Hume 110,439 17% % Moreland 114,266 18% % Whittlesea 98,773 16% % Yarra 63,325 10% % Nillumbik 44,637 7% % Other LGA s % Total Population , % 10, (1314 from North)

23 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 20 Information specific to Melbourne s Northern sub-region municipalities In this final section of this guide, more specific information will be provided relating to the seven municipalities in Melbourne s north. These municipalities form the Northern sub-region of the larger North West Metropolitan Region which is shown in the map on this page. For each municipality there is a map showing the gaming venues in the area as well as a list of these venues and the number of EGMs they contain. In addition, there is some discussion of which population groups and communities in this area might be especially vulnerable to gambling. This discussion is not intended to identify all vulnerable groups and populations in each area but rather to generate some ideas and interest for those wishing to approach problem gambling prevention as a local issue. The maps and data used on the following pages come from the DHS website. The maps represent a visual representation of areas of disadvantage using the SEIFA IRSED index. These maps and further information can be found at: Whittlesea Nillumbik Hume Moreland Darebin Banyule Western Metro Sub-Region Yarra IRSED Least disadvantaged Most disadvantaged

24 21 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Banyule SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD BANYULE Profile SEIFA score The population of Banyule in 2006 was 119, Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage* Banyule is the 66th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the 20th most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs of Banyule range from the highest to the lowest levels of disadvantage. Heidelberg West and Bellfield fall within the higher levels of disadvantage, and are the most disadvantaged suburbs in Banyule. Some particular issues for consideration in Banyule Age groups People of CALD backgrounds Peoples of Indigenous/ Koori backgrounds Socio-economic indicators Gaming accessibility and losses Other Banyule has similar youth (15-24) populations to Victoria (13.5% vs 13.7%) but a higher proportion of people aged 65+ (15.7% vs 13.1%). It is a municipality where an ageing population is a feature so consideration of the particular vulnerabilities of older residents may be useful. This might include a review of the types of leisure and recreational activities that older residents engage in whether in groups or individually. When compared with other northern Metro municipalities, Banyule has low levels of cultural diversity with 72% of the population born in Australia (69% for Victoria). However in West Heidelberg there is a higher proportion of CALD residents including newly arrived African communities. Therefore, work with CALD communities might be particularly effective in this area. Understanding any cultural norms and knowledge about gambling in these communities would be useful before considering possible approaches. Banyule s Indigenous population of 0.43% is similar to the Regional percentage of 0.47%. This constitutes 518 people in the municipality, of whom 63% are under the age of 30 and 6% over the age of 60. The youthful nature of this population points to work with indigenous young people as a priority. Working in partnership with indigenous groups / organisations would be most effective. Overall Banyule has high rates of labour force participation (58.8% compared with 53.7% for Victoria). There is a lower percentage of low income households and relatively high education levels. However, levels of disadvantage are much higher in West Heidelberg and Bellfield so these areas could be considered a priority for local initiatives. With 651 machines spread across the municipality, most residents have easy access to venues. There is a notable concentration of venues in the Heidelberg area. At $642 per adult, losses in Banyule are average in comparison with Victoria ($639) but somewhat higher than might be expected for a municipality with Banyule s relative level of advantage and Banyule is one of the municipalities where more is spent on EGM gambling than collected in rates. Banyule City Council have been proactive in relation to reducing gambling related harm and keen to engage in discussion. The Council is also working with venues to ensure return of community benefit to local communities. Gamblers Help Northern are auspiced by Banyule CHS and have their main office in the area.

25 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 22 Gaming venues in Banyule Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Bundoora Bowls Club Youlong Reserve, Cameron Parade Bundoora 3083 $939, $46,988 2 Greensborough Hotel 75 Main Street Greensborough 3088 $2,554, $106,428 3 Greensborough Rsl 111 Main Street Greensborough 3088 $4,609, $59,091 4 Heidelberg Rsl 87 Mount Street Heidelberg 3084 $638, $25,528 5 Ivanhoe Hotel 120 Upper Heidelberg Rd Ivanhoe 3079 $11,861, $118,613 6 Lower Plenty Hotel 2-8 Main Road Lower Plenty 3093 $9,558, $112,453 7 Montmorency Rsl 16 Mountain View Rd Montmorency 3094 $2,184, $62,420 8 Old England Hotel 459 Lower Heidelberg Road Heidelberg, 3084 $12,417, $118,257 9 Sir Henry Barkly 92 Burgundy Street Heidelberg 3084 $8,227, $126, Watsonia Rsl 6 Morwell Avenue Watsonia 3087 $6,543, $78, West Heidelberg Rsl 180 Bell St, West Heidelberg 3081 $888, $28,652 Totals $60,422, IRSED Least disadvantaged 5 Most disadvantaged

26 23 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Darebin SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD DAREBIN Profile SEIFA score In 2006, the population of Darebin was 133, Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage Darebin is the 24th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the fifth most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs of Darebin fall in the low and mid levels of disadvantage. Preston and Reservoir fall within the Mid Disadvantage level, and are the most disadvantaged suburbs in Darebin. Some particular issues for consideration in Darebin Age groups People of CALD backgrounds Peoples of Indigenous/ Koori backgrounds Socio-economic indicators Household composition Gaming accessibility and losses Other Darebin has a significantly higher proportion of population aged 65+ (15.9%) than Victoria (13.1%). With this ageing population consideration of the particular vulnerabilities of older residents may be useful. This might include a review of the types of leisure and recreational activities that older residents engage in whether in groups or individually. Darebin is amongst the municipalities in the region with high levels of cultural diversity. 57.2% of its population was born in Australia and 23% of its population was born in non-english speaking countries. Italian, Greek, Chinese and Indian are the most established groups. Newly immigrating groups are from India, China, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka and Philippines. If considering working with CALD communities, these might be relevant groups to target. Darebin has the second largest Indigenous population (0.83%) in the Melbourne Metropolitan area. This represents 1,110 people in the City of Darebin (60% are under the age of 30 and 5.3% over the age of 60). Problem gambling prevention work with indigenous communities might be particularly useful. A focus on indigenous young people would be relevant. Furthermore, there are a number of indigenous organisations that could be consulted and / or partnered with. The labour force participation rate for Darebin (51.5%) is lower than the metropolitan average (53.7%), while the percentage of population unemployed is above average (6.2% vs 4.3%). Darebin has a higher proportion of household incomes in the low to mid rang and there is a lower percentage of households with a high income. However, the SEIFA education and employment index for Darebin is 1022, so relative advantage in this area may act as a protective factor for some residents. There are fewer families in Darebin than elsewhere (38.8% / 43.8%) and a higher number of lone person households (28.8% / 24.5%). Given that social isolation can contribute to problem gambling this may make residents more vulnerable. Darebin has more machines per adult than any other Northern municipality. It is a capped region so there can be no further machines in the area although they may be redistributed. Losses in Darebin are high with EGM losses exceeding rates collected by $16 million ($89 million vs $73 million). In Darebin 50% of licensed pubs and hotels have EGMs so exposure levels are high. Darebin City Council did some interesting work in 2005 (Pokie Free Places and Activities) which focused on alternatives to gambling for CALD groups. This concept could be expanded beyond its CALD focus. Darebin offers its residents a number of protective factors in the form of good leisure and recreation services, transport, parks, etc. Interventions could build on these.

27 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 24 Gaming venues in Darebin Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Albion Charles Hotel 2 Charles St, Northcote 3070 $6,477, $99,653 2 Club Fogolar Furlan 1 Matisi Street, Thornbury 3071 $1,591, $30,597 3 Cramers Hotel 1 Cramer Street, Preston 3072 $11,716, $117,168 4 Croxton Park Hotel High Street, Thornbury 3071 $9,372, $93,721 5 Darebin Rsl 402 Bell Street, Preston 3072 $1,018, $15,667 6 Edwards Lake Hotel 257 Edwardes St, Reservoir, 3073 $11,651, $116,515 7 Fairfield And Alphington RSL 7 Railway Place, Fairfield 3078 $1,476, $49,233 8 Junction Hotel 1 Plenty Road, Preston 3072 $4,912, $106,789 9 Northcote Rsl 496 High Street, Northcote 3070 $2,442, $43, Olympic Hotel Preston 31 Albert Street, Preston 3072 $9,456, $118, Preston Hotel 635 High Street, Preston 3072 $4,820, $117,565 Preston Rsl No Longer Has Egms $675,936 0 N/a 12 Reservoir Bowling Club 75 Leamington Street, Reservoir 3073 $927, $40, Reservoir Rsl 251 Spring Street, Reservoir, 3073 $4,351, $63, Rose Shamrock & Thistle Hotel 709 Plenty Road, East Reservoir 3073 $6,271, $104, Summerhill Hotel 12/830 Plenty Rd, Reservoir 3073 $11,758, $117,589 Totals $88,921, IRSED Least disadvantaged Most disadvantaged 7

28 25 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Hume SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD HUME Profile SEIFA score The population of Hume in 2006 was 153,729. Hume is one of the four growth areas within the North and West Metropolitan Region. It s population is projected to increase to 182,295 by Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage* Hume is the 16th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the fourth most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs in Hume fall between the most disadvantaged and low disadvantage levels. Some particular issues for consideration in Hume Age groups People of CALD backgrounds Peoples of Indigenous/Koori backgrounds Socio-economic factors Household composition Gambling accessibility and losses A young population is a feature of the City of Hume. It is the municipality in the region with the highest proportion of children with 24.3% aged 0-14 (Victoria 18.5%) and with a high youth (15-24) population (15.2% vs 13.7% Vic). On the other hand, Hume has a significantly lower proportion of its population aged 65+ (8.11%) than Victoria (13.1%). In this context, consideration of how to decrease the vulnerability of adolescents and young adults would be appropriate. At the same time, older people in Hume may be especially socially isolated due to fewer services and poor public transport. 61.4% of the population of Hume was born in Australia (67% for Vic) and 19.9% of its population was born in non-english speaking countries. Top five countries of origin for settlers in Hume ( ) in order: Iraq, India, Turkey, Sri Lanka and Lebanon. The top five countries of Birth for Settlers in Hume ( ) in order are Iraq, Turkey, India, Lebanon and Philippines. These groups may be particularly vulnerable. Existing work in this area suggest that some of these groups use bus trips to the Casino as a frequent social outing and this activity may place people at high risk. Hume s Indigenous population of 0.58% is higher than the Regional percentage of 0.48%. This represents 896 people in the City of Hume, of whom 66.3% are under the age of 30 and 2.9% over the age of 60. The very high number of young indigenous people means that interventions here could be well targeted. The labour force participation rate for Hume (46.63%) is below the metropolitan average (53.7%) with higher rates of unemployment (6.6% vs 4.3%). The proportion of households in Hume with a weekly income between $800 and $1,699 is above the state average, yet households over $1,700 and below $949 are below the state average. Hume s particular vulnerability to problem gambling may come from its level of disadvantage in relation to education and employment. With a SEIFA score of 924 on this index, it is most disadvantaged in this respect and there is a lot of literature supporting elevated risk of PG in people with lower education levels and lower skilled jobs. Hume has a very high rate of families (59.6% vs 43.8% for Vic) and a low rate of lone person households (15.4% vs 24.5%). This may be a protective factor for some people but also correlates with high levels of Family Violence which is a significant co-morbid factor with PG. It may therefore be valuable to consider interventions in a family context. With 7.27 machines per 1000 adults, Hume has a higher density of EGMs than State average. These machines are not distributed evenly around the municipality. Rather they are concentrated in the more disadvantaged areas in the South East of Hume and in the township of Sunbury. The high number of machines in sporting clubs in Sunbury may particularly place young men at risk in this community and therefore may be a good place to intervene. Hume is an area with relatively poor public transport and fewer recreation and leisure options. In this context gaming venues may be appealing to a wide number of groups with subsequent increased risk for some.

29 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 26 Venues in Hume Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Ballcourt Hotel 60 Macedon St, Sunbury3429 $301,065 5 $60,213 2 Broadmeadows Club 111 Sunset Bd, Jacana 3047 $3,626, $55,790 3 Coolaroo Taverner Cnr Barry Rd & Maffra St, Coolaroo 3048 $7,040, $125,726 4 Craigieburn Sports Club Willmott Park, Craigieburn Rd, Craigieburn 3064 $8,007, $127,101 5 Gladstone Park Hotel Mickleham Rd, Tullamarine 3043 $18,633, $207,034 6 Meadow Inn Hotel 1435 Sydney Rd, Fawkner 3060 $13,449, $176,973 7 Olive Tree Hotel 111 Evans St, Sunbury 3429 $5,838, $135,773 8 Roxburgh Park Hotel 225 Somerton Rd, Coolaroo 3048 $14,756, $199,414 9 Royal Hotel Sunbury 63 Evans St, Sunbury 3429 $5,504, $177, Sunbury Bowling Club 49 Riddell Rd, Sunbury 3429 $4,602, $59, Sunbury Football Club Clarke Oval, Riddell Rd, Sunbury 3429 $1,838, $48, S bury United Sporting Club Langama Park, Mitchells Lane, Sunbury 3429 $1,410, $52, Sylvania Hotel 1631 Sydney Rd, Campbellfield 3061 $11,057, $125, Westmeadows Tavern 10 Ardlie Street, W. Meadows 3049 $5,542, $131,964 Totals $101,608, IRSED Least disadvantaged Most disadvantaged

30 27 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Moreland SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD MORELAND Profile SEIFA score In 2006, the population of Moreland was 142, Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage Moreland is the 34th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the seventh most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs on the east of the municipality fall into the mid range of disadvantage. Whilst the rest of the LGA falls within the least disadvantaged range. Some particular issues for consideration in Moreland Age groups People of CALD backgrounds Peoples of Indigenous/ Koori backgrounds Socio-economic factors Household composition Gambling accessibility and losses Other The City of Moreland has a lower proportion of population aged (13.1%) than Victoria (13.7%) and a higher population aged 65+ (15.8%) than Victoria (13.1%). When looked at in conjunction with the high number of lone person households, older people may be especially vulnerable to social isolation and problem gambling. With 57.4% of its population born in Australia and 23.8% of its population was born in non- English speaking countries Moreland has one of the highest levels of cultural diversity in the region. It has particularly high Italian and Greek populations and significant rates of more recent immigration from India, China, Iraq and Lebanon. These groups might be good to focus on if working with CALD groups. Moreland s Indigenous population of 0.44% is lower than the Regional average of 0.48%. This represents 626 people in the City of Moreland, of whom 56% are under the age of 30 and 8.3% over the age of 60. Moreland therefore has an older indigenous population than neighbouring areas. There is a slightly higher proportion of households with incomes below $500 in Moreland than the state average. Households earning above $800 constitute a slightly lower percentage in Moreland than that of Victoria. However, Moreland has a relative level of advantage when it comes to education and employment. This may act as a protective factor and could be one reason why losses in Moreland are not as high as in some neighbouring municipalities. Moreland has lower numbers of families compared to Victoria (38.3% / 43.8%) and higher numbers of lone person households (65.4% / 53.7%). Older single people might be especially vulnerable to problem gambling. Moreland has very similar to state average figures both for EGM losses per adult ($629 ) and number of machines per 1000 adults (6.7). Seven of Moreland s 15 venues are clubs which tend to attract fewer problem gamblers than hotels. Venues are distributed across the municipality. Moreland is home to the Brosnan Centre, a service for young offenders. This group may belong to a number of at-risk groups; young males, offenders and CALD and therefore warrants particular consideration.

31 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 28 Gaming venues in Moreland Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Abruzzo Club 377 Lygon St, E. Brunswick 3057 $2,058, $34,896 2 Court House Hotel B wick 615 Sydney Rd, Brunswick 3056 $1,116, $55,832 3 Drums Coburg Hotel 613 Sydney Rd, Coburg 3058 $10,258, $120,691 4 Fawkner Rsl 135 Lorne St, Fawkner 3060 $2,483, $70,950 5 First & Last Hotel 1141 Sydney Rd, Fawkner 3060 $11,293, $161,340 6 Glenroy Rsl Club 186 Glenroy Rd, Glenroy 3046 $3,863, $96,582 7 Lyndhurst Club Hotel 513 Lygon St, E. Brunswick 3057 $4,438, $92,475 8 Moreland Hotel Sydney Rd, Brunswick, 3056 $9,565, $136,647 9 N cote Park Football Club 67 Sydney Rd, Brunswick 3056 $4,558, $53, Pascoe Vale Rsl 40 Cumberland Rd, Pascoe Vale 3044 $2,726, $58, Pascoe Vale Taverner Hotel 12 Railway Pde, Pascoe Vale 3044 $6,679, $130, Reggio Calabria Club 476 Brunswick Rd, W. Brunswick 3055 $1,602, $45, Summerworld Hotel 502 Sydney Rd, Coburg 3058 $3,136, $112, The Brunswick Club 203 Sydney Rd, Brunswick 3056 $2,019, $46, Zagames B wick Club Hotel Sydney Rd, Brunswick 3056 $6,392, $127,856 Totals $72,193, IRSED Least disadvantaged Most disadvantaged

32 29 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Nillumbik SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD NILLUMBIK Profile SEIFA score In 2006, the population of Nillumbik was 62, Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage* Nillumbik is the 79th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the 30th most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs in the LGA of Nillumbik all fall into the least disadvantaged range. Some particular issues for consideration in Nillumbik Age groups People of CALD and Indigenous/Koori backgrounds Socio-economic factors Gambling access and losses On-line gambling The Shire of Nillumbik has the highest proportion young people aged in Melbourne s north (15.6% vs 13.7% Vic) and a lower population aged 65+ (6.8% vs 13.1% Vic). Young men in Nillumbik are therefore the most significant risk group for problem gambling in the municipality % of the population of Nillumbik was born in Australia and 5.8% of its population was born in non-english speaking countries. Nillumbik has the lowest levels of cultural diversity in the region. Similarly, Nillumbik s Indigenous population of 0.25% is lower than the Regional average of 0.48%. This represents 154 people in the Shire of Nillumbik. Nillumbik has high workforce participation rates (63.7% / 53.7% for Vic.) and low rates of unemployment (1.7% / 4.3% for Vic.) There is a much lower proportion of households with incomes below $500 in Nillumbik than the state average. Households earning above $800 constitute a much higher percentage in Nillumbik than that of Victoria. Nillumbik has higher levels of skilled employment and education than average. These factors all contribute to the community in Nillumbik having much lower vulnerability to problem gambling. Nillumbik has low losses to EGMs and fewer EGMs than most other municipalities. It has only four venues located in the hubs of Eltham, Diamond Creek and Hurstbridge. Two of these are club venues further reducing vulnerability. One of the indicators now used by the ABS in determining SEIFA scores relating to advantage is broadband internet access. As an advantaged municipality with a high proportion of young people, many of whom do not have access to good public transport, it may be worth investigating how young people are using the Web. Internet gambling opportunities are growing and this could be a significant future concern in areas where young people have high rates of internet usage and some disposable income.

33 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 30 Venues in Nillumbik Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Diamond Creek Tavern 29 Main Road, Diamond Creek 3089 $4,154, $103,859 2 Eltham Hotel 746 Main Road, Eltham 3095 $5,369, $94,207 3 Eltham Rsl 804 Main Road, Eltham 3095 $565, $28,255 4 Hurstbridge Bowling Club 36 Graysharps Rd H bridge 3099 $581, $23,262 Totals $10,670, IRSED Least disadvantaged 2 3 Most disadvantaged

34 31 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Whittlesea SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD WHITTLESEA Profile SEIFA score In 2006, the population of Whittlesea was 129,525. Whittlesea is a growth corridor with very significant population increases expected. 0 Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage* Whittlesea is the 27th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the sixth most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs in the LGA of Whittlesea fall between most to least disadvantaged range. The older more established suburbs such as Lalor and Thomastown are the most disadvantaged while the Eastern and Northern parts of the LGA fall within the least disadvantaged. Some particular issues for consideration in Whittlesea Age groups The City of Whittlesea has a higher proportion of population aged (14.6%) than Victoria (13.7%) and a lower population aged 65+ (9.3% vs 13.1%). In this context, consideration of how to decrease the vulnerability of adolescents and young adults would be appropriate. At the same time, older people in Whittlesea may be especially socially isolated due to fewer services and poor public transport. People of CALD backgrounds Peoples of Indigenous/Koori backgrounds Socio-economic factors Household composition Other Growth corridor With 59.3% of its population born in Australia and 25.5% of its population born in non-english speaking countries, Whittlesea has the one of the highest levels of cultural diversity in the region with significant Italian and Greek populations and recently arrived populations from India, Sri Lanka, China, Iraq, Macedonia. Targeting health promotion interventions towards these populations would be appropriate. Whittlesea s Indigenous population of 0.63% is higher than the Regional average of 0.48%. This represents 843 people in the City of Whittlesea, of whom 71% are under the age of 30 and 3.2% over the age of 60. Whittlesea therefore has the youngest indigenous population of any of Melbourne s northern municipalities. Working towards health promotion initiatives with indigenous youth and particularly young men should be a priority. Whittlesea has slightly lower than State workforce participation levels (50.5% vs 53.7% and a higher than State unemployment rate (4.8% vs 4.3%). There is a slightly lower proportion of households with incomes below $500 in Whittlesea than the state average. Households earning above $800 constitute a higher percentage in Whittlesea than that of Victoria. However, the SEIFA indicator for education and employment is relatively low in Whittlesea suggesting that many people have low education levels and are working in lesser skilled areas. This profile matches increased risk for PG. Compared with Victoria Whittlesea has a higher number of families (59.0% vs 43.8%) and lower numbers of lone person households (13.4% vs 24.5%). Therefore the impact of PG is likely to be felt particularly on families. For this reason, interventions which are planned to take place in a family context would be appropriate. Whittlesea is one of the highest growth areas in Victoria. Unfortunately, people who move into these areas often find that houses are built without all the supporting infrastructure including adequate leisure and recreation facilities. In this context, people may be especially vulnerable to problem gambling particularly if a venue exists near to where they are living. Social isolation can be compounded in these environments and community development initiatives could create a protective environment which might reduce problem gambling risk.

35 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 32 Venues in Whittlesea Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Bundoora Taverner 49 Plenty Road, Bundoora 3083 $17,513, $175,136 2 Casa D Abruzzo 55 O hearns Road, Epping 3076 $4,894, $81,583 3 Epping Hotel 743 High Street, Epping 3076 $6,918, $172,965 4 Epping Plaza Hotel Epping Plaza Shopping Centre, High St Epping 3076 $15,813, $158,135 5 Epping Rsl Harvest Home Lane, Epping 3076 $2,772, $69,303 6 Excelsior Hotel-motel 82 Mahoney s Road, Thomastown 3074 $16,021, $152,584 7 Lalor Bowling Club Cnr Sydney Cres & Gordon St, Lalor 3075 $2,821, $78,365 8 Plough Hotel Childs Road, Mill Park 3082 $17,909, $179,091 9 Whittlesea Bowls Club 101 Church Street, Whittlesea 3757 $2,794, $69,866 Totals $87,459, IRSED Least disadvantaged Most disadvantaged 6 1

36 33 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North Yarra SEIFA score by average, lowest and highest CD YARRA Profile SEIFA score In 2006 the population of Yarra was 73, Average Lowest Highest Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage* Yarra is the 57th most disadvantaged LGA in Victoria (out of 80) and the 13th most disadvantaged in the Metropolitan area (out of 31). The suburbs in the LGA of Yarra fall between most to least disadvantaged range. Some particular issues for consideration in Yarra Age groups The City of Yarra has a youth population of 13.7% the same as the State average. It has a lower than average number of older people (9.7% vs 13.1%) and a high population of working age which is reflected in workforce participation rates. People of CALD and Indigenous/Koori backgrounds 58.1% of the population of Yarra was born in Australia and 15.3% of its population was born in non-english speaking countries. Yarra has one of the lower levels of cultural diversity in the region but is still a diverse municipality when compared with Victoria. Yarra s Indigenous Population of 0.34% is lower than the Regional percentage of 0.48%. This represents 249 people in the City of Yarra, of whom 46.6% are under the age of 30 and 6.8% over the age of 60. Socio-economic indicators Yarra has a lower than average unemployment rate (4% vs 4.3% Melb metro) and a high level of workforce participation (68.6% vs 53.7% Metro Melb). The SEIFA indicator for employment and education suggests a skilled and educated workforce. However, there is also much greater variation between advantage and disadvantage in Yarra than other municipalities. In particular, Australian Bureau of Statistics collection districts centred on high rise public housing estates are some of the most disadvantaged in Melbourne. Gaming accessibility and losses Whilst Yarra s overall number of machines is low, gaming venues in Yarra are disproportionately located in the same areas as public housing estates especially around Richmond. There are no venues in the more affluent areas of Clifton Hill, Fairfield and Alphington. The relatively low spending on gambling in Yarra needs to be considered in this context. Any interventions in Yarra should be quite specifically targeted towards pockets of disadvantage where PG is more likely to be an issue. As an inner city municipality, Yarra allows easy access to the Casino so low machine numbers are not indicative of poor access to gambling opportunities. Other Yarra is home to a significant population of people living in high-rise public housing. SEIFA data suggests these populations are the most disadvantaged in Melbourne s north. This probably makes them among the most vulnerable to problem gambling. Place based interventions that adopt a multi facetted approach considering education, alternatives to gambling and protective environments may be most effective.

37 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North 34 Venues in Yarra Map Ref Venue Name Address Gaming Expenditure No Of Egms Loss Per Egm 1 Albion Inn Hotel 314 Smith St, C wood 3066 $1,647, $82,396 2 Bakers Arms Hotel 355 Victoria St, Abbotsford 3067 $3,358, $104,955 3 Parkview Hotel 131 Scotchmer, St. Fitzroy Nth 3068 $2,585, $86,195 4 Richmond Tavern 14 Elizabeth St, Richmond 3121 $468, $15,627 5 Royal Oak - Richmond Football Club 527 Bridge Rd, Richmond 3121 $5,592, $69,901 6 Tankerville Arms Hotel 230 Nicholson St, Fitzroy 3065 $6,743, $137,618 7 Prince Of Wales Hotel - Richmond 109 Church St, Richmond 3121 $5,467, $136,684 8 Vaucluse Hotel 157 Swan St, Richmond 3121 $3,261, $105,204 9 Vine Hotel - Richmond 254 Bridge Rd, Richmond 3121 $2,927, $112,603 Totals $32,052, IRSED Least disadvantaged Most disadvantaged

38 35 Health Promotion Resource Guide for Problem Gambling Prevention in Melbourne s North REFERENCESAND RESOURCES Australian Institute for Gambling Research (1999) Australian gambling comparative history and analysis: Project report. Victorian Casino and Gambling Authority, Melbourne. DHS (2003) Integrated health Promotion Resource Kit. DHS. Melbourne. Gambling Research Australia Report (2005) - Problem Gambling and Harm: Towards A National Definition (South Australian Centre for Economic Studies/Department of Psychology, University of Adelaide) Kimberley, H (2005) The Peril s of the Pokies Research into the information needs of older women and their families. WIRE. Melbourne. This report can be accessed at Layton, Allan and Worthington, Andrew (1999) The impact of socio-economic factors on gambling expenditure. International Journal of Social Economics 26(1-3):pp , The impact of socio-economic factors on gambling expenditure. International Journal of Social Economics 26(1-3):pp McMillen, J and Marshall, D (2004) 2003 Victorian Longitudinal Community Attitudes Survey, Centre for Gambling Research, Australian National University McMillen, J and McAllister, G (undated). Responsible gambling: legal and policy issues. Australian Institute for Gambling Research. University of Western Sydney. Productivity Commission (1999) Australia s Gambling Industries Inquiry Report Commonwealth of Australia. Melbourne Roberts, K & Townsend P (2009) A Public Health Approach to gambling Gambling and Public Health International Newsletter. May Women s Health in the North (2008) The Machine and Me DVD resource for women affected by problem gambling Women s Health in the North. Thornbury. Women s Health West (1997) Who Wins? Women and Gambling in the Western Metropolitan Region of Melbourne (A Pilot Study) Women s Health West. Footscray. In addition, the following websites have been used in this resource guide: - For census data including quick stats and SEIFA - For demographic and other data relating to the North West Metropolitan Region 64C96ACCFB03A5EDCA BF26C?OpenDocument - This is the link on the website of the Victorian Commission for Gaming and Racing which contains data relating to EGM numbers and venues. - For data on EGM losses for each venue. - For a copy of the Productivity Commissions Report: Australia s Gambling Industries Inquiry Report (1999) - A website of the Victorian Local Government Association with some useful links and resources.

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