McLellan s+brook+asbestos+disposal+facility+

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1 McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility ArchaeologicalResourceImpactAssessment DavisMacIntyre&AssociatesLimited 1 09JohnStewartDrive,Dartmouth,NSB2W4J7

2 McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility ArchaeologicalResourceImpactAssessment DavisMacIntyre&AssociatesLimited HeritageResearchPermitA2012NS152 ProjectNo.12Q073.1 PrincipalInvestigator:StephenDavis ReportCompiledby:AprilMacIntyre&StephenDavis Submittedto: LVMMaritimeTesting 97TroopAvenue Dartmouth,NSB3B2A7 QandQ Coordinator,SpecialPlaces DepartmentofCommunities,CultureandHeritage 1747SummerStreet Halifax,NSB3H3A6 Coverimage:Geotechnicaltestpitonthesoutheastcornerofthestudyarea,looking northnorthwest.

3 ExecutiveSummary DavisMacIntyre&AssociatesLimitedconductedanarchaeologicalresourceimpact assessmentoftheproposedmclellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacilitynearnew Glasgow,PictouCounty.Thepurposeoftheassessmentwastodeterminethepotential forarchaeologicalresourceswithinthestudyareaandtoproviderecommendationsfor mitigation,ifnecessary.theassessmentincludedahistoricbackgroundstudyand reconnaissance.thestudyconcludedthat,whilethepropertyhadbeengrantedasearly asthelate18 th century,therewaslikelynosettlementonthisportionofthegrantasit waslocatedwellawayfromanyroadwaysatthattime.thelanddidnotappeartohave beensettledinthemid19 th centuryanditwasleasedbycoalcompaniesthroughoutthe late19 th andfirsthalfofthe20 th century.theearliestmapindicatingaroadthrough herewas(nowtheoldmillroad)waspublishedin1902.settlementandlanduseat thattimewascenteredaroundmclellan sbrookroadtothesouth,coalburnmclellan s BrookRoadtotheeast,andalongMcLellan sbrooktothenorth.itislikelythatafew residencesweredemolishedwhenthetranscanadahighwaywasconstructedbutthere isnoindicationofhistoricperiodsettlementwithinthestudyarea.furthermore,the studyareawouldnothavebeensuitableforfirstnationsresourceexploitationand settlementastherewaslittletoattractthemtothisarea.therefore,thestudyareahas beendeterminedtobeoflowarchaeologicalpotentialandnofurthermitigationis recommended.

4 TableofContents ListofFigures... ii ListofPlates... ii 1.0 Introduction StudyArea Methodology MaritimeArchaeologicalResourceInventory HistoricBackground ThePrecontactPeriod EuropeanSettlement FieldReconnaissance ResultsandDiscussion ConclusionsandRecommendations ReferencesCited...12 PLATES...14 APPENDIXA:HeritageResearchPermit...17 McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility i

5 ListofFigures Figure2.0Q1:MapofthegeneralareaofMcLellan sbrookshowingthelocationofthe studyareaboundedingreen(mapcourtesylvmmaritimetesting)....2 Figure2.0Q2:Topographicmapshowingdetailofthestudyarea,boundedingreen(map courtesylvmmaritimetesting)... 3 Figure2.0Q3::NaturalThemeRegionsofNovaScotia,showingregion#582a(highlighted inyellow) PictouValleys,PictouRiverssubQunit.Theapproximatelocationofthe studyareaisindicatedbyaredellipse....4 Figure4.2Q1:MapoftheMi kmakiterritories...6 Figure3.2Q2:MapoforiginallandgrantsinPictoufromtheCrownshowingthegrantto HughFraserin1783(boundedinblue)...8 Figure3.2Q3:PartofAmbroseF.Church smapofpictoucountyin1867showingthe areaaroundmclellan sbrook.theapproximatelocationofthestudyareais indicatedbyaredellipse...9 Figure3.2Q4:PartofMeacham satlasofpictoucountyin1879showingmclellan s Brook.Thelandparcelthatencompassesthestudyareaisboundedinred Figure3.2Q5:PartoftheGeologicalSurveyofCanadamapofthePictouCoalfieldin1904 showingthemclellan sbrookarea.theapproximatelocationofthestudyareais highlighted ListofPlates Plate1:Geotechnicaltestpits(oneinforegroundandoneinbackground)atthewest endofthestudyarealookingnorthnorthwest Plate2:Geotechnicaltestpitatthesoutheastendofthestudyarea,lookingnorth northwest Plate3:Centersurveycutline,lookingsouth McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility ii

6 1.0 Introduction DavisMacIntyre&AssociatesLimitedwascontractedbyLVMMaritimeTesting,on behalfofmarinusverhagenenterprisesltd.,toconductanarchaeologicalresource impactassessmentofaproposedasbestosdisposalfacilityinmclellan sbrooknear NewGlasgow,PictouCounty.Thepurposeoftheassessmentwastodeterminethe potentialforarchaeologicalresourceswithintheimpactarea,andtoprovide recommendationsforfurthermitigationifnecessary. TheassessmentwasconductedunderCategoryCHeritageResearchPermit A2012NS152(AppendixA).ThisreportconformstothestandardsoftheNovaScotia HeritageDivisionandtheHeritageResearchPermitrequirementsaspertheSpecial PlacesProtectionAct(R.S.,%c.%438,%s.%1.). 2.0 StudyArea McLellan sbrookinlocatedapproximately1.5kmssoutheastofnewglasgowinpictou County.Thestudyareaincorporatesapproximately1hectareoflandlocatedbetween ShaleBrook(whichflowsintoMcLellan sbrook)andhighway104andislocated adjacenttoanexistingconstructionanddemolitionsite(figures2.0q1and2.0q2). McLellan sbrookislocatedinthepictouriverssubqunitofthepictouvalleystheme region(figure2.0q3).itlieswithinthepictoucoalfield,alatecarboniferousfeaturethat underliesanareaapproximately5kmsby16kmsbeneathnewglasgow,stellarton, andtrenton.partoftheeastriverisafossilvalley.thepictouriversubqunitfallswithin threetertiarywatershedsdrainingtheeastriver,middleriverandwestriverinto PictouHarbour.ThereareextensivefloodplainsalongtheEastRiver.Soilsintheregion arederivedfromshalesandsandstonesandinthepictouriverssubqunitsoilsare predominantlywellqdrainedgravellyclayloams.whitespruceandbalsamfirhave establishedonoldfieldsandpastureswhilesugarmaple,yellowbirch,americanbeech, RedMapleandaspengrowonslopes.TheWest,Middle,andEastRiverssupport significantsalmonstocks. 1 1 DavisandBrowne,1996:140Q141. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 1

7 Figure'2.01:'Map'of'the'general'area'of'McLellan s'brook'showing'the'location'of'the'study'area'bounded'in'green'(map'courtesy'lvm' Maritime'Testing). McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 2

8 Figure'2.02:'Topographic'map'showing'detail'of'the'study'area,'bounded'in'green'(map'courtesy'LVM'Maritime'Testing). McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 3

9 Figure'2.03:':'Natural'Theme'Regions'of'Nova'Scotia,'showing'region'#582a'(highlighted'in' yellow)' 'Pictou'Valleys,'Pictou'Rivers'subunit. 2 'The'approximate'location'of'the'study'area'is' indicated'by'a'red'ellipse.' 3.0 Methodology- AhistoricbackgroundstudywasconductedbyDavisMacIntyre&AssociatesLimitedin October2012.Historicalmapsandmanuscriptsandpublishedliteraturewereconsulted atnovascotiaarchivesinhalifaxaswellasonline.themaritimearchaeological ResourceInventory,adatabaseofknownarchaeologicalresourcesintheMaritime region,wassearchedtounderstandpriorarchaeologicalresearchandknown archaeologicalresourcesneighboringthestudyarea.finally,afieldreconnaissancewas conductedinordertofurtherevaluatethepotentialforarchaeologicalresources. 2 AdaptedfromDavisandBrowne,1996. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 4

10 3.1 Maritime-Archaeological-Resource-Inventory- TheMaritimeArchaeologicalResourceInventorywasconsultedinordertodetermineif knownarchaeologicalsitesorresourcesexistwithinornearthestudyarea.thenearest knownsitestothestudyareaarelocatedinstellartonandincludethe19 th century remainsofthealbionironfoundryandthestellartonpumphouse,thelatterwhichwas movedfromitsoriginallocationnearexit24tothemuseumofindustryproperty.other findshavebeenmadeateastriverandpictouharbourwherefourstoneceltshave beenreported,aswellasatmerigomishharbourandatreidwaynearlittleharbour whereceramicperiod(2,500to500yearsbp)shellmiddenshavebeenrecorded. ' 3.2- Historic-Background The-Precontact-Period- ThehistoryofhumanoccupationinNovaScotiahasbeentracedbackapproximately 11,000yearsago,tothePalaeoVIndianperiodorSa qewe kl nu k(11,000 9,000years BP).TheonlysignificantarchaeologicalevidenceofPalaeoVIndiansettlementinthe provinceexistsatdebert/belmontincolchestercounty. TheSaqiwe klnu kperiodwasfollowedbythemuawsamikejikawe kl nu k(archaic period)(9,000 2,500yearsBP),whichincludedseveraltraditionsofsubsistence strategy.themaritimearchaicpeopleexploitedmainlymarineresourceswhilethe ShieldArchaicconcentratedoninteriorresourcessuchascaribouandsalmon.The LaurentianArchaicisgenerallyconsideredtobeamorediversehuntingandgathering population. TheArchaicperiodwassucceededbytheWoodland/CeramicperiodorKejikawekL nu k (2, yearsBP).MuchoftheArchaicwayofsubsistenceremainedalthoughit wasduringthisperiodthatthefirstexploitationofmarinemolluscsisseeninthe archaeologicalrecord.itwasalsoduringthistimethatceramictechnologywasfirst introduced. TheWoodlandperiodendedwiththearrivalofEuropeansandthebeginningof recordedhistory.theinitialphaseofcontactbetweenfirstnationspeopleand Europeans,knownastheProtohistoricperiod,wasmetwithvariousalliances particularlybetweenthemi kmaqandfrench. TheMi kmaqinhabitedtheterritoryknownasmi kma kiormegumaage,which includedallofnovascotiaincludingcapebreton,princeedwardisland,newbrunswick (northofthesaintjohnriver),thegaspéregionofquebec,partofmaineand McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 5

11 southwesternnewfoundland(figure3.2v1).antigonishandpictoucountieswereknown tothemi kmaqaseskikewa kikor skinvdressers territory. 3 Figure'4.21:'Map'of'the'Mi kmaki'territories. 4 ' TheMi kmaqhadencampmentsontheeastandwestbanksoftheeastriverofpictou. Onapointalittlelowerdowntheriverwasanotherburialgroundwherealargeiron crossabout10feettallstooduntilwellintothe18 th century.thisareaisnowknownas IndianCrossPointbutwasknowntotheMi kmaqassoonunagradeorrottingplace.in thelate19 th century,thegravescouldstillbeseen,markedbyrowsofflatstoneswhich originallycoveredthegraves.inthelate19 th century,someofthegravesherecouldbe founderodingoutofthebank. 5 TheMi kmaqhad,forsometime,beenatwarwithanabenakitribeoutofmaineand NewHampshire.Inaround1760,itissaidthatatLittleHarbour,twoAbenakibrothers hadbuilttwoblockhouses constructedoflogs,raiseduparoundavaultfirstduginthe ground.thebuildingswerecoveredover,hadeachaheavydoor,andwerequiteasafe fortificationinindianwarfare.atthemouthofbarney sriver,nearthesiteofthe buryingground,themicmac[sic]wereentrenchedinasimilarfort. 6 TheMi kmaq wereattackedbytheabenakiatlittleharbourandmanywerekilled,theirbodiesset afire.themi kmaqquicklyretaliatedandattackedoneoftheblockhousesatlittle 3 ConfederacyofMainlandMi kmaq,2007:11. 4 ConfederacyofMainlandMi kmaq,2007:11. 5 Patterson1877:27V28. 6 Meacham,1879:5. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 6

12 Harbour,sendingoutlargepartiesfromMerigomishandburningoneoftheAbenaki fortifications European-Settlement- ThefirstrecordedmentionsofPictouarefoundintheearlyFrenchvoyagesofthe17 th centurywhennicholasdenysdescribedtheareainhisthedescriptionandnatural HistoryoftheCoastsofNorthAmerica(1672).AlthoughtheFrenchinhabitedthe territoryknownasacadiaforaboutacenturyandahalf,theyleftlittledocumentation orevidenceoftheirsettlementinpictoucounty.theonlyevidencethatexistscomes fromwhattheenglishsettlersfoundupontheirlaterarrivalinthecounty.thelargest FrenchsettlementappearstohavebeenonMerigomishIslandwheretheremainsof severaldwellingswerefound.therewereothersmallersettlementsattheheadof FrenchRiver,atLittleHarbour,andatCaribou.TheFrenchappeartohavebeen engagedprincipallyinthefisherysothesettlementswerebasedalongtheshoreandon theislands,althoughsmallsettlementshavealsobeenfoundfurtherinlandonthe mainlandwherethefrenchwereengagedinlumberingforsupplytothegarrisonat Louisbourg. 8 TheFrenchhadasmallsettlementattheupperpartofLittleHarbourwheretheywere engagedinfishing.remainsofdwellingshavebeenfoundhereaswellasinmany placesalongtheshoresofpictouharbour.merigomishwasthelargestofthefrench settlementsinthecounty,however. TheEnglishandFrenchwereatwarforover150yearsovertheownershipand occupationofacadia(novascotia,newbrunswick,peiandpartofgaspe).in1763, peacewasdrawnandtheenglishtookcontrolofthecolony.frenchacadianswere expelledfromthecolonyinthe1750sandbeginninginthe1760s,manynew EnglanderstookupthelandsrecentlyvacatedbytheAcadians. NewEnglandersfirstsettledPictouin1765.OnOctober31ofthatyear,agrantof 200,000acreswasgivenwhichwasknownasthePhiladelphiaGrant. 9 Thegrant encompassedthegreaterportionofthetownshipofpictouaswellasalargeportionof ColchesterCountyincludingpartofRiverJohnandBrulePoint,alargepartofNew Annan,allofEarltownandKemptown,andaconsiderableportionofStewiacke.The grantwasescheatedin Meacham,1879:5V6. 8 Patterson1877:24V40. 9 Patterson1877: PANSRG20SeriesC,Book7,page35. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 7

13 InMay1767,theagentsdispatchedaship,theHope,fromPhiladelphiatosettlethe Grant.Amongthepassengersweretwelveheadsoffamilies,about20children,andone convictservant.thetownwaslaidoutonapointinpictouharbourandthegrantees weregivena½acretownlotaswellasafarmlotbehindthetownandextendinginto theinterior. 11 TheshipHector,outofScotland,arrivedin1773.Emigrantswere promisedfreepassage,afarmlotandayear sprovisions.agentjohnrossconvinced33 familiesand25unmarriedmentoembark.theimmigrantssettledonthelandsaround theeast,westandmiddleriversofpictouonlandspreviouslyescheatedfromcolonel AlexanderMcNutt.However,agrantwasneverofficiallymadetothemuntilAugust 1783.Itcontainedthenamesof44persons,someofwhohadarrivedlater. 12 Among theseimmigrantswashughfraser,hiswifeandthreechildrenwhowasgiven400acres oflandnearmclellan sbrookonaugust26,1783(figure3.2v2). 13 Figure'3.22:'Map'of'original'land'grants'in'Pictou'from'the'Crown'showing'the'grant'to'Hugh' Fraser'in'1783'(bounded'in'blue). 14 ' 11 Patterson1877:49V Patterson1877:79V HighlandSettlementinPictou(URL). 14 NovaScotiaDepartmentofLandsandForests,2009. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 8

14 McLellan sbrookwasnamedafterjohnmclennanwhosettledatthemouthofthe brooksometimebetween1784and1789.thesurnamewaschangedthroughtimeto reflectthepresentnameofthearea. 15 OtherearlysettlerswereSophiaFraser,who emigratedfromscotlandin1802withherthreechildrenandtwograndchildren,john McKaywhocamein1805,JamesFraserwhosettledin1809,andDuncanMcDonald whosettledin1827. AmbroseF.Church smapofpictoucountyin1867indicatesthatthelandsurrounding thestudyareawasleasedbythepictouminingcompany(andlatertheacadiacoal Company)(Figure3.2V3).TherewereafewsettlersalongOldMillRoadaswellasalong McLellan sbrookroadbutthereisnothingshowninthestudyareaitself.tothe northeast,therewasasawmillandblacksmithshopalongmclellan sbrookbutthese werelocatedwelloutsidethecurrentstudyareaaswell. Figure'3.23:'Part'of'Ambrose'F.'Church s'map'of'pictou'county'in'1867'showing'the'area' around'mclellan s'brook.'the'approximate'location'of'the'study'area'is'indicated'by'a'red' ellipse.' 15 PictouCountyPlaceNames(URL). McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 9

15 Meacham satlasofpictoucounty,publishedin1879,showsthatthelandhadactually beenparceledoffbutin1904,geologicalsurveymapsstillindicatedthattheacadian CoalCompanyLtd.retainedleasesontheland(Figures3.2V4and3.2V5).Theproperty thatnowtakesintheproposedasbestosdisposalfacilitywasownedbytheheirsofjohn McLeodandtherewasahouseonthepropertyfacingonEastRiverRoadonthenorth sideofmclellan sbrook,welloutsidethestudyarea.theremainderofthelotnearerto theroadwaslikelyusedforfarmlandwhilethebacklandwouldhavelikelyservedas woodlot.theoldmillroaddidnotexistatthistime. Figure'3.24:'Part'of'Meacham s'atlas'of'pictou'county'in'1879'showing'mclellan s'brook.'the' land'parcel'that'encompasses'the'study'area'is'bounded'in'red.' By1902,theOldMillRoadhad,infact,beenestablishedanditleadtoBlack smillon McLellan sbrook,northofwhatisnowhighway104.asidefromthemill,therewasa buildingontheeastsideoftheroadroughlyintheareawherethetranscanada Highwaynowruns.Therewasasecondbuilding theresidenceofgeorgefraser to thewestwhichalsolikelydestroyedwhenthehighwaywasbuilt.thestudyareaand muchofthesurroundinglanddoesnotappeartohavebeenoccupied(figure3.2v5). McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 10

16 Figure'3.25:'Part'of'the'Geological'Survey'of'Canada'map'of'the'Pictou'Coalfield'in'1904' showing'the'mclellan s'brook'area.'the'approximate'location'of'the'study'area'is'highlighted.'' 3.3- Field-Reconnaissance- AnarchaeologicalreconnaissanceofthestudyareawasconductedbyStephenDavis andaprilmacintyre.thearchaeologistsweremetbyaworkerattheadjacent constructionanddemolitionsitewhoindicatedthathehadcutthreesurveylinesfor theproject.hedidnotknowofanyheritageresourcesinthearea.thesurveylines werecutthroughthenorthvsouthaxisandgeotechnicaltestpitshadbeenexcavatedat thefourcornersofthestudyarea(plates1through3).thesurveylineswerespaced approximately35metersapartandwereusedtofacilitatethereconnaissance.eachof thegeotechnicaltestpitswerealsoinvestigatedtoensurenoarchaeologicaldeposits hadbeendisturbed.thestudyareahadbeenloggedabout10yearsagoandtherewere severalskiddertrailsthroughoutthearea.thegroundisveryrugged,asaresult,and relativelywet.newgrowthispredominantlywhitebirch,spruceandmaple.the geotechnicaltestpitscreatedanareaofdisturbanceapproximately110meterslongby 30meterswide,asaresultoftheexcavationofthetestpitsaswellasthemovementof thebackhoebetweenthetestpits.noculturaldepositsorsoilswerenotedinthearea ofthetestpitsandtheverysmallstudyareawasdeterminedtobeoflow archaeologicalpotential. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 11

17 4.0- Results-and-Discussion- Thestudyareaencompassesaverysmallparceloflandwhichhasbeensubjectedto pastandrecentdisturbances.thebackgroundstudyindicatedthat,whilelandsinthis areaweregrantedasearlyasthelate18 th century,thestudyareaitselflikelyservedas nomorethanwoodlotandwasleasedbycoalcorporationsinthelate19 th andfirsthalf ofthe20 th century.thenearestsettlementwasalongmclellan sbrookroadtothe south,andthecoalburnmclellan sbrookroad,aswellasinthevicinityofthepresentv dayalignmentofthetranscanadahighway.theselatterresourceswere,nodoubt, demolishedwhenthehighwaywasconstructed.venturesinsawmillingandsmithing werenotedinthelasthalfofthe19 th centuryalongmclellan sbrookbutthesewere welltothenortheastonthenorthsideofthepresentvdayhighway. InregardstoFirstNationslanduseinthearea,therewouldhavebeenlittleintheway ofexploitableresourcestoattractprecontactorhistoricindigenouspeoplesfor seasonalorshortvtermactivityorencampment Conclusions-and-Recommendations- ThestudyareahasbeendeterminedtobeoflowpotentialforFirstNationsorEuroV Canadianresources.Therefore,nofurthermitigationisrecommended.Intheunlikely eventthatarchaeologicalresourcesareencounteredduringconstruction,itisrequired thatallactivityceaseandthecoordinatorofspecialplaces,ms.laurabennett(902v424v 6475)becontactedimmediatelyregardingasuitablemethodofmitigation References-Cited- Church,AmbroseF.1867.TopographicalTownshipMapofPictouCounty.A.F.Church& Co.,Halifax. ConfederacyofMainlandMi kmaq.2007.kekina muek:learningaboutthemi kmaqof NovaScotia.Truro:EasternWoodlandPublishing. Davis,DerekandSueBrowne.1996.NaturalHistoryofNovaScotia,VolumeII:Theme Regions.Halifax:NimbusPublishingandNovaScotiaMuseum. Fletcher,Hugh,andH.S.Poole.1904.GeologicalMapofthePictouCoalField,Nova Scotia.GeologicalSurveyofCanada,MulticolouredGeologicalMap833. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 12

18 HighlandSettlementinPictou. 29,2012. Meacham&Co.,J.H.1879.IllustratedHistoricalAtlasofPictouCountyNovaScotia. MikaPublishing. PANSRG20SeriesC.LandPapers.Book7,page35. PattersonD.D.,Rev.George.1877.AHistoryofPictouCounty.Reprintedin1972by MikaStudio. NovaScotiaDepartmentofLandsandForests.2009(updated).CrownLandsIndexSheet No.93.PictouCounty. PictouCountyPlaceNames. AccessedOctober29,2012. McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 13

19 PLATES- McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 14

20 Plate'1:'Geotechnical'test'pits'(one'in'foreground'and'one'in'background)'at'the'west'end'of' the'study'area'looking'north'northwest.' Plate'2:'Geotechnical'test'pit'at'the'southeast'end'of'the'study'area,'looking'north'northwest.' McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 15

21 Plate'3:'Center'survey'cut'line,'looking'south.' McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 16

22 APPENDIX-A:- Heritage-Research-Permit- McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 17

23 McLellan sbrookasbestosdisposalfacility 18