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1 Contents vii Introduction Chicanas: Dispelling Stereotypes while Challenging Racism, Sexism, Classism, and Homophobia Yolanda Flores Niemann 1 La Malinche, Feminist Prototype Cordelia Candelaria 15 Gender and Ethnic Identity among Chicanos Maxine Baca Zinn 30 Abriendo caminos in the Brotherland: Chicana Writers Respond to the Ideology of Literary Nationalism Roberta Fernández 59 The Living Legacy of Chicana Performers: Preserving History through Oral Testimony Yolanda Broyles-González 74 The Faith of Activists: Barrios, Cities, and the Chicana Feminist Response Margarita Cota-Cárdenas 107 Reflections on Diversity among Chicanas Patricia Zavella 120 Writing, Politics, and las Lesberadas: Platicando con Gloria Anzaldúa AnnLouise Keating 144 Gender, Race, and Culture: Spanish-Mexican Women in the Historiography of Frontier California Antonia I. Castañeda 179 Gender, Labor History, and Chicano/a Ethnic Identity Sarah Deutsch 202 Traditional and Nontraditional Patterns of Female Activism in the United Farm Workers of America, 1962 to 1980 Margaret Rose

2 vi contents 221 Mexican American Women Grassroots Community Activists: Mothers of East Los Angeles Mary Pardo 239 Awareness, Consciousness, and Resistance: Raced, Classed, and Gendered Leadership Interactions in Milagro County, California Josephine Méndez-Negrete 259 Checkin Up on My Guy : Chicanas, Social Capital, and the Culture of Romance Angela Valenzuela 280 Sense and Responsibility Maribel Sosa 288 The Making of a Token: A Case Study of Stereotype Threat, Stigma, Racism, and Tokenism in Academe Yolanda Flores Niemann 315 Contributors 321 Index

3 Contributors cordelia candelaria has been a professor of American literature and Mexican American cultural studies in the English Department at Arizona State University since She began her tenure as chair of the Department of Chicana and Chicano Studies in She was named 2001 naccs Scholar by the National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies. Candelaria s recent books include Seeking the Perfect Game: Baseball in American Literature, Chicano Poetry: A Critical Introduction: Arroyos to the Heart, and Ojo de la Cueva/Cave Springs. margarita cota-cárdenas was born in 1941 in the rural town of Heber, California, just eight miles north of the Mexico-U.S. border. Margarita graduated from college in Turlock, California, and earned a master s degree from the University of California Davis in After returning to teach two years at her alma mater in Turlock, she came to the University of Arizona to pursue her doctoral degree, which she received in She raised three children during these years. At Arizona State University since 1981, she has taught bilingual Spanish, Chicano/Chicana literature, and Mexican literature courses. antonia i. castañeda was born in Texas and raised at the Golding Hop Farm, Toppenish, Washington. She teaches at St. Mary s University in San Antonio. El ensayo se dedica a las mujeres que trabajaron en los files del valle de Yakima. Ellas me lo elaboraron con su sudor, sus lagrimas, y su risa.

4 316 contributors sarah deutsch is professor of history at the University of Arizona. She is the author of two books and several articles. She is currently working on a history of the American West from 1898 to roberta fernandez earned a Ph.D. in Romance languages and literatures from the University of California Berkeley. She taught in the Department of Modern and Classical Languages at the University of Houston and served as an editor at Arte Público Press. Fernandez s work includes a critical study of contemporary fiction by Latina writers of the United States; an edited anthology, In Other Words: Literature by Latino/as of the United States; and Intaglio: A Novel in Six Stories, which was selected as Best Fiction in 1991 by the Multicultural Publishers Exchange. yolanda broyles-gonzález is professor of Chicano studies and German studies at the University of California Santa Barbara. She studied at four German universities and was among the first women of color to receive a doctorate degree from Stanford University. She is a native of the Arizona/Sonora desert and is rooted in the Yaqui-Mexican culture. The main focuses of her research and teaching in Chicano studies are popular culture, gender, oral tradition, and the popular performance genres of the U.S.- Mexico borderlands, of which she is a native. Among her most recent publications is the first study of the legendary singer and National Medal of Arts recipient Lydia Mendoza, entitled Lydia Mendoza s Life in Music/La Historia de Lydia Mendoza: Norteño Tejano Legacies. Broyles-González is married to Mexican harp player Francisco González, and they have two children, Esmeralda Guadalupe Broyles-González and Francisco Broyles- González. annlouise keating is an associate professor of women s studies at Texas Woman s University. Keating is author of Women Reading Women Writing: Self-Invention in Paula Gunn Allen, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Audre Lorde; editor of Gloria E. Anzaldúa s Interviews/Entrevistas; and coeditor (with Anzaldúa) of This Bridge We Call Home: Radical Visions for Transformation. She is working on two other projects: a multigenre anthology, Entremundos: Creative and Critical Perspectives on Gloria E. Anzaldúa; and a collection of essays drawing on her personal experiences as a bisexual, light-skinned, mixed- race queer that explore pedagogy, transformation, whiteness, and race.

5 contributors 317 josephine mendez-negrete received her Ph.D. in sociology at the University of California Santa Cruz. Having worked at both private and public universities in Texas and California, she is currently an assistant professor of Mexican American studies at the Division of Bicultural-Bilingual Studies, University of Texas San Antonio. Her areas of research and interest are Chicana/Latino activism and leadership, Chicana/o studies, sociology of the family, and feminist research. Mendez-Negrete is finishing a book titled Las hijas de Juan: Daughters of Betrayal. yolanda flores niemann is an associate professor of comparative American cultures and director of Latina/o Outreach for Washington State University, an a liate faculty member of women s studies, and a graduate faculty member in American studies. Niemann also serves on the governor s Commission on Hispanic A airs. Niemann s training is in general psychology with an emphasis on social psychology and management. Her research interests include e ects of stereotypes across various domains, including identity and risky behavior, the psychological e ects of tokenism, overcoming obstacles to Latina/o higher education, identity issues from Mexican to Mexican American, and the use of stereotypes as justification for discrimination. Her book Black/Brown Relations and Stereotypes is forthcoming from the University of Texas Press in Niemann also has over twenty publications in refereed journals and edited books, including Journal of Applied Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Sociological Perspectives, Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, The Western Journal of Black Studies, and Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. mary pardo teaches in the Department of Chicana/o Studies at California State University Northridge. Her teaching areas include courses focused on gender, Third World women and the Chicana, contemporary issues of the Chicana, written communication skills, and qualitative research methods. She is the author of articles and a book on Mexican American women and grassroots activism in East Los Angeles. Her book, Mexican American Women Activists: Identity and Resistance in Two Los Angeles Communities, received the American Sociological Association Latino Section Award for Outstanding Scholarly Contribution and an honorable mention from the Gustavus Myers Program for the Study of Bigotry and Human Rights in North America. She continues to study women and political activism. She is

6 318 contributors an executive board member of For Chicana/o Studies, a nonprofit advocacy group providing support for cases of employment discrimination in institutions of higher learning. She is also an executive board member for the Institute for Leadership Development and Education, a new nonprofit organization focused on providing services and leadership training for families in Los Angeles. margaret rose earned her Ph.D. at the University of California Los Angeles, with her dissertation, Women in the United Farm Workers: A Study of Chicana and Mexicana Participation in a Labor Union. She has been a Rockefeller Foundation Resident at the Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban A airs, Wayne State University. maribel sosa was born in Tucson, Arizona, and has been a James A. Michener Fellow at the Texas Center for Writers, University of Texas Austin. Her work appears in Saguaro Review and the Blue Mesa Review. angela valenzuela is an associate professor in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction and the Center for Mexican American Studies at the University of Texas Austin. She is also the author of Subtractive Schooling: U.S. Mexican Youth and the Politics of Caring, winner in 2000 of both the American Educational Research Association Outstanding Book Award and the 2001 American Educational Studies Association aesa Critics Choice Award. patricia zavella is a professor of anthropology, specializing in Latin American and Latino studies, and director of the Chicano/Latino Research Center at the University of California Santa Cruz. Her research interests include feminist theory, the relationship between women s wage labor and family life, sexuality, poverty, and transnational migration of Mexicana/o workers to the United States and U.S. capital to Mexico. Her most recent publication is Telling to Live: Latina Feminist Testimonios, coauthored with members of the Latina Feminist Group. maxine baca zinn earned her Ph.D. in sociology at the University of Oregon and teaches sociology at Michigan State University. Zinn specializes in race relations, gender, and the sociology of the family with a special emphasis on work and gender in racial ethnic families. Her research in-

7 contributors 319 cludes projects in racial identity and gender inequality, women of color in the social sciences, and home-school linkages in Mexican-origin communities. She is especially interested in how gendered coping strategies in racial ethnic families mediate the impact of broad structural factors and contribute to family diversity.