Cambridge University Press Medical Accident Liability and Redress in English and French Law Simon Taylor Index More information

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1 INDEX academics see doctrinal writers access to justice 11, 22 accreditation of doctors by Haute Autorité de Santé 158 actuarial assessments of risk 79, 96 scheme in France 4, 27, 53 4, 62, 172 access requirements 54 7 compensation and expenses paid by ONIAM 76 7, doctor patient relationship appeasing 143 8, patient autonomy 143 no internal appeal mechanism 105 operation of 57 8, 74, 86 patient safety 101 2, penalty payments 56, 60 problems posed by 93 6, 98 9, , categorization of victims 96 8, comparison with English law 15 consequences of uncertainty distinguishing accidents from illness distinguishing no-fault from fault fairness inconsistency in decision-making seriousness social security benefits 57 Alcock v. Chief Constable of the South Yorkshire Police 132 Al Hamwi v. Johnston and Another 122 appeals France 105, 110 Appleton v. Garrett 130 Atiyah, P. 67, 71 autonomy, patient 2, 117 scheme in France 143 battery, tort of informed consent see separate entry loss of chance 125 6, 131, 137 battery England: tort of Belgium benfluorex 60, 69, 96 biomedical research harm caused by 59, 96, 103 Birch v. University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust blame or compensation culture 68, 85, 87 blood transfusions hepatitis C from infected 59, 64, 96 Bolam v. Friern Hospital Management Committee 9, 31, 32, 35, 42, 124 Bolam test 9, 12, 30, 35 Bolitho v. City and Hackney Health Authority 9, 35, 42 Bonnington Castings v. Wardlaw 46 Borghetti, J.-S. 69, 71 2 Bristol Inquiry Report (2001) British Medical Association 123 Bull v. Devon Area Health Authority 165 burden of proof English law 49, 64 French law 34, 47 8, 120, 125, Burne v. A

2 180 index candour, duty of 148, 168 English law , 160 French law 141 2, 160, 175 Welsh Regulations 16, 140 Care Quality Commission , 151, 156 Cassidy v. Ministry of Health 34 causation English law 9, 49, 130 loss of chance 45, 49 multiple possible sources of victim s harm 47 8 French law 29, 42 3 loss of chance 43 6, 49, 57, 125, 131, 137 multiple possible sources of victim s harm 46 8 certification by Haute Autorité de Santé 142, 158 Chatterton v. Gerson 130 Chester v. Afshar 118, 122, 126, Child A v. Ministry of Defence 164 Clinical Negligence Scheme for Trusts 74, 82, 151, 153 4, 157 CNAMed (Commission nationale des accidents médicaux) 54, 101, 104 5, 147, 168, 174 Code of Deontology (Code de déontologie médicale) 120, 142 collectivization of risk 62 3, 66, 69, 73, 75 Collins v. Hertfordshire CC 165 compensation culture 68, 85, 87 Conciliation and Compensation Commissions (Commissions de conciliation et d indemnisation) 54, 56, 58 9, 86, 102, 104, 107, 114 conciliation delay 110 distinguishing accidents from illness 100 doctor patient relationship fairness inconsistency in decision-making reporting of nosocomial infections 169 conditional fee agreements 11, 84 confidentiality clauses 160 consent see informed consent consultations fear of litigation 152 contract law 30 NHS commissioning contract 140 corrective justice 2, 9, 63 4, 69, 75, 173 cost of medical accident redress 3, 76, 91 2, damages, level of 82 3 England 8, 10 11, 22, 76, 78 cost of liability and funds for healthcare 73 4 NHS Redress Act no-fault scheme 20 1 reasons for lower costs in France 80 5 relevance of French experience for France 27, cost of liability and funds for healthcare 72 4 reasons for lower costs 80 5 relevance of experience for English law New Zealand number of claims 80 2, 85 6 Sweden 20 Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 59, 96 criminal injuries compensation scheme 64 criminal law England 53, 165 France 49 53, 69, 86, 142, 162, 165, 168 cultures of civil liability 61, 75, 173 concept of legal culture 65 differing 65 6 external 66 9 internal 70 4 English tradition 63 5 French tradition 61 3 damages-based agreements 11, 84 damages, level of 82 3 data collection see information De Freitas v. O Brien 33

3 index 181 defective health products 37 40, 97, 102, 108,, 115 disclosure in court distributive justice 67 doctor patient relationship 1, 3, 117, scheme in France appeasement 143 8, patient autonomy 143 candour, duty of 148, 168 English law , 160 French law 141 2, 160, 175 Welsh Regulations 16, 140 conciliation informed consent see separate entry redress in England 146 7, 149 doctrinal writers/academics England 71, 73 France 29, 39, 46, 70 2, 94 candour, duty of 141 distinguishing accidents from illness 99 informed consent 135 level of ONIAM payments 109 patient privacy 105 Donoghue v. Stevenson 63 economic analysis of law 153 Elliott, D. W. 71 emergencies France 120 employees confidentiality clauses 160 France: immunity for medical professionals who are gagging clauses in contracts 159 whistleblowers 159 English law 3, 8 10, 22 3, 60, 115, battery, tort of causation 9, 49, 130 loss of chance 45, 49 multiple possible sources of victim s harm 47 8 civil liability, tradition of 63 5 differing national legal cultures Compensation Act , 68 compensation schemes 64 Consumer Protection Act , 64, criminal law 53, 165 expert witnesses 35 7 fault liability 93 4 Bolam test 9, 12, 30, 32, 35 candour 142 comparative analysis: concept of 42 defective health products 39 40, hospital-acquired infections 41 2, res ipsa loquitur 34, 63 Human Rights Act informed consent 49, 118 content of informational duty learning from French law on information disclosure loss of chance moral harm professional guidelines openness 9, candour, duty of , 160 pre-action protocol 10 public inquiries 52 reforming 10 15, 67 French compensation scheme 16, New Zealand or Swedish schemes as models possible reform in Scotland 21 2 reporting obligation 9 strict liability 64, vicarious liability 51, 155, 162, 166 Welsh Regulations 3, 15 18, 87, 89 91, ,140,146 7, 169, 176 European Convention on Human Rights Article 8: private and family life 132 European Union 177 Court of Justice 5, 38 Patient Rights Directive 5, 177 Product Liability Directive 37 40, 64, 108,

4 182 index experts scheme in France distinguishing accidents from illness 100 fees ONIAM 77, 88 free expert report France 86 witnesses 35 7 Fairchild v. Glenhaven Funeral Services Limited 47 fault liability English law Bolam test 9, 12, 30, 32, 35 candour 142 comparative analysis: concept of 42 defective health products 39 40, hospital-acquired infections 41 2, res ipsa loquitur 34, 63 French law candour 142 concept of 42 errors in use of medical equipment 33 exceptions faute virtuelle 33 fines 157, 165 forgotten instruments or swabs 33 4 Francis Report 159 fraud 130 French law 24 8, 60, 168 causation 29, 42 3 loss of chance 43 6, 49, 57, 125, 131, 137 multiple possible sources of victim s harm 46 8 civil liability, tradition of 61 3 differing national legal cultures compensation schemes 62 additional schemes run by ONIAM 58 60, 69, 96, 103 scheme see separate entry criminal law 49 53, 69, 86, 142, 162, 165, 168 expert witnesses 35 7 fault liability 25, 29 30, 95 7 candour 142 concept of 42 errors in use of medical equipment 33 exceptions faute virtuelle 33 informed consent 48 9, 57, 97, , 175 scheme 143 content of informational duty , 124 damages 129 facilitating enforcement: loss of chance 125, 131, 137 model for England moral harm 126 9, role of administrative and private law jurisdictions 28 30, 95 8, 108, strict liability 25, 27, 29, 48, 62, 95 defective health products 37 40, 108, 115 hospital-acquired infections 40 2, 79, 98, 106 7, 115, 164 vicarious liability 154, 162 Garcia v. St Mary s NHS Trust 165 Garner v. Morrell 34 Geraets-Smits v. Stichting Ziekenfonds 5, 177 General Medical Council (GMC) 123 5, 139 Gregg v. Scott 45, 73, 153 Hammond v. North West Hertfordshire Health Authority 34 Haute Autorité de Santé 120, 135, 151accreditation of doctors 158 certification by 142, 158 guidelines on revues de mortalité et de morbidité (RMM) 158

5 index 183 Health and Safety at Work Act Health and Safety Executive v. Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust 166 Health and Social Care Act hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis 43 hepatitis C 59, 64, 96, 103 HIV 59, 64, 96, 103 Hofstede, G hospital-acquired infections 40 2, 97 8,, 115, 150, 158causation 42, 46 8 compensation from state fund 55 6, 79, patient safety and administrative compensation scheme reporting of 169 system failure 164 Hotson v. East Berkshire Area Health Authority 45 Human Rights Act immunity France: medical professionals who are employees individualism 67, 75 information 113 scheme in France decisions confidential 104, 168 provision of documents to applicants adverse events: reporting and data collection 151 England France 156, candour, duty of 148, 168 English law , 160 French law 141 2, 160, 175 Welsh Regulations 16, 140 France: access to medical records 86, 141 informed consent see separate entry Welsh scheme 114 informed consent , 148 England 49, 118 content of informational duty learning from French law on information disclosure loss of chance moral harm professional guidelines France 48 9, 57, 97, , 175 scheme 143 content of informational duty , 124 damages 129 facilitating enforcement: loss of chance 125, 131, 137 model for England moral harm 126 9, innovative treatment England: reform proposals (2014) 11 12, 68 instruments or swabs, forgotten 33 4 insurance England 63 patient safety France 26, 40, 52, 54 6, 60, 69 actuarial assessments of risk 79, 96 scheme 56 7, 105, 13, 166 collectivization of risk 62 cost of liability and funds for healthcare 72 4 criticisms made by insurers 78 80, doctrinal writers 72 patient safety 153 6, 168 pay-outs 77 8 premiums 77, 79 80, 89, Sweden 19 Ison, T. 67, 71 Jones v. Manchester Corporation 34 Jones v. North West Strategic Health Authority 130 Knetsch, Jonas 145 Kohll v. Union des Caisses de Maladie 5, 177 Lee v. South West Thames Regional Health Authority 139

6 184 index legal advice scheme in France free NHS Redress Act Welsh Redress Scheme 17 legal aid England 11, 84 legal costs England 8, 10 11, 14, 83 4, 88 introduction of administrative scheme 88 France 83 4 ONIAM 77, 88, 111 legal culture see cultures of civil liability limitation periods France 29, 108 Loraine v. Wirrall University Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust 165 Lybert v. Warrington Health Authority 122 Maclean, A. 125, 132 MACSF 52, 78 9, 83, 86, 109 Making Amends (2003) 8, 13, 20, 76, 138, 144 manslaughter, gross negligent 53 McAllister v. Lewisham and North Southwark HA 31 McLoughlin v. O Brian 132 mediation NHS Litigation Authority 15 Mediator 60, 69 Medical Defence Union 153 medical records 152 France: access to 86, 141 Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust 139, 159 multi-causal model of medical accidents 153 Najeeb v. Great Ormond Street NHS Hospital Trust 82 National Commission on Medical Accidents (Commission nationale des accidents médicaux, CNAMed) 54, 101, 104 5, 147, 168, 174 National Office for the Compensation of Medical Accidents (Office national d indemnisation des accidents médicaux, ONIAM) administration costs 76 7, 88, 111 scheme 54, 56 7, 74, 76 7, 86, 101, 110, 143 comparison with court payments legal fees reimbursed 111 limited information 168 litigation involving ONIAM 105 6, 113 patient safety 154, 166 other compensation schemes run by 58 60, 96, 103 Naylor v. Preston Area Health Authority 139 Nettleship v. Weston 63 New Zealand 4, 18 20, 57, 98, NHS commissioning contract 140 NHS Constitution 139 NHS Litigation Authority 14, 80, 88, 139 data collection 156, 170 mediation 15 risk management 151 NHS Redress Act , 13 15, 87, 89 91, 110, 15, 140, 146 7, 174, 176 nosocomial infections 40 2, 97 8,, 115, 150, 158 causation 42, 46 8 compensation from state fund 55 6, 79, patient safety and administrative compensation scheme reporting of 169 system failure 164 number of adverse events number of claims 19 20, 80 2, 85 6 Nursing and Midwifery Council 139 Ombudsman 138 ONIAM see National Office for the Compensation of Medical Accidents

7 index 185 patient autonomy 2, 117 scheme in France 143 battery, tort of informed consent see separate entry loss of chance 125 6, 131, 137 patient safety 150 2, civil liability as deterrent to medical accidents civil liability and learning from medical accidents 176 duties to report adverse events encouraging greater openness England 150 2, civil liability as deterrent to medical accidents data collection 156 duties to report adverse events encouraging greater openness individual sued France 150 2, , 176 scheme 101 2, civil liability as deterrent to medical accidents data collection 156 duties to report adverse events 156, encouraging greater openness 163 4, 166 immunity for employees multi-causal model of medical accidents 153 number of adverse events Pearce v. United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust penalty payments France 56, 60 Perruche case 25, 68 9, 72 3 Powell v. Boldadz 140 precedent France 29, 128 privacy 104 private and family life 132 public health risks urgent measures to combat 59 public inquiries 52 Quick, O. 152 R v. Tabassum 130 Rees v. Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust 132 Rehman v. University College London 165 reporting and data collection see information res ipsa loquitur 34, 63 risk, collectivization of 62 3, 66, 69, 73, 75 risk management 151, 153 4, 157, 169 Road Traffic Act Personal Injury Scheme 15 Robertson v. Nottingham Area Health Authority Roe v. Ministry of Health 31 Rylands v. Fletcher 63 safety see patient safety Saleilles, R. 70 Sargos, P. 73 Scandinavian countries 4, 57 Sweden Scotland 21 2 seriousness France scheme informed consent SHAM 52, 77, 86, 109 Sidaway v. Board of Governors of the Bethlem Royal Hospital 121 Smith v. Barking, Havering and Brentwood Health Authority Smith v. Salford HA 122 Smith v. Tunbridge Wells Health Authority 121, 122 social security benefits France 57, 154 Starck, B. 70 Street, H. 67, 71

8 186 index strict liability English law 64, French law 25, 27, 29, 48, 62, 95defective health products 37 40, 108, 115 hospital-acquired infections 40 2, 79, 98, 106 7, 115, 164 swabs or instruments, forgotten 33 4 Sweden systems failures/errors encouraging openness: focusing on Tagg v. Countess of Chester Hospital Foundation Trust 35 Thake v. Maurice 121 Thatcher government 67 Thomas v. Curley 35 time limits France scheme 55 6, 58, 103, 110 candour, duty of 141 defective health products 37 limitation periods 29, 108 other compensation schemes Welsh Redress Scheme 16 translators France 120 Tunc, A. 70, 94 uncertainty avoidance 67 United States 150, 152, 156 vaccination 59, 64, 96, 103 hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis 43 Van Dam, C. 66 vicarious liability 51, 154 5, 162, 166 Voller v. Portsmouth Corporation 41, Wales NHS Redress Scheme 3, 15 18, 87, 89 91, , 140, 146 7, 169, 176 Watts v. Bedford Primary Care Trust 5, 177 Weeks v. Wright 35 whistleblowers 159 Whitehouse v. Jordan 73 witnesses expert 35 7 Woodland v. Essex County Council 155 Woolf Report (1996) 10 Wright v. Cambridge Medical Group 45