College of Humanities and Social Sciences SYLLABUS: SULTANS, EUNUCHS AND HAREMS: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

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1 College of Humanities and Social Sciences SYLLABUS: SULTANS, EUNUCHS AND HAREMS: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE MIND : IDEAS IN CONFLICT Summer Semester, 2015 May 4-June 15, 2015 Dr. George H. Junne, Jr. COURSE DESCRIPTION: An examination of the conflicts between sets of ideas in modern times in both the West and the Third World. UNC Catalog This course will examine some of the social, cultural and political histories of the Ottoman Empire, from its origins in the 13 th century as a Turcoman principality until its end following World War 1. Centered in Asia Minor, this sultanate became the crossroads of Europe, Asia and Africa. The geographical area it encompassed over time included North Africa from Egypt to Morocco, the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, southern Europe into Austria, and lands surrounding the Black Sea that comprise parts of current-day Russia, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. The Empire s gradual decline saw the loss of Libya and Kuwait in the early 1900s and most of its European territories in The rise of the Young Turks and Mustafa Kemal Atatürk saw the start of the Republic of Turkey on October 29, The fact that the Ottoman Empire was disliked quite often hated by both the Western powers that dismantled it and the new states that replaced it (including the Republic of Turkey) has removed most traces of its past glory from collective memory. Yet, in its time the Ottomans were one of the most dynamic forces in the world and managed to administer an amazingly large part of the world. Moreover, their empire was far from backward or conservative during much of its existence. Its achievements were impressive and its strengths awesome, as evidenced by the very fact that it lasted for well over six centuries, longer than most other empires.

2 In fact, early modern European and Middle Eastern history cannot be understood in isolation from the history of the Ottoman Empire. 1 The course will also examine some of the diverse populations that comprised this sultanate that included not only Muslims (primarily Sunnis as well as Shiites and Sufis) but also Jews, Catholics, Africans, Circassians, Greek Orthodox, Armenians, Arabs, Macedonians, Turks, Serbians, Bulgarian Orthodox, Kurds and a host of others. Sultans ruled the Empire from its capital at Constantinople and its House of Felicity, the Inner Palace of the Topkapı Palace. That isolated inner sanctum, guarded by African eunuch slaves who also amassed significant power, was the seat of government. From 1566 until 1723 was The Sultanate of Women era when the sultans wives and mothers ruled the Empire from their apartments in the Harem. COURSE OBJECTIVES: The students will obtain a well-rounded, general understanding of aspects the Ottoman Empire from its beginnings until the rise of the Republic of Turkey. Because of the numerous published books and articles on the subject plus thousands of un-translated documents in Ottoman archives, the amount of extant material is immense. Therefore, the course will cover a wide-range of cultural, artistic, social, architectural, religious and political topics. Students will also gain insight on how interactions of various factors and factions in Anatolia were able to create and rule a formidable European, African and Middle Eastern empire. COURSE REQUIREMENTS: Attendance and participation in class discussions and projects are required for all students. There will also be two mandatory sessions before traveling to Turkey. Rude behavior towards other students, members of the tour, ARAMFO, or Turkish nationals will not be tolerated! Papers and other assignments will be presented by . Students will also keep a daily journal as stipulated, which will be submitted online at the end of the semester. TERM PAPER: A twelve-page research paper (less bibliography or works cited page[s]) will be required and will be due after return. The topic will be of your own choosing, with consultation with me, and we will develop the topic over the course of the semester. An abstract with an attached annotated bibliography is due by the middle of the second week. The paper will have a bibliography or 1 Selcuk Aksin Somel. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire, Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 7 (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 2003), vii.

3 works cited page(s) plus in-body citations or footnotes using the Chicago Style or MLA Style. An oral presentation of your paper s topic will be scheduled toward the end of the study tour. PLAGIARISM: Plagiarism is the appropriation or theft of another s work. The source of anything that is not common knowledge must be cited. Plagiarism also includes cutting and pasting substantial pieces of another person s works and stringing the pieces together, even if the source is cited. Research papers are to be your works in which you research a specific topic. FINAL EXAM: The final exam will be scheduled upon return and will be submitted online. We will discuss an option that will be quite beneficial. GRADING: There will be mid-tem and final essay examinations. Evaluation for the course work will be as follows: 1. Attendance: 10% 2. Class participation: 20% 3. Daily journal 20% 4. Final exam: 25% 5. Term paper: 25% REQUIRED TEXTS: De Bernières, Louis. Birds Without Wings. New York: Vintage, Emerson, Robert M., Linda L. Shaw and Rachel L. Fretz. Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes. University of Chicago Press, Faroghi, Suraiya. Subjects of the Sultan: Culture and Daily Life in the Ottoman Empire. New York: I. B. Tauris, Eyewitness Travel: Turkey. New York: DK, 2014/15. Finkel, Caroline. Osman s Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Basic Books, Optional: Freely, John. Istanbul: The Imperial City. New York: Penguin Books, In addition to the texts, there will be handouts as well as other online materials.

4 BIBLIOGRAPHY/RESOURCES: Ahmed, Feroz. Turkey: The Quest for Identity. Oxford, England: One World Press, Akşit, İlhan. The Mystery of the Ottoman Harem. Istanbul: Akşit Kültür ve Turizm, Ayalon, David. Eunuchs, Caliphs and Sultans: A Study in Power Relationships. Jerusalem, Israel: The Magnes Press, On the Eunuchs in Islam. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 1 (1993): Outsiders in the Lands of Islam: Mamluks, Mongols and Eunuchs. London, England: Variorum Reprints, Badr, Hamza Abd al- Aziz, and Daniel Crecelius. The Awqaf of Al-Hajj Bashir Agha in Cairo. Annales islamologiques 27 (1993): Baer, Gabriel. Slavery in Nineteenth Century Egypt. The Journal of African History 8, #3 (1967): Barber, Noel. The Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk. London, England: Macmillan, The Sultans. New York: Simon and Schuster, Barnes, John Robert. An Introduction to Religious Foundations in the Ottoman Empire. Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, Baudier, Michael. The History of the Imperial Estate of the Grand Seigneurs: Their Habitations, Lives, Titles, Qualities, Exercises, Workes, Reveneues, Habit, Descent, Ceremonies, Magnificence, Judgements, Officers, Favorites, Religion, Power, Government and Tyranny. Translated by Edward Grimestone. London, England: W. Stansby, Bayerle, Gustav. Pashas, Begs and Efendis: A Historical Dictionary of Titles and Terms in the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul, Turkey: The Isis Press, Behrens-Abouseif, Doris. Egypt s Adjustment to Ottoman Rule: Institutions, Waqf and Architecture in Cairo, 16 th and 17 th Centuries. Leiden, NY: E. J. Brill, Berlioux, Etienne Felix. The Slave Trade in Africa in 1872, Principally Carried On for the Supply of Turkey, Egypt, Persia and Zanzibar. London, England: Edward Marsh, Bon, Ottaviano. The Sultan s Seraglio: An Intimate Portrait of Life in the Ottoman Court. London: Saqi Books, Brookes, Douglas Scott, trans. and ed. The Concubine, the Princess, and the Teacher: Voices from the Ottoman Harem. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 2008.

5 Can, Turhan and Mislet Köksal. The Topkapı Palace: Detailed Four: General Plans of the Palace, the Harem and the Outer Gardens of the Palace. Istanbul, Turkey: Orient Touristic Publishing, Cantemir, Demetrius. The History of the Growth and Decay of the Ottoman Empire, trans. N. Tindal. London: James John and Paul Knapton, Carney, Gavin E. S., Şinasi Tekin and Gönül Alpay Tekin, eds. Imperial Self Portrait: The Ottoman Empire as Revealed in Sultan Abdul Hamid s Photographic Albums. Journal of Turkish Studies 12 (1988): Chesson, F. W. Turkey and the Slave Trade: A Statement of Facts. Papers on the Eastern Question, No. 7. London, England: Cassell Petter and Galpin, Croutier, Alev Lytle. Harem: The World Behind the Veil. New York: Abbeville Press, Çikar, Jutta R. M. Türkischer biographischer Index/Turkish Biographical Index. München, Germany: Saur, Cox, Samuel S. Diversions of a Diplomat in Turkey. New York: Charles L. Webster and Company, Davis, Fanny. The Ottoman Lady: A Social History from 1718 to Contributions in Women s Studies, no. 70. New York: Greenwood Press, Davison, Roderic H. Reform in the Ottoman Empire Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, Duben, Alan. Turkish Families and Households in Historical Perspective. Journal of Family History (Spring 1985): Durugönül, Esma. The Invisibility of Turks of African Origin and the Construction of Turkish Cultural Identity: The Need for a New Historiography. Journal of Black Studies 33 (January 2003): Erdem, Y Hakan. Slavery in the Ottoman Empire and Its Demise, St. Antony s Series, ed. Alex Pravda. Hampshire, England: Macmillan Press, Findley, Carter. Bureaucratic Reform in the Ottoman Empire: The Sublime Porte, Princeton Studies in the Near East Series. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, Finkel, Caroline. Osman s Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire London: John Murray, Fisher, Alan W. Chattel Slavery in the Ottoman Empire. Slavery and Abolition 1 (May 1980): A Precarious Balance: Conflict, Trade, and Diplomacy on the Russian-Ottoman Frontier. Istanbul, Turkey: The Isis Press, The Sale of Slaves in the Ottoman Empire: Markets and State Taxes on Slave Sales, Some Preliminary Considerations. Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Dergisi (Humanities) 6 (1979):

6 . Studies in Ottoman Slavery and Slave Trade II: Manumission. Journal of Turkish Studies 4 (1980): Frazee, Charles A. Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire, London: Cambridge University Press, Freely, John. The Companion Guide to Istanbul. Vol. I, Istanbul and Around the Marmara. Rochester: Woodbridge, Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in Istanbul. New York: Penguin Books, Göçek, Fatma Müge. Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire: Ottoman Westernization and Social Change. New York: Oxford University Press, Goodwin, Godfrey. A History of Ottoman Architecture. New York: Thames and Hudson, The Private World of Ottoman Women. London: Saqi, Grosrichard, Alain. The Sultan s Court: European Fantasies of the East. Edited by Liz Heron. New York: Verso, Hasluck, F. W. Christianity and Islam under the Sultans. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Hathaway, Jane. Beshir Agha: Chief Eunuch of the Ottoman Imperial Harem. Oxford, England: Oneworld Press, The Role of the Kızlar Ağasi in 17 th -18 th Century Ottoman Egypt. Annales islamologiques 75 (1992): The Wealth and Influence of an Exiled Ottoman Eunuch in Egypt: The Waqf Inventory of Abbas Agha. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 37 (1994): , and Karl K. Barbir. The Arab Lands Under Ottoman Rule, Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited, Hikmet and Felix Regnault, Les eunuques de Constantinople, Bulletins de la Societé Anthropologique (1896): 238. Hogendorn, Jan S. The Hideous Trade: Economic Aspects of the Manufacture and Sale of Eunuchs. Paideuma 45(1999): The Location of the Manufacture of Eunuchs, In Slave Elites in the Middle East and Africa: A Comparative Study, eds. Miura Toru and John Edward Philips, Islamic Area Studies Series, ed. Sato Tsugitaka. London, England: Kegan Paul International, Holt, P. M. Sultan Selim I and the Sudan. The Journal of African History 8, #1 (1967):

7 Hooper, Paul Lovell. Forced Population Transfers in Early Ottoman Imperial Strategy: a Comparative Approach. B.A. thesis, Princeton University, Howard, Douglas A. The History of Turkey. The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations Series, eds. Frank W. Thackeray and John E. Finding. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Humana, Charles. The Keeper of the Bed: The Story of the Eunuch. London, England: Arlington Books, Hunwick, John. Black Africans in the Islamic World: An Understudied Dimension of the Black Diaspora. In The African Diaspora: Africans and Their Descendants in the Wider World to 1800, ed. The Black Diaspora Committee of Howard University, Needham Heights, MA: Ginn Press, Black Slaves in the Mediterranean World: Introduction to a Neglected Aspect of the African Diaspora. Slavery and Abolition 13 (1992): Islamic Law and Polemics Over Race and Slavery in North and West Africa (16 th - 19 th Century). In Slavery in the Islamic Middle East, ed. Shaun E. Marmon, Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener, The Slave Trade in the Western Sudan during the Nineteenth Century. In The Human Commodity, ed. Elizabeth Savage, Portland, OR: Frank Cass, İnalcik, Halıl. Essays in Ottoman History. Istanbul: EREN, The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age London: Phoenix Press, The Place of the Ottoman-Turkish Empire in History. Cultura Turcica (Ankara) 1 (1964): Inman, Nick, ed. DK Eyewitness Travel: Istanbul. New York: Dorling Kinderskey, Itzkowitz, Norman. Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Karakoç, Yıldız. Palace Politics and the Rise of the Chief Black Eunuch in the Ottoman Empire. MA thesis, Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, Karayan, S. Bibliography: Histories of Armenian Communities in Turkey. Armenian Review 33 (1980): Karpat, Kemal H. Ottoman Population, : Demographic and Social Characteristics. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, Kinross, Lord (Baron John Patrick Douglas Balfour Kinross). Hagia Sophia: A History of Constantinople. New York: Newsweek, 1979.

8 Levy, Avigdor, ed. The Jews of the Ottoman Empire. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, and Washington, DC.: Institute of Turkish Studies, Lewis, Raphaela. Everyday Life in Ottoman Turkey. London, England: B. T. Batsford, Lewis, Reina. Rethinking Orientalism: Women, Travel and the Ottoman Harem. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, Lott, Emmeline. The English Governess in Egypt: Harem Life in Egypt and Constantinople. London, England: R. Bentley, Harem Life in Egypt and Constantinople, 4th ed. London, England: R. Bentley, Malik-Khanam. Thirty Years in the Harem: or, The Autobiography of Melek-Hanam, Wife of H. H. Kibrizli-Mehemet-Paşa. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1872 and Berlin: Asher, Mango, Andrew. Atatürk: Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Woodstock: The Overlook Press, Marmon, Shaun. Eunuchs and Sacred Boundaries in Islamic Society. New York: Oxford University Press, Mehmed Süreyya, Nuri Akbayar and Seyit Ali Kahraman. Sicill-i Osmanî. Vols Beşiktaş, Istanbul, Turkey: Kültür Bakanlıgı ile Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfi'nın Ortak Yayınıdır, Miller, William. Greece under the Turks. The English Historical Review 19, no. 76 (October 1904): Milligen, Frederick. On Negro Slaves in Turkey. Journal of the Anthropological Society 8, no. 29 (April 1870): 1xxxv-xcvi. Montagu, Mary Wortley. The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Vol. I, ed. Lord Wharncliffe. London, England: Henry G. Bohn, Nezan, Kendal. The Kurds under the Ottoman Empire. In People without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan, ed. Gerard Chaliand. London: Zed Press, Nitisha Sultana. My Harem Life: An Intimate Autobiography of the Sultan s Favorite. London, England: Sampson Low, Marston, Özendes, Engin. The Last Ottoman Capital: Istanbul. Istanbul: YEM Yayın, Palmer, Alan. The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. London: John Murray, Peirce, Leslie Penn. The Imperial Harem: Gender and Power in the Ottoman Empire, Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1988.

9 . The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. New York: Oxford University Press, Penzer, Nicolas M. The Harem: An Account of the Institution as It Existed in the Palace of the Turkish Sultans with a History of the Grand Seraglio from Its Foundations to Modern Times. London: Spring Books, Pilehvarian, Nuran Kara, Nur Urfalioglu, and Lütfi Yazicioğlu. Fountains in Ottoman Istanbul. Istanbul: YEM Yayın, Pitcher, Donald Edgar. An Historical Geography of the Ottoman Empire. Leiden, Netherlands: E. J. Brill, Resmı, Ahmed Efendi. Hamıletü'l-küberâ: Darüssaade ağaları, ed. Ahmed Nezihi Turan. Osmanlı tarih kaynakları series. Cağaloğlu-Istanbul, Turkey: Kitabevi, Rycaut, Paul. The History of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire, 4 th ed. London, England: John Starkey and Henry Brome, 1675; reprint, New York: Arno Press, Sagaster, Börte. Im Harem von Istanbul: Osmanisch-türkische Frauenkultur im 19. Jahrhundert. Hamburg: E. B.-Verlag Rissen, Sauer, Jutta. Türkisches Biographisches Archiv/Turkish Biographical Archive. München, Germany: K. G. Saur, Saz, Leyla Hanımefendi. The Imperial Harem of the Sultans: Daily Life at the Çirağan Palace during the 19 th Century, trans. by Landon Thomas. Istanbul: Hil Yayın, Scholz, Piotr O. Eunuchs and Castrati: A Cultural History. Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers, Shaw, Stanford J. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Vol. 1, Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Vol. 2, The Rise of Modern Turkey, New York: Cambridge University Press, Somel, Selcuk Aksin. Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, Stacton, David. The World on the Last Day: The Sack of Constantinople by the Turks May 29, 1453, its Causes and Consequences. London, England: Faber and Faber, Tezcan, Baki, and Karl K. Barbir, eds. Identity and Identity Formation in the Ottoman World: A Volume of Essays in Honor of Norman Itzkowitz. Madison, WI: The Center for Turkish Studies at the University of Wisconsin and The University of Wisconsin Press, Toledano, Ehud R. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.

10 Tott, Francois, baron de. Memoirs of Baron De Tott, Containing the State of the Turkish Empire and the Crimea, During the Late War With Russia, with Numerous Anecdotes, Facts, and Observations, on the Manners and Customs of the Turks and Tartars, Vol, I. London: G. G. J. and J. Robinson, 1775; reprint, Arno Press, Tuglaci, Pars. The Ottoman Palace Women/Osmanli Saray Kadıniari. Women in Turkey Series, no. 3. Istanbul, Turkey: Cem Yayinevi, Wheatcroft, Andrew. The Ottomans: Dissolving Image. New York: Penguin Books, Young, George. Constantinople. London: Methuen, Students with Disabilities: Any student requesting disability accommodation for this class must inform the instructor giving appropriate notice. Students are encouraged to contact Disability Support Services at (970) to certify documentation of disability and to ensure appropriate accommodations are implemented in a timely manner. Honor Code: All members of the University of Northern Colorado community are entrusted with the responsibility to uphold and promote five fundamental values: Honesty, Trust, Respect, Fairness, and Responsibility. These core elements foster an atmosphere, inside and outside of the classroom, which serves as a foundation and guides the UNC community's academic, professional, and personal growth. Endorsement of these core elements by students, faculty, staff, administration, and trustees strengthens the integrity and value of our academic climate. UNC's Policies: UNC's policies and recommendations for academic misconduct will be followed. For additional information, please see the Dean of Student's website, Student Handbook link

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