How To Get A Tax Credit For A Car

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1 1 CONVENTION BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON INCOME The Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People s Republic of Bangladesh, desiring to conclude a convention for the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of fiscal evasion with respect to taxes on income, have agreed as follows: ARTICLE 1 Personal Scope 1. Except as otherwise provided in this Convention, this Convention shall apply to persons who are residents of one or both of the Contracting States. 2. a) Notwithstanding any provision of this Convention except paragraph 3 of this Article, a Contracting State may tax its residents (as determined under Article 4 (Fiscal Domicile)), and by reason of citizenship may tax its citizens, as if this Convention had not come into effect. b) For this purpose, the term citizen shall include a former citizen or long-term resident whose loss of such status had as one of its principal purposes the avoidance of tax (as defined under the laws of the Contracting State of which the person was a citizen or long-term resident), but only for a period of 10 years following such loss. The term long-term resident shall mean any individual who is a lawful permanent resident of a Contracting State in 8 or more income years or taxable years during the preceding 15 income years or taxable years. In determining whether the threshold in the preceding sentence is met, there shall not count any year in which the individual is treated as a

2 2 resident of the other Contracting State under this Convention, or as a resident of any country other than the first-mentioned Contracting State under the provisions of any other tax treaty of that State, and, in either case, the individual does not waive the benefits of such treaty applicable to residents of the other country. 3. The provisions of paragraph 2 shall not affect: a) the benefits conferred by a Contracting State under paragraph 2 of Article 9 (Associated Enterprises), paragraphs 2 and 5 of Article 19 (Pensions, Et Cetera), Articles 23 (Relief From Double Taxation), 24 (Nondiscrimination), and 25 (Mutual Agreement Procedure); and b) the benefits conferred by a Contracting State under Articles 20 (Government Service), 21 (Teachers, Students and Trainees) and 27 (Effect of Convention on Diplomatic Agents and Consular Officers, Domestic Laws, And Other Treaties), upon individuals who are neither citizens of, nor have immigrant status in, that State. ARTICLE 2 Taxes Covered 1. This Convention shall apply to taxes on income imposed by a Contracting State. 2. The existing taxes to which this Convention shall apply are: a) In the United States: the Federal income taxes imposed by the Internal Revenue Code; b) In Bangladesh: the income tax (including surcharges calculated by reference to income taxes). 3. The Convention shall apply also to any identical or substantially similar taxes which are imposed by a Contracting State after the date of signature of this Convention in addition

3 3 to, or in place of, the existing taxes. The competent authorities of the Contracting States shall notify each other of any changes that have been made in their respective taxation or other laws that significantly affect their obligations under this Convention. ARTICLE 3 General Definitions 1. For the purposes of this Convention, unless the context otherwise requires: a) the term person includes an individual, a partnership, a company, an estate, a trust, and any other body of persons; b) the term company means any body corporate or any entity which is treated as a body corporate for tax purposes according to the laws of the Contracting State in which it is organized or has its place of effective management; c) the terms enterprise of a Contracting State and enterprise of the other Contracting State mean respectively an enterprise carried on by a resident of a Contracting State and an enterprise carried on by a resident of the other Contracting State; d) the term international traffic means any transport by a ship or aircraft, except where such transport is solely between places in a Contracting State; e) the term competent authority means: i) in the United States: the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate, and ii) in Bangladesh: the National Board of Revenue or its authorized representative; f) the term United States means the United States of America, and includes the states thereof and the District of Columbia; such term also includes the territorial sea

4 4 thereof and the sea bed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to that territorial sea, over which the United States exercises sovereign rights in accordance with international law; the term, however, does not include Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam or any other United States possession or territory; g) the term Bangladesh means the People s Republic of Bangladesh; such term also includes the territorial sea thereof and the sea bed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to that territorial sea, over which Bangladesh exercises sovereign rights in accordance with international law; h) The term national means: i) in relation to the United States, all individuals possessing the citizenship of the United States of America and all legal persons, partnerships and associations deriving their status as such from the laws in force in the United States; and ii) in relation to Bangladesh, all individuals possessing the nationality of Bangladesh and all legal persons, partnerships and associations deriving their status as such from the laws in force in Bangladesh. 2. As regards the application of this Convention by a Contracting State, any term not defined herein shall, unless the context otherwise requires, or the competent authorities agree to a common meaning pursuant to the provisions of Article 25 (Mutual Agreement Procedure), have the meaning which it has at that time under the laws of that State concerning the taxes to which this Convention applies, any meaning under the applicable tax laws of that State prevailing over a meaning given to the term under other laws of that State.

5 5 ARTICLE 4 Fiscal Domicile 1. For purposes of this Convention, the term resident of a Contracting State means any person who, under the laws of that State, is liable to tax therein by reason of his domicile, residence, citizenship, place of management, place of incorporation, or any other criterion of a similar nature, and also includes that State and any political subdivision or local authority thereof, provided, however, that: a) This term does not include any person who is liable to tax in that State in respect only of income from sources in that State; b) An item of income derived through an entity that is a partnership, trust or estate under the laws of either Contracting State shall be considered to be derived by a resident of a Contracting State to the extent that the item is treated for purposes of the taxation law of such Contracting State as the income of a resident, either in its hands or in the hands of its partners or beneficiaries; c) A legal person organized under the laws of a Contracting State and that is generally exempt from tax in that State and is established and maintained in that State either: i) exclusively for a religious, charitable, educational, scientific, or other similar purpose; or ii) to provide pensions or other similar benefits to employees pursuant to a plan is to be treated for purposes of this paragraph as a resident of that Contracting State. 2. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 an individual is a resident of both Contracting States, then his status shall be determined as follows:

6 6 a) The individual shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has a permanent home available; if such individual has a permanent home available in both States, or in neither State, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State with which his personal and economic relations are closer (center of vital interests); b) If the State in which the individual s center of vital interest cannot be determined, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State in which he has an habitual abode; c) If the individual has an habitual abode in both States or in neither of them, he shall be deemed to be a resident of the State of which he is a national; or d) If the individual is a national of both States or of neither of them, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall settle the question by mutual agreement. 3. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a company is a resident of both Contracting States, then if it is created or organized under the laws of a Contracting State or a political subdivision thereof, it shall be treated as a resident of that State. 4. Where by reason of the provisions of paragraph 1 a person other than an individual or a company is a resident of both Contracting States, the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall endeavor to settle the question by mutual agreement and to determine the mode of application of the Convention to such person.

7 7 ARTICLE 5 Permanent Establishment 1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term permanent establishment means a fixed place of business through which the business of an enterprise is wholly or partly carried on. 2. The term permanent establishment shall include especially: a) a place of management; b) a branch; c) an office; d) a factory; e) a workshop; f) a store or other sales outlet; g) a warehouse, in relation to a person providing storage facilities for others; and h) a mine, an oil or gas well, a quarry, or any other place of extraction of natural resources. 3. A building site or construction or installation project, or an installation or drilling rig used for the exploration or development of natural resources, constitutes a permanent establishment only if it lasts more than 183 days. 4. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term permanent establishment shall be deemed not to include: a) the use of facilities solely for the purpose of storage or display of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise; b) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of storage or display; c) the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise solely for the purpose of processing by another enterprise;

8 8 d) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of purchasing goods or merchandise, or of collecting information, for the enterprise; e) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for the purpose of carrying on, for the enterprise, any other activity of a preparatory or auxiliary character; f) the maintenance of a fixed place of business solely for any combination of activities mentioned in subparagraphs a) to e), provided that the overall activity of the fixed place of business resulting from this combination is of a preparatory or auxiliary character. 5. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, the term permanent establishment shall be deemed not to include the use of facilities or the maintenance of a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise for the purpose of occasional delivery of such goods or merchandise. 6. A person acting in a Contracting State on behalf of an enterprise of the other Contracting State--other than an agent of an independent status to whom paragraph 7 of this Article applies--shall be deemed to be a permanent establishment in the first-mentioned State if: a) he has, and habitually exercises, in the firstmentioned State, a general authority to conclude contracts on behalf of the enterprise, unless his activities are limited to those described in either paragraph 4 or paragraph 5; or b) he has no such authority, but habitually maintains in the first-mentioned State a stock of goods or merchandise belonging to the enterprise from which he regularly fills orders or makes deliveries on behalf of the enterprise, and additional activities conducted in that State on behalf of the enterprise have contributed to the conclusion of the sale of such goods or merchandise.

9 9 7. An enterprise shall not be deemed to have a permanent establishment in a Contracting State merely because it carries on business in that State through a broker, general commission agent or any other agent of an independent status, provided that such persons are acting in the ordinary course of their business. 8. The fact that a company which is a resident of a Contracting State controls or is controlled by a company which is a resident of the other Contracting State, or which carries on business in that other State (whether through a permanent establishment or otherwise), shall not of itself constitute either company a permanent establishment of the other. ARTICLE 6 Income From Immovable Property 1. Income derived by a resident of a Contracting State from immovable property (real property), including income from agriculture or forestry, situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. 2. The term immovable property shall have the meaning which it has under the law of the Contracting State in which the property in question is situated. The term shall in any case include property accessory to immovable property, livestock and equipment used in agriculture, forestry and fishery, rights to which the provisions of general law respecting landed property apply, usufruct of immovable property and rights to variable or fixed payments as consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources; ships, boats and aircraft shall not be regarded as immovable property. 3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall apply to income derived from the direct use, letting, or use in any other form of immovable property.

10 10 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to the income from immovable property of an enterprise and to income from immovable property used for the performance of independent personal services. ARTICLE 7 Business Profits 1. The business profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State unless the enterprise carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein. If the enterprise carries on business as aforesaid, the business profits of the enterprise may be taxed in that other State but only so much of them as is attributable to that permanent establishment. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 3, where an enterprise of a Contracting State carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, there shall in each Contracting State be attributed to that permanent establishment the business profits which it might be expected to make if it were a distinct and independent enterprise engaged in the same or similar activities under the same or similar conditions. 3. In determining the business profits of a permanent establishment, there shall be allowed as deductions those expenses which are incurred for the purposes of the permanent establishment, including a reasonable allocation of executive and general administrative expenses, research and development expenses, interest, and other expenses incurred for the purposes of the enterprise as a whole or the part thereof which includes the permanent establishment, whether incurred in the State in which the permanent establishment is situated or elsewhere.

11 11 4. No business profits shall be attributed to a permanent establishment by reason of the mere purchase by that permanent establishment of goods or merchandise for the enterprise. 5. For the purposes of the preceding paragraphs, the business profits to be attributed to the permanent establishment shall be determined by the same method year by year unless there is good and sufficient reason to the contrary. 6. Where business profits include items of income which are dealt with separately in other Articles of this Convention, then the provisions of those Articles shall not be affected by the provisions of this Article. 7. For the purposes of this Convention, business profits means income derived from any trade or business whether carried on by an individual, company, enterprise or any other person, or group of persons, including the rental of tangible personal (movable) property and performance of personal services by an enterprise. 8. For the implementation of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article, paragraph 5 of Article 10 (Dividends), paragraph 4 of Article 11 (Interest), paragraph 4 of Article 12 (Royalties), paragraph 2 of Article 13 (Capital Gains), Article 15 (Independent Personal Services) and paragraph 2 of Article 22 (Other Income), any income, gain, or expense attributable to a permanent establishment or fixed base during its existence is taxable or deductible in the Contracting State where such permanent establishment is situated, even if the payments are deferred until such permanent establishment or fixed base has ceased to exist.

12 12 ARTICLE 8 Shipping and Air Transport 1. Profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State from the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft shall be taxable only in that State. 2. For purposes of this Article, profits from the operation in international traffic of ships or aircraft include profits derived from the rental on a full or bareboat basis of ships or aircraft if operated in international traffic by the lessee or if such rental profits are incidental to other profits described in paragraph Profits of an enterprise of a Contracting State from the rental or maintenance of containers (including trailers, barges and related equipment for the transport of containers) used in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 3 shall also apply to profits derived from the participation in a pool, a joint business or an international operating agency. ARTICLE 9 Associated Enterprises 1. Where a) an enterprise of a Contracting State participates directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of the other Contracting State, or b) the same persons participate directly or indirectly in the management, control or capital of an enterprise of a Contracting State and an enterprise of the other Contracting State, and in either case conditions are made or imposed between the two enterprises in their commercial or financial relations which differ from those which would be made between independent enterprises, then any profits which would, but for those

13 13 conditions, have not so accrued, may be included in the profits of that enterprise and taxed accordingly. 2. Where a Contracting State includes in the profits of an enterprise of that State, and taxes accordingly, profits on which an enterprise of the other Contracting State has been charged to tax in that other State, and the profits so included are profits which would have accrued to the enterprise of the first-mentioned State if the conditions made between the two enterprises had been those which would have been made between independent enterprises, then that other State shall make an appropriate adjustment to the amount of the tax charged therein on those profits. In determining such adjustment, due regard shall be had to the other provisions of this Convention and the competent authorities of the Contracting States shall if necessary consult each other. 3. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not limit any provisions of the law of either Contracting State which permit the distribution, apportionment or allocation of income, deductions, credits, or allowances between persons owned or controlled directly or indirectly by the same interests when necessary in order to prevent evasion of taxes or clearly to reflect the income of any of such persons. ARTICLE 10 Dividends 1. Dividends paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed by both Contracting States. 2. However, if the beneficial owner of the dividends is a resident of the other Contracting State, the tax charged in the first-mentioned Contracting State shall not exceed: a) 10 percent of the gross amount of the dividends if the beneficial owner is a company which owns, directly or

14 14 indirectly, at least 10 percent of the voting stock of the company paying the dividends; b) 15 percent of the gross amount of the dividends in all other cases. The provisions of this paragraph shall not affect the taxation of the company in respect of the profits out of which the dividends are paid. 3. Subparagraph a) of paragraph 2 shall not apply in the case of dividends paid by a United States Regulated Investment Company (RIC) or a Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT). In the case of dividends from a RIC, subparagraph b) of paragraph 2 shall apply. In the case of dividends paid by a REIT, subparagraph b) shall apply instead of the rate of tax applicable under domestic law only if: a) the beneficial owner of the dividends is an individual holding an interest of no more than 10 percent in the REIT; b) the dividends are paid with respect to a class of stock that is publicly traded and the beneficial owner of the dividends is a person holding an interest of no more than 5 percent in any class of the REIT s stock; or c) the beneficial owner of the dividends is a person that holds an interest of no more than 10 percent in the REIT and the REIT is diversified. 4. The term dividends as used in this Convention means income from shares or other rights, not being debt-claims, participating in profits, as well as income from other corporate rights which is subjected to the same taxation treatment as income from shares by the taxation law of the State of which the company making the distribution is a resident, and income from arrangements, including debt obligations, carrying the right to participate in profits, to the extent so characterized under the laws of the Contracting State in which the income arises.

15 15 5. The provisions of paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of the dividends, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State, of which the company paying the dividends is a resident, through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the holding in respect of which the dividends are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 15 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. ARTICLE 11 Interest 1. Interest derived by a resident of one of the Contracting States from sources within the other Contracting State may be taxed by both Contracting States. 2. Interest derived and beneficially owned by a resident of one of the Contracting States from sources within the other Contracting State shall not be taxed by the other Contracting State at a rate in excess of 10 percent of the gross amount of such interest. 3. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2: a) Interest derived by one of the Contracting States, or an instrumentality thereof (including the Bangladesh Bank, the Federal Reserve Banks of the United States, the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation of the United States, and such other institutions of either Contracting State as the competent authorities of both Contracting States may determine by mutual agreement) from sources in the other Contracting State shall be exempt from tax by that other Contracting State. Interest on a debt obligation guaranteed

16 16 or insured by one of the Contracting States, or an instrumentality thereof, shall be exempt from tax by that State; b) Interest derived and beneficially owned by a bank or other financial institution (including an insurance company) that is a resident of a Contracting State from sources within the other Contracting State shall not be taxed by the other Contracting State at a rate in excess of 5 percent of the gross amount of the interest; and c) Interest derived and beneficially owned by a resident of a Contracting State from sources within the other Contracting State in connection with the sale on credit to an enterprise of the other Contracting State of any industrial, commercial or scientific equipment or of any merchandise, shall not be taxed by the other Contracting State at a rate in excess of 5 percent of the gross amount of the interest. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 shall not apply if the beneficial owner of interest from sources within one of the Contracting States, being a resident of the other Contracting State, carries on business in the first-mentioned Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the debt-claim in respect of which the interest is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case, the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 15 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 5. Where an amount is paid to a related person and would be treated as interest but for the fact that it exceeds an amount which would have been paid to an unrelated person, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to so much of the amount as would have been paid to an unrelated person. In such a case, the

17 17 excess amount may be taxed by each Contracting State according to its own laws, including the provisions of this Convention where applicable. 6. The term interest as used in this Convention means income from debt-claims of every kind, whether or not secured by mortgage, and whether or not carrying a right to participate in the debtor s profits, and in particular, income from government securities and income from bonds or debentures, including premiums and prizes attaching to such securities, bonds or debentures, and including an excess inclusion with respect to a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit, as well as income assimilated to income from money lent by the taxation law of the Contracting State in which the income arises, including interest on deferred payment sales. However, the term interest does not include income dealt with in Article 10 (Dividends). 7. The provisions of paragraphs 2 and 3 shall not apply to: a) an excess inclusion with respect to a residual interest in a real estate mortgage investment conduit; such an interest may be taxed in the Contracting State where the excess inclusion arises according to the laws of that State; or b) interest that is contingent interest of a type that does not qualify as portfolio interest under United States law, and to equivalent amounts under Bangladesh law; such interest may be taxed at a rate not exceeding the rate prescribed in subparagraph b) of paragraph 2 of Article 10 (Dividends). 8. Interest shall be deemed to arise from sources within a Contracting State when the payer is a resident of that State. Where, however, the person paying the interest, whether he is a resident of a Contracting State or not, has in a Contracting State a permanent establishment or a fixed base and such interest

18 18 is borne by such permanent establishment or fixed base, then such interest shall be deemed to arise from sources within the State in which the permanent establishment or fixed base is situated. ARTICLE 12 Royalties 1. Royalties derived by a resident of one of the Contracting States from sources within the other Contracting State may be taxed by both Contracting States. 2. Royalties derived and beneficially owned by a resident of one of the Contracting States from sources within the other Contracting State shall not be taxed by that other Contracting State at a rate in excess of 10 percent of the gross amount of such royalties. 3. The term royalties as used in this Article means payments of any kind received as a consideration for the use of, or the right to use, any copyright of literary, artistic or scientific work including cinematographic films or tapes used for radio or television broadcasting, and any patent, trademark, design or model, plan, secret formula or process, or other like right or property, or for information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. The term royalties also includes gains derived from the alienation of any such right or property which are contingent on the productivity, use, or disposition thereof. However, the term royalties does not include any payments in consideration for the working of, or the right to work, mineral deposits, sources and other natural resources. 4. The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply if the recipient of the royalties from sources within one of the Contracting States, being a resident of the other Contracting State, carries on business in the first-mentioned Contracting

19 19 State through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein, and the right or property in respect of which the royalties are paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such a case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 15 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 5. Where an amount is paid to a related person and would be treated as a royalty but for the fact that it exceeds an amount which would have been paid to an unrelated person, the provisions of this Article shall apply only to so much of the amount as would have been paid to an unrelated person. In such case, the excess amount may be taxed by each Contracting State according to its own laws, including the provisions of this Convention where applicable. 6. Royalties shall be deemed to arise from sources within a Contracting State when they are in consideration for the use of, or the right to use, in that State, property or information concerning industrial, commercial or scientific experience. ARTICLE 13 Capital Gains 1. a) Gains derived by a resident of a Contracting State from the alienation of immovable property situated in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State; b) For purposes of this paragraph the term immovable property" means property referred to in Article 6 (Income From Immovable Property). When the United States is the other Contracting State described in subparagraph a), the term includes a United States real property interest. When Bangladesh is the other Contracting State described in subparagraph a), the term includes shares of the capital

20 20 stock of a company the property of which consists principally of immovable property situated in Bangladesh. 2. Gains from the alienation of movable property forming part of the business property of a permanent establishment which an enterprise of a Contracting State has in the other Contracting State or of movable property pertaining to a fixed base available to a resident of a Contracting State in the other Contracting State for the purpose of performing independent personal services, including such gains from the alienation of such a permanent establishment, alone or with the whole enterprise, or of such fixed base, may be taxed in that other State. 3. Gains derived by an enterprise of a Contracting State from the alienation of ships, aircraft or containers operated in international traffic shall be taxable only in that State, and gains described in Article 12 (Royalties) shall be taxable only in accordance with the provisions of Article Gains from the alienation of any property, other than that referred to in paragraphs 1, 2 and 3, shall be taxable only in the Contracting State of which the alienator is a resident. ARTICLE 14 Branch Tax 1. A company which is a resident of a Contracting State may be subject in the other Contracting State to a tax in addition to the tax allowable under the other provisions of this Convention. 2. Such tax, however, may be imposed only on: a) in the case of the United States: i) the dividend equivalent amount of the business profits that are effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and are either attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States or subject to tax in the United States on a net

21 21 basis under Article 6 (Income From Immovable Property) or Article 13 (Capital Gains) of this Convention; and ii) the excess, if any, of interest deductible in the United States in computing the profits of the company that are subject to tax in the United States and are either attributable to a permanent establishment in the United States or subject to tax in the United States on a net basis under Article 6 (Income From Immovable Property) or Article 13 (Capital Gains) of this Convention over the interest paid by or from the permanent establishment or trade or business in the United States. b) in the case of Bangladesh, an amount sufficient to provide that a branch in Bangladesh of a United States company (or a company of the United States otherwise taxable on net income in Bangladesh) is taxed in a manner comparable to a similarly situated Bangladesh company and its United States shareholder. 3. The taxes described in the preceding paragraphs shall not be imposed at a rate exceeding: a) the rate specified in paragraph 2a) of Article 10 (Dividends) for the taxes described in paragraphs 2a)i) and 2b) of this Article; and b) the appropriate rate specified in paragraphs 2 or 3 of Article 11 (Interest) for the tax described in subparagraph 2(a)(ii). ARTICLE 15 Independent Personal Services Income derived by an individual who is a resident of a Contracting State from the performance of personal services in an independent capacity shall be taxable only in that State unless such services are performed in the other Contracting State and

22 22 a) the individual is present in that other State for a period or periods exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any 12-month period commencing or ending in the income year or taxable year concerned; or b) the individual has a fixed base regularly available to him in that other State for the purpose of performing his activities, but only so much of the income as is attributable to that fixed base may be taxed in such other State. ARTICLE 16 Dependent Personal Services 1. Subject to the provisions of Articles 18 (Entertainers and Athletes), 19 (Pensions, Et Cetera), 20 (Government Service) and 21 (Teachers, Students and Trainees), salaries, wages and other remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment shall be taxable only in that State unless the employment is exercised in the other Contracting State. If the employment is so exercised, such remuneration as is derived therefrom may be taxed in that other State. 2. Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph 1, remuneration derived by a resident of a Contracting State in respect of an employment exercised in the other Contracting State shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned State if: a) the recipient is present in the other State for a period or periods not exceeding in the aggregate 183 days in any 12-month period commencing or ending in the income year or taxable year concerned; b) the remuneration is paid by, or on behalf of, an employer who is not a resident of the other State; and c) the remuneration is not borne by a permanent establishment or a fixed base which the employer has in the other State.

23 23 3. Notwithstanding the preceding provisions of this Article, remuneration described in paragraph 1 derived in respect of an employment as a member of the regular complement of a ship or aircraft operated by an enterprise of a Contracting State in international traffic may be taxed only in that Contracting State. 4. Notwithstanding the other provisions of this Article and Article 15 (Independent Personal Services), where a director s fee is paid by a company which is a resident of a Contracting State to an individual who is a resident of the other Contracting State and is a shareholder of the company, and such fee is in excess of the amount which would have been paid for such services to an individual who is not a shareholder of the company, such excess amount may be taxed by the first-mentioned Contracting State at a rate not in excess of 15 percent. ARTICLE 17 Limitation on Benefits 1. A person which is a resident of a Contracting State and derives income from the other Contracting State shall be entitled, in that other Contracting State, to all the benefits of this Convention only if such person is: a) an individual; b) a Contracting State or a political subdivision or local authority thereof; c) a person, if: i) more than 50 percent of the beneficial interest in such person (or in the case of a company, more than 50 percent of the number of shares of each class of the company s shares) is owned, directly or indirectly, by persons entitled to benefits of this Convention under subparagraphs a), b), d), e) or f) of this paragraph or

24 24 who are citizens of the United States; and ii) not more than 50 percent of the gross income of such person is used, directly or indirectly, to make deductible payments (including payments of interest or royalties) to persons who are not entitled to benefits of this Convention under subparagraph a), b), d), e) or f) of this paragraph and are not citizens of the United States; d) a company in whose principal class of shares there is substantial and regular trading on a recognized stock exchange; e) a company in which at least 50 percent of each class of shares in the company is owned directly or indirectly by five or fewer companies entitled to benefits under subparagraph d), provided that in the case of indirect ownership, each intermediate owner is a person entitled to the benefits of the Convention under this paragraph; or f) an entity which is a not-for-profit organization as described in subparagraph c) of paragraph 1 of Article 4 (Fiscal Domicile), provided that, with respect to entities described in clause ii) of that paragraph, more than half of the beneficiaries, members or participants, if any, in such organization are persons that are entitled, under this Article, to the benefits of the Convention. 2. a) A resident of a Contracting State will be entitled to benefits of the Convention with respect to an item of income derived from the other State, regardless of whether the resident is qualified for benefits under paragraph 1 of this Article, if the resident is engaged in the active conduct of a trade or business in the firstmentioned State (other than the business of making or managing investments for the resident s own account, unless these activities are banking, insurance or securities

25 25 activities carried on by a bank, insurance company or registered securities dealer) and the income derived from the other Contracting State is derived in connection with, or is incidental to, that trade or business. b) If the resident or any of its associated enterprises has an ownership interest in the activity in the other Contracting State from which the item of income is derived, the rule of subparagraph a) shall apply only if the trade or business in the first-mentioned State is substantial in relation to the activity in the other State. Whether a trade or business is substantial for purposes of this paragraph will be determined on the basis of all the facts and circumstances. c) Income is derived in connection with a trade or business when the activity in the other State generating the income is a line of business that forms a part of or is complementary to the trade or business. Income is incidental to a trade or business when it facilitates the conduct of the trade or business in the other State. 3. A person that is not entitled to the benefits of the Convention pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 1 or 2 may, nevertheless, be granted the benefits of the Convention if the competent authority of the Contracting State in which the income in question arises so determines. 4. For purposes of subparagraph d) of paragraph 1, the term a recognized stock exchange means: a) the NASDAQ System owned by the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc. and any stock exchange registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission as a national securities exchange for purposes of the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934; b) the stock exchanges regulated by the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission; and

26 26 c) any other stock exchange agreed upon by the competent authorities of the Contracting States. 5. The competent authorities of the Contracting States may consult together with a view to developing procedures for the application of the provisions of this Article. The competent authorities shall, in accordance with the provisions of Article 26 (Exchange of Information and Administrative Assistance), exchange such information as is necessary for carrying out the provisions of this Article and safeguarding, in cases envisioned therein, the application of their domestic law. ARTICLE 18 Entertainers and Athletes 1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 15 (Independent Personal Services) and 16 (Dependent Personal Services), income derived by public entertainers such as theater, motion picture, radio or television artistes, and musicians, and by athletes, from their personal activities as such may be taxed in the Contracting State in which these activities are exercised provided that such income exceeds in the aggregate 10,000 United States dollars or its equivalent in Bangladesh taka during the income year or taxable year. However, such income shall not be taxable in such Contracting State if the income is derived from activities exercised in that Contracting State by a resident of the other Contracting State as an entertainer or athlete and the visit to the first-mentioned State is wholly or mainly supported by public funds of the other State or a political subdivision or local authority thereof. 2. Where income in respect of activities exercised by an entertainer or an athlete in his capacity as such accrues not to that entertainer or athlete but to another person, that income may, notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 7 (Business Profits), 15 (Independent Personal Services), and 16 (Dependent

27 27 Personal Services), be taxed in the Contracting State in which the activities of the entertainer or athlete are exercised. For purposes of the preceding sentence, income of an entertainer or athlete shall be deemed not to accrue to another person if it is established that neither the entertainer or athlete, nor persons related thereto, participate directly or indirectly in the profits of such other person in any manner, including the receipt of deferred remuneration, bonuses, fees, dividends, partnership distributions or other distributions. ARTICLE 19 Pensions, Et Cetera 1. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 20 (Government Service), pensions and other similar remuneration beneficially derived by a resident of a Contracting State, whether paid periodically or as a single sum, in consideration of past employment shall be taxable only in that State. 2. Social security payments and other public pensions paid by a Contracting State to an individual who is a resident of the other Contracting State or a citizen of the United States shall be taxable only in the first-mentioned Contracting State. 3. Annuities beneficially derived by a resident of a Contracting State shall be taxable only in that State. The term annuities as used in this paragraph means a stated sum paid periodically at stated times during life or during a specified number of years, under an obligation to make the payments in return for adequate and full consideration (other than services rendered). 4. Alimony paid to a resident of a Contracting State by a resident of the other Contracting State shall be exempt from tax in the other Contracting State. The term alimony as used in this paragraph means periodic payments made pursuant to a written separation agreement or a decree of divorce, separate

28 28 maintenance, or compulsory support, which payments are taxable to the recipient under the laws of the State of which he is a resident. 5. Periodic payments not dealt with in paragraph 4 for the support of a minor child made pursuant to a written separation agreement or a decree of divorce, separate maintenance, or compulsory support, paid by a resident of one of the Contracting States to a resident of the other Contracting State, shall be exempt from tax in both Contracting States. ARTICLE 20 Government Service 1. a) Remuneration, other than a pension, paid by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof to any individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or authority shall be taxable only in that State. b) However, such remuneration shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the services are rendered in that other State and the individual is a resident of that State who: i) is a national of that State; or ii) did not become a resident of that State solely for the purpose of rendering the services. 2. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 19 (Pensions, Et Cetera): a) Any pension paid by, or out of funds created by, a Contracting State or a political subdivision or local authority thereof to an individual in respect of services rendered to that State or subdivision or authority shall be taxable only in that State.

29 29 b) However, such pension shall be taxable only in the other Contracting State if the individual is a resident of, and a national of, that State. 3. The provisions of Articles 15 (Independent Personal Services), 16 (Dependent Personal Services), 18 (Entertainers and Athletes), and 19 (Pensions, Et Cetera), as the case may be, shall apply to remuneration and pensions in respect of services rendered in connection with a business carried on by a Contracting State or a political subdivision or a local authority thereof. ARTICLE 21 Teachers, Students and Trainees 1. An individual who visits temporarily one of the Contracting States for the purpose of teaching or engaging in research at a university, college or other recognized educational institution in that Contracting State, and who was immediately before that visit a resident of the other Contracting State, shall be exempt from tax in the first-mentioned Contracting State on any remuneration for such teaching or research for a period not exceeding two years from the date he first visits that State for such purpose. 2. An individual who was a resident of a Contracting State immediately before visiting the other Contracting State and is temporarily present in that other State for the primary purpose of: a) studying at a university, college, school or other recognized educational institution in that other State; b) securing training as a business or technical apprentice; or c) studying or doing research as a recipient of a grant allowance or award from a governmental, religious, charitable, or educational organization;

30 30 shall, from the date of his first arrival in that other State in connection with that visit, be exempt from tax in that other State with respect to: i) all remittances from abroad for purposes of his maintenance, education or training; ii) the grant, allowance, or award; and iii) any remuneration for personal services rendered in that other Contracting State with a view to supplementing the resources available to him for such purposes in an amount not in excess of 8,000 United States dollars or its equivalent in Bangladesh taka for any taxable year. In the case of an individual described in subparagraph b), this exemption from tax shall apply for a period not exceeding two years from the date of the individual s first arrival in the other State. 3. This Article shall not apply to income from research if such research is undertaken not in the public interest but primarily for the private benefit of a specific person or persons. ARTICLE 22 Other Income 1. Items of income of a resident of a Contracting State, wherever arising, not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Convention shall be taxable only in that State. 2. The provisions of paragraph 1 shall not apply to income, other than income from immovable property as defined in paragraph 2 of Article 6 (Income From Immovable Property) if the recipient of such income, being a resident of a Contracting State, carries on business in the other Contracting State through a permanent establishment situated therein, or performs in that other State independent personal services from a fixed base situated therein,

31 31 and the right or property in respect of which the income is paid is effectively connected with such permanent establishment or fixed base. In such case the provisions of Article 7 (Business Profits) or Article 15 (Independent Personal Services), as the case may be, shall apply. 3. Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, items of income of a resident of a Contracting State not dealt with in the foregoing Articles of this Convention and arising in the other Contracting State may be taxed in that other State. ARTICLE 23 Relief From Double Taxation 1. In accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations of the law of the United States (as it may be amended from time to time without changing the general principle hereof), the United States shall allow to a resident or citizen of the United States as a credit against the United States tax on income the appropriate amount of tax paid or accrued to Bangladesh by or on behalf of such citizen or resident; and, in the case of a United States company owning at least 10 percent of the voting stock of a company which is a resident of Bangladesh from which the United States company receives a dividend in any taxable year, the United States shall allow a credit for the appropriate amount of tax paid or accrued to Bangladesh by or on behalf of the payor with respect to the profits out of which such dividends are paid. Such appropriate amount shall be based upon the amount of tax paid or accrued to Bangladesh, but the credit shall not exceed the limitations (for the purpose of limiting the credit to the United States tax on income from sources outside the United States) provided by United States law for the taxable year. For purposes of applying the United States credit in relation to tax paid to Bangladesh, the taxes referred to in paragraphs 2(b) and