2013, Vol. 81, No. 2, X/13/$12.00 DOI: /a
|
|
- Garry Lloyd
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2013 American Psychological Association 2013, Vol. 81, No. 2, X/13/$12.00 DOI: /a The Relationship Between and During Prolonged Exposure With and Without Cognitive Restructuring for the Treatment of Stress Disorder Idan M. Aderka Boston University Seth J. Gillihan, Carmen P. McLean, and Edna B. Foa University of Pennsylvania Objective: In the present study, we examined the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during prolonged exposure (PE) treatment with and without cognitive restructuring (CR) for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Method: Female assault survivors (N 153) with PTSD were randomized to either PE alone or PE with added CR (PE/CR). During treatment, bi-weekly self-report measures of posttraumatic and depressive symptoms were administered. Results: Multilevel mediational analyses indicated that during PE, changes in posttraumatic symptoms accounted for 80.3% of changes in depressive symptoms, whereas changes in depressive symptoms accounted for 45.0% of changes in posttraumatic symptoms. During PE/CR, changes in posttraumatic symptoms accounted for 59.6% of changes in depressive symptoms, and changes in depressive symptoms accounted for 50.7% of changes in posttraumatic symptoms. Conclusions: This pattern of results suggests that PE primarily affects posttraumatic symptoms, which in turn affect depressive symptoms. In contrast, PE/CR results in a more reciprocal relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms. Keywords: posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, prolonged exposure stress disorder (PTSD) is a common and chronic psychiatric condition with prevalence rates of 6.8% in the general population (Kessler et al., 2005) and high comorbidity rates (Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). Individuals with PTSD typically report elevated depressive symptoms (e.g., Erickson, Wolfe, King, King, & Sharkansky, 2001), and comorbid major depressive disorder (MDD) is common among individuals with PTSD (e.g., Brown, Campbell, Lehman, Grisham, & Mancill, 2001). Evidence regarding the temporal relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms has been mixed. Some studies suggest that posttraumatic symptoms lead to depression. For example, in the National Comorbidity Survey, 78.4% of individuals with both PTSD and MDD reported that the onset of PTSD preceded that of MDD (Kessler et al., 1995). In contrast, other studies have suggested that depressive symptoms lead to posttraumatic symptoms more consistently than vice versa (King, King, McArdle, Shalev, & Doron- LaMarca, 2009; Schindel-Allon, Aderka, Shahar, Stein, & Gilboa- Schechtman, 2010). Finally, some studies have found that PTSD and MDD develop simultaneously (e.g., Shalev et al., 1998) and that reciprocal relations exist between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms (Erickson et al., 2001). Idan M. Aderka, Department of Psychology, Boston University; Seth J. Gillihan, Carmen P. McLean, and Edna B. Foa, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania. Seth J. Gillihan is now at the Department of Psychology, Haverford College. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Idan M. Aderka, who is now at the Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa 31905, Israel. iaderka@psy.haifa.ac.il Treatments for PTSD have been found to reduce both posttraumatic and depressive symptoms (see Harvey, Bryant, & Tarrier, 2003, for a review). Specifically, prolonged exposure (PE), a widely used treatment for PTSD, has been shown to significantly reduce posttraumatic and depressive symptoms across diverse populations and settings (Powers, Halpern, Ferenschak, Gillihan, & Foa, 2010). Research has shown that PE can alleviate posttraumatic and depressive symptoms among adults treated in academic and community settings (Feske, 2008; Foa et al., 2005), among female assault (Foa & Rauch, 2004) and rape (Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002) survivors, among veterans (Rauch et al., 2009; Tuerk et al., 2011), and among individuals previously treated with medication (Rothbaum et al., 2006). Despite the large body of research documenting the effects of PE on both posttraumatic and depressive symptoms, little is known about the relationship between reductions in the two during PE. There are several possible ways in which posttraumatic and depressive symptoms may interact during treatment. Changes in posttraumatic symptoms may lead to subsequent changes in depressive symptoms but not vice versa. Conversely, changes in depressive symptoms may lead to subsequent changes in posttraumatic symptoms but not vice versa. Alternatively, changes in posttraumatic symptoms may lead to subsequent changes in depressive symptoms, and changes in depressive symptoms may lead to subsequent changes in posttraumatic symptoms. Finally, changes in posttraumatic and depressive symptoms may be unrelated. Understanding the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during PE is important as it can help us better understand how PE works and can aid in the development of more effective treatments. To our knowledge, only one published study has examined the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in 1
2 2 ADERKA, GILLIHAN, MCLEAN, AND FOA the treatment of PTSD (Aderka, Foa, Applebaum, Shafran, & Gilboa-Schechtman, 2011). This study examined prolonged exposure treatment (PE) among children and adolescents, treating either previous depression and PTSD symptoms as a mediator of later PTSD or depression reduction, respectively. Aderka et al. (2011) found that changes in posttraumatic symptoms accounted for 64.1% in changes in depressive symptoms, whereas changes in depressive symptoms accounted for only 11.0% of the changes in posttraumatic symptoms. Importantly, Aderka et al. examined lagged mediation rather than contemporaneous changes, therefore establishing temporal precedence of the mediator. These findings suggest that the effects of PE follow a sequential pattern in which treatment first reduces PTSD symptoms, which leads to a reduction in depressive symptoms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the pattern of influence of PE on PTSD and depressive symptoms in adults is similar to that found in youths. Thus, we examined the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during PE in an adult sample. Based on the findings in a pediatric sample (Aderka et al., 2011), and the fact that PE was specifically developed to target posttraumatic symptoms, we hypothesized that in PE changes in posttraumatic symptoms would account for subsequent changes in depressive symptoms to a greater extent than vice versa. The relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms also may vary across treatments. Specifically, it is possible that the addition of cognitive restructuring (CR) to PE may affect the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms. To examine this hypothesis, we explored the PTSD depression relationship during PE with and without added CR. Due to the paucity of research on patterns of symptom change, our examination regarding potential differences between the treatments was exploratory, and we did not have explicit hypotheses about the PTSD depression relationship in PE with added CR (PE/CR). For both PE and PE/CR, we examined the four possible relationships between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms over time: (a) changes in posttraumatic symptoms account for changes in depressive symptoms but not vice versa, (b) changes in depressive symptoms account for changes in posttraumatic symptoms but not vice versa, (c) changes in both posttraumatic and depressive symptoms account for changes in each other, and (d) changes in posttraumatic symptoms are unrelated to changes in depressive symptoms. Participants Method Participants were recruited through a variety of sources including flyers, newspaper advertisements, and referrals from police departments and victim advocacy workers. Eligible participants were adult women with a primary diagnosis of PTSD related to childhood sexual abuse or to a sexual or nonsexual assault that occurred at least 3 months prior to the evaluation. Exclusion criteria were as follows: being in an abusive relationship; current diagnosis of organic mental disorder, schizophrenia, or psychotic disorder; unmedicated, symptomatic bipolar disorder; current substance dependence; illiteracy in English; current suicidal intent or plan; and recent history of serious self-injurious behavior (e.g., cutting). For additional details, see Foa et al. (2005). A total of 210 eligible women consented to participate; 20 of these women withdrew before being assigned a treatment condition, and 11 were removed from the study after randomization. Thus, our intention-to-treat (ITT) sample comprised 179 women. Twenty-six were assigned to waitlist (WL), 74 to PE/CR, and 79 to PE. Only individuals from the PE and PE/CR conditions (n 153) were included in the present study. A total of 90 were treated at the Center for Treatment and Study of Anxiety in Philadelphia, and 63 were treated at the Women Organized Against Rape clinic. For flow of patients through the study and reasons for removal, see Foa et al. (2005). Participants in the ITT sample had a mean age of 31 years and were predominately Caucasian (49.2%) or African American (43.6%), single (61.6%), with at least some college education (70.0%). Sexual assault during adulthood was the most prevalent index trauma; the average time since the index trauma was 9 years. Psychiatric comorbidity was common, with 67% of the sample having at least one comorbid Axis I disorder. The most common comorbid conditions were major depressive disorder (41.2%), social phobia (20.4%), and specific phobia (20.4%). For complete demographic information, see Foa et al. (2005). Procedure Evaluations. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders With Psychotic Screen (SCID-I; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1995) was administered at pretreatment to establish diagnoses and assess exclusion criteria and comorbid conditions. Participants completed the PTSD Symptom Scale Self-Report (PSS SR; Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, & Erbaugh, 1961) prior to each even-numbered therapy session (i.e., bi-weekly) to monitor treatment progress and to determine treatment termination; these repeated assessments across the course of treatment allow for tests of the current study hypotheses regarding the relation between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms over time. Treatments. Both treatments were delivered in individual weekly sessions that lasted min. Participants who reported at least a 70% reduction in PSS SR scores (n 27) ended treatment after Session 9; the remaining participants were offered three extension sessions (and 13 participants declined). 1 No differences in pre-treatment demographic or clinical measures were found between those who ended treatment at Session 9 and those who received additional sessions (Foa et al., 2005). Each session began with homework review and ended with homework assignment. Brief descriptions of the treatments follow; for more detailed descriptions, see Foa, Hembree, and Rothbaum (2007) and Foa et al. (2005). The mean number of therapy sessions attended was 8.14 (SD 3.77). PE. Session 1 included presentation of the treatment rationale and program overview, information gathering, and breathing retraining. In Session 2, the therapist provided education about common reactions to trauma and introduced in vivo exposure to a 1 Due to this feature of the design, our sample size at Session 10 was 62 and at Session 12 was 20.
3 PTSD AND DEPRESSION DURING PE AND PE/CR 3 collaboratively developed hierarchy of previously avoided situations. Throughout the treatment, participants were assigned homework to approach items on the hierarchy in a systematic, gradual fashion. Imaginal exposure began in Session 3. In this procedure, participants were asked to revisit in imagination their most distressing traumatic memory and recount it aloud in present tense, repeating the recounting as necessary to allow total revisiting of 45 min. Following imaginal exposure, therapists briefly discussed the patients experiences (processing). Participants were instructed to listen daily to an audio recording that was made of the recounting. Sessions 4 9 (or 12) were conducted in a similar fashion. In the final session, participants summarized what they had learned in treatment and discussed their progress. Therapists and participants also discussed future plans and what to do if the participant s symptoms increased. PE/CR. The procedures used in the PE/CR treatment were identical to PE alone with two exceptions. First, in Session 3 therapists presented the idea that posttraumatic symptoms are maintained in part by trauma-related thoughts and beliefs. Participants were taught to identify and challenge erroneous and unhelpful beliefs and were instructed to record and challenge these beliefs for homework using a daily diary. Imaginal exposure was introduced in Session 4. Second, instead of the discussion about the anxiety experienced during the imaginal and in vivo exposure, patients in the PE/CR group received about 25 min of formal CR using the Socratic method developed by Beck (Beck & Emory, 1985). Participants in PE/CR were given the same amount of exposure homework as those in PE, and they also practiced CR using their diaries. Treatment adherence. Weekly supervision meetings were used to monitor adherence to the treatment protocol. In addition, using adherence manuals, 141 therapy sessions (11.5% of 1,227 sessions) were randomly selected, and videotapes were rated for fidelity to the treatment manual. Ten raters trained to conduct the adherence ratings reviewed session videotapes, rated each essential component as present or absent, and monitored for protocol violations. Of these sessions, 29 (21%) were rated independently by two raters. Interrater reliability was.88; therapists on average completed 97% of the components prescribed in the protocol. Measures The SCID-I (First et al., 1995) is a semistructured interview used to assess major Axis I disorders as well as to screen for the presence of psychotic symptoms. In the current study, it was used to assess exclusion criteria and comorbid conditions as well. Specifically, for PTSD diagnosis, the SCID-I has shown excellent inter-rater reliability (Lobbestael, Leurgans, & Arntz, 2011) and has been found to be superior to other diagnostic instruments in screening for trauma (Elhai, Franklin, & Gray, 2008). The PSS SR (Foa et al., 1993) is a self-report version of the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS I; Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993). It includes 17 items that measure the frequency and severity of PTSD symptoms in the past week, according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; DSM IV TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) criteria. In the present study, the PSS SR was internally consistent (Cronbach s.91) and stable over a period of 1 month (r.74). The BDI (Beck et al., 1961) is a 21-item self-report inventory measuring cognitive, affective, and physiological symptoms of depression in the past week. In the present study, the BDI was internally consistent (Cronbach s.93). Analytic Strategy Our data formed a multilevel structure. The lower level, or Level 1 data, consisted of the repeated measures that were collected during treatment sessions (i.e., posttraumatic and depressive symptoms). The Level 1 data were nested within Level 2 units (i.e., participants). This data structure is appropriate for hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) techniques (Raudenbush, 2001). HLM allows the number of observations to vary between participants and handles missing data effectively. To examine mediation of change, we used the mixed models module of SPSS Version 18. We followed the procedures reported by Kenny, Korchmaros, and Bolger (2003), which have been previously applied to mediational analysis of anxiety and depression during treatment (Aderka et al., 2011; Moscovitch, Hofmann, Suvak, & In-Albon, 2005). As described by Kenny et al., four statistical criteria must be present in order to establish mediation: (1) The predictor variable must be significantly related to the outcome variable; (2) the predictor variable must be significantly related to the mediator; (3) when the outcome is regressed simultaneously on the predictor and mediator, the mediator must be significantly related to the outcome; and (4) the relationship between the predictor and the outcome must be significantly attenuated when the mediator is included. In order to perform a more rigorous test for mediation, we lagged the mediator variable in all analyses. Thus, we examined whether changes in the mediator variable at time t accounted for changes in the outcome variable at time t 1. Due to multiple comparisons, we set significance levels at.01 in all analyses. Results Treatment Effects on and To examine whether the two treatment conditions had differential effects on posttraumatic symptoms, we conducted a repeatedmeasures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The independent variables were Treatment (a within-subjects, two-level variable: pre vs. post) and Condition (a between-subjects, two-level variable: PE vs. PE/CR). The dependent variable was posttraumatic symptoms (PSS I scores). Results indicated a significant main effect for treatment, F(1, 106) , p.001, partial 2.83, such that participants posttraumatic symptoms were significantly lower at post-treatment (M 10.15, SD 9.04) compared to pretreatment (M 31.72, SD 7.50). The main effects for Condition and the Treatment Condition interaction were both nonsignificant, F(1, 106) 0.26, p.61, partial 2.00, ns; F(1, 106) 2.68, p.11, partial 2.03, respectively. These results indicate that PE and PE/CR reduced posttraumatic symptoms to a similar extent. We used a similar ANOVA model to examine reductions in depressive symptoms. Results indicated a significant main effect for treatment, F(1, 100) , p.001, partial 2.72, such
4 4 ADERKA, GILLIHAN, MCLEAN, AND FOA that participants depressive symptoms were significantly lower at post-treatment (M 7.99, SD 9.39) compared to pre-treatment (M 23.72, SD 8.99). The main effects for Condition and the Treatment Condition interaction were both non-significant, F(1, 100) 0.14, p.71, partial 2.00; F(1, 100) 2.23, p.14, partial 2.02, respectively, indicating that PE and PE/CR reduced depressive symptoms to a similar extent. A comprehensive examination of the differences between conditions including an intent-to-treat analysis can be found in Foa et al. (2005). PE C -0.32*** Multilevel-Mediational Analyses Rates of change. was modeled using measurement number (i.e., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Prior to running analyses, we compared a model with a linear time variable, a non-linear, natural log time variable, and a quadratic time variable. As these models were non-nested, we compared them using the Akaike information criterion (AIC; Akaike, 1987) and the deviance statistic. Results indicated that a linear model was the best-fitting model. We also examined a model with both a linear time variable and a quadratic variable, and a model with both a linear time variable and a non-linear, natural log variable. No significant non-linear effects were found (all ps.05), suggesting that changes in both posttraumatic and depressive symptoms occur at a similar rate throughout treatment. Thus, we used a linear time variable in all analyses. Effect of time. In the PE condition, our time variable explained 52.9% of the changes in posttraumatic symptoms and 35.7% of the changes in depressive symptoms during treatment 2 2 (r PTSD.529; r DEP.357). 2 In the PE/CR condition, this variable explained 51.7% of the changes in posttraumatic symptoms and 38.1% of the changes in depressive symptoms during treatment 2 2 (r PTSD.517; r DEP.381). We found that in the PE condition, the effect size of time on posttraumatic symptoms was 3.29, and the effect size of time on depressive symptoms was In the PE/CR condition, the effect size of time on posttraumatic symptoms was 2.00, and the effect size of time on depressive symptoms was These effect sizes are highly similar to those reported by Foa et al. (2005). PE condition. We employed a model in which time was the predictor, posttraumatic symptoms were the mediator, and depressive symptoms were the outcome. This model tested the extent to which posttraumatic symptoms mediated the effect of time on depressive symptoms. In these analyses, posttraumatic symptoms were lagged so that posttraumatic symptoms at time t predicted depressive symptoms at time t 1. Consistent with the guidelines of Kenny et al. (2003), we first regressed depressive symptoms on time (Path C in Figure 1 and Table 1). Results indicated that depressive symptoms significantly decreased during treatment (.32, SE.04, t 8.06, p.001). We then regressed posttraumatic symptoms on time (Path A in Figure 1 and Table 1). Results indicated that posttraumatic symptoms also significantly decreased during treatment (.48, SE.05, t 9.17, p.001). Next, we regressed depressive symptoms on both time and posttraumatic symptoms simultaneously. The effect of posttraumatic symptoms (Path B in Figure 1 and Table 1) was significant indicating that reductions in posttraumatic symptoms significantly predicted subsequent reductions in depressive symptoms (.05, SE.01, t 7.22, p.001). The effect of time (Path C= in Figure 1 and Table 1) was non-significant (.06, SE.04, t 1.54, A -0.48*** A -0.39*** C PE/CR C -0.25*** C -0.10** B 0.05*** B 0.03*** Figure 1. Lagged mediational models. Numbers are standardized regression coefficients. Paths indicate Level 1 regression analyses. symptoms were lagged so that posttraumatic symptoms at time t predicted depressive symptoms at time t 1. PE prolonged exposure; PE/CR prolonged exposure with added cognitive restructuring. p.01. p.001. p.13), indicating that time did not have an additional affect on depressive symptoms above the effect of posttraumatic symptoms. Thus, posttraumatic symptoms fully mediated the relationship between time and depressive symptoms. As can be seen in Figure 1 and Table 1, the original pathway between time and depressive symptoms (Path C) was reduced from 0.32 to 0.06 when the mediator (posttraumatic symptoms) was entered (Path C=). 2 We examined explained variance for the time variable following Kreft and de Leeuw s (1998) recommendations for HLM analyses. Specifically, the formula used was as follows: [(null model error model with time error)/null model error]. 3 We computed effect sizes based on Feingold s (2009) recommendations for multilevel models. Specifically, we used the formula [d B(time) number of time periods/raw pre SD], which has the advantage of being in the same metric commonly used in clinical trials.
5 PTSD AND DEPRESSION DURING PE AND PE/CR 5 Table 1 Summary of Multilevel Regression Analyses for Mediational Models Step Path Predictor variable Outcome variable B SE B SE t p 1 C Depression A symptoms a B symptoms a Depression C= Depression C Depression A symptoms a B symptoms a Depression C= Depression PE PE/CR Note. PE prolonged exposure; PE/CR prolonged exposure with added cognitive restructuring. a symptoms were lagged so that posttraumatic symptoms at time t predicted depressive symptoms at time t 1. We also examined mediation using the program Prodclin (MacKinnon, Fritz, Williams, & Lockwood, 2007). This program provides a powerful test for mediation that can adjust for covariance between Paths A and B. We found clear evidence for mediation as the confidence interval (CI) for the indirect effect was [ 1.89, 0.68] and did not include zero. Of the total effect of time on depressive symptoms, 80.3% was mediated by posttraumatic symptoms. 4 We examined the reverse model in which depressive symptoms mediated the effects of time on posttraumatic symptoms. In these analyses, depressive symptoms were lagged so that depressive symptoms at time t predicted posttraumatic symptoms at time t 1. Table 2 and Figure 2 present the results of these analyses. In the reverse model, the effect of time on posttraumatic symptoms (Path C=) remained significant after regressing posttraumatic symptoms on time and depressive symptoms simultaneously, which indicates that depressive symptoms only partially mediate the effect of time on posttraumatic symptoms. The mediational effect of depressive symptoms was significant (CI [ 2.00, 0.72]) and accounted for 45.0% of the total effect of time on posttraumatic symptoms. In sum, changes in posttraumatic symptoms accounted for subsequent changes in depressive symptoms to a greater extent than vice versa. This pattern of results suggests that PE may work primarily by reducing posttraumatic symptoms, which in turn reduce depressive symptoms. PE/CR condition. We repeated the above analyses for the PE/CR condition. Results for the mediational model are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1, and results for the reverse model are presented in Table 2 and Figure 2. We found evidence for partial mediation in both the mediational model (95% CI [ 2.35, 0.84]) and the reverse model (95% CI [ 2.59, 0.93]). Changes in posttraumatic symptoms mediated 59.6% of the changes in depressive symptoms, and changes in depressive symptoms mediated 50.7% of the changes in posttraumatic symptoms. Discussion The present study examined the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during PE and PE/CR for PTSD. We found that during PE, changes in posttraumatic symptoms fully mediated the effect of treatment on depressive symptoms and accounted for 80.3% of changes in depressive symptoms, whereas changes in depressive symptoms partially mediated the effect of treatment on posttraumatic symptoms, and accounted for 45.0% of changes in posttraumatic symptoms. This pattern of results suggests that the primary effect of PE is on posttraumatic symptoms which in turn affect depressive symptoms. In contrast, for PE/CR we found that posttraumatic symptoms partially mediated the effect of treatment on depressive symptoms, and vice versa; changes in posttraumatic symptoms accounted for 59.6% of changes in depressive symptoms, and changes in depressive symptoms accounted for 50.7% of changes in posttraumatic symptoms. Thus, during PE/CR posttraumatic and depressive symptoms affected each other to a similar extent. Our findings for PE are consistent with a previous study that examined PE among children and adolescents (Aderka et al., 2011). In that study, posttraumatic symptoms fully mediated the effects of PE on depressive symptoms, whereas depressive symptoms only partially mediated the effects of PE on posttraumatic symptoms. Thus, in both pediatric and adult populations, PE appears to reduce posttraumatic symptoms which in turn reduce depressive symptoms. However, it seems that changes in posttraumatic symptoms and depressive symptoms are more closely linked in adult populations than in pediatric ones. In the present study, 80.3% of changes in depressive symptoms were accounted for by posttraumatic symptoms, compared to 64.1% among youths, and 45.0% of changes in posttraumatic symptoms were accounted for by changes in depressive symptoms, compared to 11.0% among youths (Aderka et al., 2011). This discrepancy may be the result of developmental differences, or differences in types of trauma experienced and time since the trauma. More research is necessary to 4 We calculated percent mediation according to the guidelines of Kenny et al. (2003), which have been previously applied to mediational analyses of anxiety and depression (Aderka et al., 2011; Moscovitch et al., 2005). According to Kenny et al., the total effect in lower level mediation models is the sum of the direct effect (C=), the indirect effect (AB), and the covariance between A and B (the covariance between the ordinary-leastsquares estimates for Paths A and B). Thus, the formula used to calculate percent mediation was as follows: 100 {[C= AB Cov(AB)] C=}/[C= AB Cov(AB)], or 100 (total effect direct effect)/(total effect).
6 6 ADERKA, GILLIHAN, MCLEAN, AND FOA Table 2 Summary of Multilevel Regression Analyses for Reverse Mediational Models Step Path Predictor variable Outcome variable B SE B SE t p PE 1 C symptoms A Depression a B Depression a symptoms C= symptoms PE/CR 1 C symptoms A Depression a B Depression a symptoms C= symptoms Note. PE prolonged exposure; PE/CR prolonged exposure with added cognitive restructuring. a symptoms were lagged so that depressive symptoms at time t predicted posttraumatic symptoms at time t 1. replicate these differential findings for youths and adults in PE and to understand their causes. The pattern of symptom change observed during PE is consistent with several theoretical accounts of the relationship between anxiety and depression. For instance, the helplessness hopelessness theory (Alloy, Kelly, Mineka, & Clements, 1990) posits that feelings of helplessness are primarily related to anxiety, whereas feelings of hopelessness are primarily related to depression. According to this theory, experiencing helplessness repeatedly or for long periods of time can lead to hopelessness (Alloy et al., 1990). Thus, as individuals begin to better cope with their symptoms during treatment, their helplessness is reduced, which can result in subsequent reductions in hopelessness. In support of this potential mechanism, hopelessness has been found to mediate outcome in both PE and cognitive treatment of PTSD (Gallagher & Resick, 2012). Our findings are also consistent with the anhedonia model of depression, which stresses the causal role of anhedonia in the development of depression (Loas, 1996). Thus, reductions in trauma-related fear and avoidance may lead to the increased experience of pleasurable life events, thus reducing anhedonia and subsequent depression. We observed a sequential relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in PE (posttraumatic symptoms depressive symptoms), and a more reciprocal relationship in PE/CR (posttraumatic symptoms depressive symptoms). A possible explanation for this difference between treatments is that PE and PE/CR may affect different posttraumatic and depressive factors. The imaginal and in vivo exposure in PE may affect unique PTSD factors (e.g., fear, guilt), and this reduction may affect shared PTSD/depression factors (e.g., negative beliefs of the self and the future) and unique depression factors (e.g., depressed mood). For example, in vivo exposures are very effective at reducing the distress that a person experiences in feared situations. This reduction in distress may change the way an individual perceives himself (e.g., I am capable of dealing with these situations ), which may in turn lead to improved mood as the person becomes more hopeful. In contrast, the more language-focused, cognitive techniques in PE/CR may more directly target shared PTSD/depression factors (e.g., negative cognitions), which subsequently lead to reductions in unique PTSD and unique depression factors. For example, challenging one s assumptions that he or she is weak for having PTSD may increase one s willingness to complete in vivo exposure exercises, and can lead to a reduction in traumarelated fear. Concurrently, challenging these assumptions can also increase self-efficacy and reduce self-blame, which can result in improved mood. While testing for these possible pathways is beyond the scope of the present article, they represent potentially fertile ground for future study. Importantly, both PE and PE/CR produced similar improvements in symptoms (Foa et al., 2005) and similar reductions in negative cognitions (Foa & Rauch, 2004). Thus, the two treatments evidence differing patterns of symptom change but result in similar degrees of change. This finding has the potential to inform clinical research, as it suggests that adding an additional active ingredient of treatment may affect the pattern of change but not the outcome. This is consistent with many studies that fail to find differences in outcome between cognitive therapy and prolonged exposure (e.g., Foa et al., 2005; Resick et al., 2002), as well as a recent study suggesting that the two types of treatment may work through different mechanisms of change (Gallagher & Resick, 2012). Future studies should examine differences in patterns of change in addition to outcome, as this may increase our understanding of how different treatments work. Limitations and Future Directions The present study has several limitations. First, our sample included only female assault victims. Thus, it cannot be known based on the present data whether the same patterns of interrelations exist among males or among individuals experiencing other traumas. Future studies can examine the relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms in these populations. Second, the present study did not directly assess potential mediators between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms, such as hopelessness or anhedonia, that may play a role in the relationship between them; future studies can assess these mediators during treatment. Third, we examined mediation throughout the course of treatment. However, it is possible that different mediational relationships exist in different phases of treatment (e.g., early vs. late). Future studies can examine whether the relationships found in the present study change in different phases of treatment.
7 PTSD AND DEPRESSION DURING PE AND PE/CR 7 PE C -0.41*** A -0.34*** B 0.05*** C -0.18*** PE/CR C -0.34*** A -0.26*** B 0.04*** C -0.13*** Figure 2. Reverse lagged mediational models. Numbers are standardized regression coefficients. Paths indicate Level 1 regression analyses. symptoms were lagged so that depressive symptoms at time t predicted posttraumatic symptoms at time t 1. PE prolonged exposure; PE/CR prolonged exposure with added cognitive restructuring. p.001. Despite these limitations, the current study represents the first longitudinal examination of the inter-relationship between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during treatments for PTSD among adults. These findings highlight the importance of examining patterns of symptom change in psychotherapy research and suggest that despite similar outcomes, the techniques used in PE and PE/CR may result in different patterns of change in posttraumatic and depressive symptoms. References Aderka, I. M., Foa, E. B., Applebaum, E., Shafran, N., & Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2011). Direction of influence between posttraumatic and depressive symptoms during prolonged exposure therapy among children and adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, doi: /a Akaike, H. (1987). Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika, 52, doi: /bf
8 8 ADERKA, GILLIHAN, MCLEAN, AND FOA Alloy, L. B., Kelly, K. A., Mineka, S., & Clements, C. M. (1990). Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: A helplessness hopelessness perspective. In J. D. Maser & C. R. Cloninger (Eds.), Comorbidity of mood and anxiety disorders (pp ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author. Beck, A. T., & Emery, G. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, doi: /archpsyc Brown, T. A., Campbell, L. A., Lehman, C. L., Grisham, J. R., & Mancill, R. B. (2001). Current and lifetime comorbidity of the DSM IV anxiety and mood disorders in a large clinical sample. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, doi: / x Elhai, J. D., Franklin, C. L., & Gray, M. J. (2008). The SCID PTSD module s trauma screen: Validity with two samples in detecting trauma history. Depression and Anxiety, 25, doi: /da Erickson, D. J., Wolfe, J., King, D. W., King, L. A., & Sharkansky, E. J. (2001). stress disorder and depression symptomatology in a sample of Gulf War veterans: A prospective analysis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, doi: / x Feingold, A. (2009). Effect sizes for growth-modeling analysis for controlled clinical trials in the same metric as for classical analysis. Psychological Methods, 14, doi: /a Feske, U. (2008). Treating low-income and minority women with posttraumatic stress disorder: A pilot study comparing prolonged exposure and treatment as usual conducted by community therapists. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 23, doi: / First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1995). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders Patient Edition (SCID I/P, Version 2). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department. Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., Cahill, S. P., Rauch, S. A. M., Riggs, D. S., Feeny, N. C., & Yadin, E. (2005). Randomized trial of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder with and without cognitive restructuring: Outcome at academic and community clinics. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, doi: / x Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., & Rothbaum, B. O. (2007). Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Emotional processing of traumatic experiences: Therapist guide. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Foa, E. B., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2004). Cognitive changes during prolonged exposure versus prolonged exposure plus cognitive restructuring in female assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, doi: / x Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6, doi: /jts Gallagher, M. W., & Resick, P. A. (2012). Mechanisms of change in cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Preliminary evidence for the differential effects of hopelessness and habituation. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, doi: /s Harvey, A. G., Bryant, R. A., & Tarrier, N. (2003). Cognitive behaviour therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 23, doi: /s (03) Kenny, D. A., Korchmaros, J. D., & Bolger, N. (2003). Lower level mediation in multilevel models. Psychological Methods, 8, doi: / x Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, doi: /archpsyc Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, doi: / archpsyc King, D. W., King, L. A., McArdle, J. J., Shalev, A. Y., & Doron-LaMarca, S. (2009). Sequential temporal dependencies in associations between symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder: An application of bivariate latent difference score structural equation modeling. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44, doi: / Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998). Introducing multilevel modeling. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Loas, G. (1996). Vulnerability to depression: A model centered on anhedonia. Journal of Affective Disorders, 41, doi: / (96) Lobbestael, J., Leurgans, M., & Arntz, A. (2011). Inter-rater reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV Axis I Disorders (SCID I) and Axis II Disorders (SCID II). Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 18, doi: /cpp.693 MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007). Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODLIN. Behavior Research Methods, 39, doi: /BF Moscovitch, D. A., Hofmann, S. G., Suvak, M. K., & In-Albon, T. (2005). Mediation of changes in anxiety and depression during treatment of social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, doi: / x Powers, M. B., Halpern, J. M., Ferenschak, M. P., Gillihan, S. J., & Foa, E. B. (2010). A meta-analytic review of prolonged exposure for posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, doi: /j.cpr Rauch, S. A. M., Defever, E., Favorite, T., Duroe, A., Garrity, C., Martis, B., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Prolonged exposure for PTSD in a Veterans Health Administration PTSD clinic. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22, doi: /jts Raudenbush, S. W. (2001). Comparing personal trajectories and drawing causal inferences from longitudinal data. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, doi: /annurev.psych Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, doi: / x Rothbaum, B. O., Cahill, S. P., Foa, E. B., Davidson, J. R. T., Compton, J., Connor, K. M.,... Hahn, C.-G. (2006). Augmentation of sertraline with prolonged exposure in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 19, doi: /jts Schindel-Allon, I., Aderka, I. M., Shahar, G., Stein, M., & Gilboa- Schechtman, E. (2010). Longitudinal associations between posttraumatic distress and depressive symptoms following a traumatic event: A test of three models. Psychological Medicine, 40, doi: /S Shalev, A. Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S. P., & Pitman, R. K. (1998). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, Tuerk, P. W., Yoder, M., Grubaugh, A., Myrick, H., Hamner, M., & Acierno, R. (2011). Prolonged exposure therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: An examination of treatment effectiveness for veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, doi: /j.janxdis Received July 3, 2011 Revision received October 31, 2012 Accepted November 27, 2012
2005, Vol. 73, No. 5, 953 964 0022-006X/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.953. Elna Yadin. University of Pennsylvania
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Copyright 2005 by the American Psychological Association 2005, Vol. 73, No. 5, 953 964 0022-006X/05/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.953 Randomized Trial
More informationCognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD. Dr. Edna B. Foa
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for PTSD Presented by Dr. Edna B. Foa Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety University of Pennsylvania Ref # 3 Diagnosis of PTSD Definition of a Trauma The person has
More informationFACT SHEET. What is Trauma? TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE FOR WORKING WITH HOMELESS VETERANS
FACT SHEET TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE FOR WORKING WITH HOMELESS VETERANS According to SAMHSA 1, trauma-informed care includes having a basic understanding of how trauma affects the life of individuals seeking
More informationCognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Clinical Focus Primary Psychiatry. 2003;10(5):78-83 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Sherry A. Falsetti, PhD Focus Points There are several effective cognitive-behavior
More informationProlonged Exposure for PTSD in a Veterans Health Administration PTSD Clinic
Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 22, No. 1, February 2009, pp. 60 64 ( C 2009) BRIEF REPORT Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in a Veterans Health Administration PTSD Clinic Sheila A. M. Rauch Mental Health
More informationLisa R. Fortuna, MD, MPH Michelle V. Porche, Ed. D Sripallavi Morampudi, MBBS Stanley Rosenberg, PhD Douglas Ziedonis, MD, MPH
CBT for Youth with Co-Occurring Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Substance Disorders Lisa R. Fortuna, MD, MPH Michelle V. Porche, Ed. D Sripallavi Morampudi, MBBS Stanley Rosenberg, PhD Douglas Ziedonis,
More informationTreatment of PTSD and Comorbid Disorders
TREATMENT GUIDELINES Treatment of PTSD and Comorbid Disorders Guideline 18 Treatment of PTSD and Comorbid Disorders Description Approximately 80% of people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have
More informationARTICLE IN PRESS. Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? Short communication
DTD 5 ARTICLE IN PRESS Addictive Behaviors xx (2004) xxx xxx Short communication Predicting alcohol and drug abuse in Persian Gulf War veterans: What role do PTSD symptoms play? Jillian C. Shipherd a,b,
More informationInterventions to reduce psychological distress and their effectiveness
and non prescribed medication. These behaviours are independently associated with poor mental and physical health (Resnick et al., 1997). Patterns of utilisation of different forms of health care reveal
More informationMechanisms of change in cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy for depression: preliminary results from an ongoing trial
Mechanisms of change in cognitive therapy and interpersonal therapy for depression: preliminary results from an ongoing trial Marcus Huibers and Lotte Lemmens Department of Clinical Psychological Science,
More informationUnit 4: Personality, Psychological Disorders, and Treatment
Unit 4: Personality, Psychological Disorders, and Treatment Learning Objective 1 (pp. 131-132): Personality, The Trait Approach 1. How do psychologists generally view personality? 2. What is the focus
More informationThree Essential Pieces for Solving the Anxiety Puzzle
April 13, 2012 Three Essential Pieces for Solving the Anxiety Puzzle Simon A Rego, PsyD, ABPP, ACT Michelle A Blackmore, PhD Montefiore Medical Center Albert Einstein College of Medicine Agenda O Cognitive-behavioral
More informationWHAT IS PTSD? A HANDOUT FROM THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR PTSD BY JESSICA HAMBLEN, PHD
WHAT IS PTSD? A HANDOUT FROM THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR PTSD BY JESSICA HAMBLEN, PHD Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that can occur following the experience or witnessing of a
More informationUnderstanding PTSD and the PDS Assessment
ProFiles PUTTING ASSESSMENTS TO WORK PDS TEST Understanding PTSD and the PDS Assessment Recurring nightmares. Angry outbursts. Easily startled. These are among the many symptoms associated with Post Traumatic
More informationCHAPTER 6 Diagnosing and Identifying the Need for Trauma Treatment
CHAPTER 6 Diagnosing and Identifying the Need for Trauma Treatment This chapter offers mental health professionals: information on diagnosing and identifying the need for trauma treatment guidance in determining
More informationA One Year Study Of Adolescent Males With Aggression and Problems Of Conduct and Personality: A comparison of MDT and DBT
A One Year Study Of Adolescent Males With Aggression and Problems Of Conduct and Personality: A comparison of MDT and DBT Jack A. Apsche, Christopher K. Bass and Marsha-Ann Houston Abstract This study
More informationPsychotherapeutic Interventions for Children Suffering from PTSD: Recommendations for School Psychologists
Psychotherapeutic Interventions for Children Suffering from PTSD: Recommendations for School Psychologists Julie Davis, Laura Lux, Ellie Martinez, & Annie Riffey California Sate University Sacramento Presentation
More informationUncertainty: Was difficulty falling asleep and hypervigilance related to fear of ventricular tachycardia returning, or fear of being shocked again?
Manuel Tancer, MD Chart Review: PTSD PATIENT INFO 55 Age: Background: Overweight nurse with 6-month history of nightmares, hyperarousal, and flashbacks; symptoms began after implanted defibrillator was
More informationPsychosocial treatment of late-life depression with comorbid anxiety
Psychosocial treatment of late-life depression with comorbid anxiety Viviana Wuthrich Centre for Emotional Health Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia Why Comorbidity? Comorbidity is Common Common disorders,
More informationTreatment for PTSD and Substance Use Problems in Veterans
Treatment for PTSD and Substance Use Problems in Veterans Charity Hammond, Ph.D. PTSD/SUD Psychologist Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center Houston, Texas Goals of workshop Define Posttraumatic Stress
More informationTreatment of Rape-related PTSD in the Netherlands: Short intensive cognitivebehavioral
Treatment of Rape-related PTSD in the Netherlands: Short intensive cognitivebehavioral programs Agnes van Minnen October 2009 University of Nijmegen Clinic of Anxiety Disorders Acknowledgements: We kindly
More informationADAA Master Clinician Workshop April 4, 2013 Melanie Harned, Ph.D. Treating PTSD in Suicidal and Self-Injuring Clients with BPD
TREATING PTSD IN SUICIDAL AND SELF-INJURING CLIENTS WITH BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics University of Washington Disclosures This work is funded by the National
More informationMelanie Harned, Ph.D.
INTEGRATING TREATMENT FOR PTSD INTO DIALECTICAL BEHAVIOR THERAPY FOR BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER Melanie Harned, Ph.D. Funded by R34MH082143 Behavioral Research and Therapy Clinics University of Washington
More informationCo-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders. Joy Chudzynski, PsyD UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs
Co-Occurring Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders Joy Chudzynski, PsyD UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs Introduction Overview of the evolving field of Co-Occurring Disorders Addiction and
More informationGuidelines for Mental Health Practitioners
Normality of Trauma Response Guidelines for Mental Health Practitioners Our understanding of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder has changed dramatically over the past 10 years. We now recognize that it is
More informationTrauma Center Assessment Package
Page 1 of 8 Last Updated March, 2011 Trauma Center Assessment Package The Trauma Center has developed a package of self-administered questionnaires that assess psychological traumas and their sequelae,
More informationPsychosocial Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Edna B. Foa Psychosocial Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Edna B. Foa, Ph.D. Immediately after experiencing a traumatic event, many people have symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
More informationEvidence Based Treatment for PTSD during Pregnancy:
Evidence Based Treatment for PTSD during Pregnancy: What prenatal care providers need to know Robin Lange, Ph.D. Why bother? PTSD in pregnant mothers has been associated with: Shorter gestation Lower birth
More informationInternational Association of Chiefs of Police, Orlando October 26, 2014
International Association of Chiefs of Police, Orlando If I dodged the bullet, why am I bleeding?" Manifestations of exposure trauma in emergency responders who do not have Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
More informationFrequent Physical Activity and Anxiety in Veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars. Brian Betthauser Mesa Community College
Frequent Physical Activity and Anxiety in Veterans of the Afghanistan and Iraq Wars Brian Betthauser Mesa Community College Literature Review 1) Physical activity in postdeployment OIF/OEF veteran using
More informationPost Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Karen Elmore MD Robert K. Schneider MD Revised 5-11-2001 by Robert K. Schneider MD
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Karen Elmore MD Robert K. Schneider MD Revised 5-11-2001 by Robert K. Schneider MD Definition and Criteria PTSD is unlike any other anxiety disorder. It requires that
More informationChallenges to Detection and Management of PTSD in Primary Care
Challenges to Detection and Management of PTSD in Primary Care Karen H. Seal, MD, MPH University of California, San Francisco San Francisco VA Medical Center General Internal Medicine Section PTSD is Prevalent
More informationProlonged Exposure Therapy. PE- The Basics
Prolonged Exposure Therapy PE- The Basics Purpose of Presentation Introduce the core concepts of PE Gain a basic understanding of session structure in PE Entice you to consider seeking more in depth training
More informationTreatment of Combat-related PTSD with Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
Treatment of Combat-related PTSD with Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy LTC(P) Michael J. Roy, M.D., M.P.H. Director, Division of Military Medicine Professor of Medicine Uniformed Services University Bethesda,
More informationPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and TBI. Kyle Haggerty, Ph.D.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and TBI Kyle Haggerty, Ph.D. Learning Objects What is Brain Injury What is PTSD Statistics What to Rule Out PTSD and TBI Treatment Case Study What is Brain Injury
More informationPost Traumatic Stress Disorder & Substance Misuse
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder & Substance Misuse Produced and Presented by Dr Derek Lee Consultant Chartered Clinical Psychologist Famous Sufferers. Samuel Pepys following the Great Fire of London:..much
More informationTraumatic Stress. and Substance Use Problems
Traumatic Stress and Substance Use Problems The relation between substance use and trauma Research demonstrates a strong link between exposure to traumatic events and substance use problems. Many people
More informationUNDERSTANDING CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS. Frances A. Campbell MSN, PMH CNS-BC, CARN Michael Beatty, LCSW, NCGC-1 Bridge To Hope November 18, 2015
UNDERSTANDING CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS Frances A. Campbell MSN, PMH CNS-BC, CARN Michael Beatty, LCSW, NCGC-1 Bridge To Hope November 18, 2015 CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS What does it really mean CO-OCCURRING
More informationTREATING ASPD IN THE COMMUNITY: FURTHERING THE PD OFFENDER STRATEGY. Jessica Yakeley Portman Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust
TREATING ASPD IN THE COMMUNITY: FURTHERING THE PD OFFENDER STRATEGY Jessica Yakeley Portman Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust Treating the untreatable? Lack of evidence base for ASPD Only
More informationPTSD, Opioid Dependence, and EMDR: Treatment Considerations for Chronic Pain Patients
PTSD, Opioid Dependence, and EMDR: Treatment Considerations for Chronic Pain Patients W. Allen Hume, Ph.D.,C.D.P. Licensed Psychologist www.drallenhume.com October 2, 2007 COD client with PTSD seeking
More informationMinnesota Co-occurring Mental Health & Substance Disorders Competencies:
Minnesota Co-occurring Mental Health & Substance Disorders Competencies: This document was developed by the Minnesota Department of Human Services over the course of a series of public input meetings held
More informationScreening for Trauma Histories, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Subthreshold PTSD in Psychiatric Outpatients
Psychological Assessment Copyright 2002 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2002, Vol. 14, No. 4, 467 471 1040-3590/02/$5.00 DOI: 10.1037//1040-3590.14.4.467 Screening for Trauma Histories,
More informationRisk Factors in the Development of Anxiety Disorders: Negative Affectivity. Peter J. Norton, Ph.D.
Negative Affectivity 1 Running Head: NEGATIVE AFFECTIVITY Risk Factors in the Development of Anxiety Disorders: Negative Affectivity Peter J. Norton, Ph.D. University of Houston and UH Anxiety Disorder
More informationHow Emotional/ Psychological Trauma Affects the Body
How Emotional/ Psychological Trauma Affects the Body Objectives: Define trauma What is the relationship between physical health and PTSD? Identify how trauma is assessed/screened How can family members
More informationPsychology Externship Program
Psychology Externship Program The Washington VA Medical Center (VAMC) is a state-of-the-art facility located in Washington, D.C., N.W., and is accredited by the Joint Commission on the Accreditation of
More informationDissemination of Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Journal of Traumatic Stress, Vol. 19, No. 5, October 2006, pp. 597 610 ( C 2006) Dissemination of Exposure Therapy in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Shawn P. Cahill, Edna B. Foa, and Elizabeth
More informationUsing Dialectical Behavioural Therapy with Eating Disorders. Dr Caroline Reynolds Consultant Psychiatrist Richardson Eating Disorder Service
Using Dialectical Behavioural Therapy with Eating Disorders Dr Caroline Reynolds Consultant Psychiatrist Richardson Eating Disorder Service Contents What is dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT)? How has
More informationApplied Psychology. Course Descriptions
Applied Psychology s AP 6001 PRACTICUM SEMINAR I 1 CREDIT AP 6002 PRACTICUM SEMINAR II 3 CREDITS Prerequisites: AP 6001: Successful completion of core courses. Approval of practicum site by program coordinator.
More informationThe relationship among alcohol use, related problems, and symptoms of psychological distress: Gender as a moderator in a college sample
Addictive Behaviors 29 (2004) 843 848 The relationship among alcohol use, related problems, and symptoms of psychological distress: Gender as a moderator in a college sample Irene Markman Geisner*, Mary
More informationMental Health Needs Assessment Personality Disorder Prevalence and models of care
Mental Health Needs Assessment Personality Disorder Prevalence and models of care Introduction and definitions Personality disorders are a complex group of conditions identified through how an individual
More informationAbnormal Psychology PSY-350-TE
Abnormal Psychology PSY-350-TE This TECEP tests the material usually taught in a one-semester course in abnormal psychology. It focuses on the causes of abnormality, the different forms of abnormal behavior,
More informationClinical Treatment Protocol For The Integrated Treatment of Pathological Gamblers. Presented by: Harlan H. Vogel, MS, NCGC,CCGC, LPC
Clinical Treatment Protocol For The Integrated Treatment of Pathological Gamblers Presented by: Harlan H. Vogel, MS, NCGC,CCGC, LPC Purpose of Presentation To provide guidelines for the effective identification,
More informationWhat is Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)?
What is Narrative Exposure Therapy (NET)? Overview NET is a culturally universal short-term intervention used for the reduction of traumatic stress symptoms in survivors of organised violence, torture,
More informationApplying ACT to Cases of Complex Depression: New Clinical and Research Perspectives
Applying ACT to Cases of Complex Depression: New Clinical and Research Perspectives Part I: Depression with Psychosis and Suicidality Brandon Gaudiano, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry Grant Support:
More informationStatistics on Women in the Justice System. January, 2014
Statistics on Women in the Justice System January, 2014 All material is available though the web site of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS): http://www.bjs.gov/ unless otherwise cited. Note that correctional
More informationExecutive Summary. 1. What is the temporal relationship between problem gambling and other co-occurring disorders?
Executive Summary The issue of ascertaining the temporal relationship between problem gambling and cooccurring disorders is an important one. By understanding the connection between problem gambling and
More informationEffect of mental health on long-term recovery following a Road Traffic Crash: Results from UQ SuPPORT study
1 Effect of mental health on long-term recovery following a Road Traffic Crash: Results from UQ SuPPORT study ACHRF 19 th November, Melbourne Justin Kenardy, Michelle Heron-Delaney, Jacelle Warren, Erin
More informationInstitution Dates Attended Major Subject Degree
Mary Ann Donaldson EDUCATION Institution Dates Attended Major Subject Degree Morningside College 9/69-6/71 Psychology ------ University of Minnesota 9/71-6/73 Psychology & Social Work B.A. University of
More informationTITLE: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness
TITLE: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Review of the Clinical and Cost-Effectiveness DATE: 21 January 2010 CONTEXT AND POLICY ISSUES: An estimated 5% of males and 10%
More informationA PROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REASONS FOR DRINKING AND DSM-IV ALCOHOL-USE DISORDERS
Pergamon Addictive Behaviors, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 41 46, 1998 Copyright 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd Printed in the USA. All rights reserved 0306-4603/98 $19.00.00 PII S0306-4603(97)00015-4 A PROSPECTIVE
More informationDivision of Child and Family Services Treatment Plan Goal Status Review Aggregate Report
I. Introduction Division of Child and Family Services Treatment Plan Goal Status Review Aggregate Report The more efficient and effective the delivery of our services, the greater our opportunity for realizing
More informationSubstance Abuse and Sexual Violence:
Substance Abuse and Sexual Violence: The Need for Integration When Treating Survivors Kelli Hood, M.A. Objective To understand the necessity for therapeutic strategies in clients with cooccurring Substance
More informationTreatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: A review
bs_bs_banner International Journal of Mental Health Nursing (2014) 23, 42 50 doi: 10.1111/inm.12007 Feature Article Treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with severe mental illness: A
More informationMaster of Arts in Psychology: Counseling Psychology
Deanship of Graduate Studies King Saud University Master of Arts in Psychology: Counseling Psychology Department of Psychology College of Education Master of Arts in Psychology: Counseling Psychology 2007/2008
More information4/25/2015. Traumatized People, Service Delivery Systems, and Learning from 9/11 (NYC)
Traumatized People, Service Delivery Systems, and Learning from 9/11 (NYC) Ryan Edlind MS, MSW, LISW-S April 29, 2015 Traumatized People, Service Delivery Systems, and Learning from 9/11 (NYC) Ryan Edlind
More informationDepression Assessment & Treatment
Depressive Symptoms? Administer depression screening tool: PSC Depression Assessment & Treatment Yes Positive screen Safety Screen (see Appendix): Administer every visit Neglect/Abuse? Thoughts of hurting
More informationIn the past decade, women have come to play an increasing
JOURNAL OF WOMEN S HEALTH Volume 19, Number 4, 2010 ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089=jwh.2009.1389 Female Veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan Seeking Care from VA Specialized PTSD Programs: Comparison
More informationHelping Heroes Come Home
Helping Heroes Come Home Harris County Veterans Court May 30, 2012 Honorable Discharge, on active duty or in reserves Have pending eligible felony offense Be a legal resident of/or citizen of the United
More informationSPECIALIST ARTICLE A BRIEF GUIDE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES
SPECIALIST ARTICLE A BRIEF GUIDE TO PSYCHOLOGICAL THERAPIES Psychological therapies are increasingly viewed as an important part of both mental and physical healthcare, and there is a growing demand for
More information`çããçå=jéåí~ä= aáëçêçéêëw=^åñáéíó=~åç= aééêéëëáçå. aêk=`=f=lâçåü~ jéçáå~ä=aáêéåíçê lñäé~ë=kep=cçìåç~íáçå=qêìëí=
`çããçå=jéåí~ä= aáëçêçéêëw=^åñáéíó=~åç= aééêéëëáçå aêk=`=f=lâçåü~ jéçáå~ä=aáêéåíçê lñäé~ë=kep=cçìåç~íáçå=qêìëí= Overview: Common Mental What are they? Disorders Why are they important? How do they affect
More informationPeers in Co-Occurring Services: Impact on Fidelity. Jennifer Harrison, LMSW, CAADC Jennifer.harrison@wmich.edu
Peers in Co-Occurring Services: Impact on Fidelity Jennifer Harrison, LMSW, CAADC Jennifer.harrison@wmich.edu Introduction Co-Occurring Disorders >50% with a Serious Mental Illness (SMI) also have a Substance
More informationPOST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PTSD Diagnostic Criteria PTSD Detection and Diagnosis PC-PTSD Screen PCL-C Screen PTSD Treatment Treatment Algorithm
E-Resource March, 2014 POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER PTSD Diagnostic Criteria PTSD Detection and Diagnosis PC-PTSD Screen PCL-C Screen PTSD Treatment Treatment Algorithm Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
More informationViolence and Risk of PTSD, Major Depression, Substance Abuse/Dependence, and Comorbidity: Results From the National Survey of Adolescents
Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 71, No. 4, 692 700 0022-006X/03/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.71.4.692 Violence and
More informationAusten Riggs Center Patient Demographics
Number of Patients Austen Riggs Center Patient Demographics Patient Gender Patient Age at Admission 80 75 70 66 Male 37% 60 50 56 58 48 41 40 Female 63% 30 20 10 18 to 20 21 to 24 25 to 30 31 to 40 41
More informationPsychiatric Comorbidity in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients
Psychiatric Comorbidity in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients Suzette Glasner-Edwards, Ph.D. UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs August11 th, 2010 Overview Comorbidity in substance users Risk factors
More informationWhat happens to depressed adolescents? A beyondblue funded 3 9 year follow up study
What happens to depressed adolescents? A beyondblue funded 3 9 year follow up study Amanda Dudley, Bruce Tonge, Sarah Ford, Glenn Melvin, & Michael Gordon Centre for Developmental Psychiatry & Psychology
More informationWhat are Cognitive and/or Behavioural Psychotherapies?
What are Cognitive and/or Behavioural Psychotherapies? Paper prepared for a UKCP/BACP mapping psychotherapy exercise Katy Grazebrook, Anne Garland and the Board of BABCP July 2005 Overview Cognitive and
More informationindicates that the relationship between psychosocial distress and disability in patients with CLBP is not uniform.
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is one of the most prevalent health problems in western societies. The prognosis of CLBP is poor, as indicated by very low rate of resolution, even with treatment. In CLBP,
More informationChronic Pain in Patients with Alcohol or Drug Use Disorders. Mark Ilgen Elizabeth Haas Linda Webster Stephen Chermack Kristen Barry Frederic Blow
Chronic Pain in Patients with Alcohol or Drug Use Disorders Mark Ilgen Elizabeth Haas Linda Webster Stephen Chermack Kristen Barry Frederic Blow Overview Background information on overlap between pain
More informationPost-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Post traumatic stress disorder is a condition where you have recurring distressing memories, flashbacks, and other symptoms after suffering a traumatic event. Treatment
More informationResick, P.A., & Schnicke, M.K. (1996). Cognitive Processing Therapy for Rape Victims: A Treatment Manual. Newbury Park. Sage Publications.
Major Depressive Disorder: A Condition That Frequently Co-Occurs with PTSD Janice L. Krupnick, Ph.D. Professor of Psychiatry Georgetown University School of Medicine An important consideration in understanding
More informationRachel A. Klein, Psy.D Licensed Clinical Psychologist (610) 368-4041 rachel.klein81@gmail.com
Rachel A. Klein, Psy.D Licensed Clinical Psychologist (610) 368-4041 rachel.klein81@gmail.com EDUCATION Widener University, Institute of Graduate Clinical Psychology, Doctor of Psychology, 5/2012 Widener
More informationTrauma Focused Coping (Multimodality Trauma Treatment)
Trauma Focused Coping (Multimodality Trauma Treatment) Trauma Focused Coping (TFC), sometimes called Multimodality Trauma Treatment, is a school-based group intervention for children and adolescents in
More informationOvercoming the Trauma of Your Motor Vehicle Accident
Overcoming the Trauma of Your Motor Vehicle Accident Chapter 1 Introductory Information for Therapists Case Study: Mary The day had begun like any other. Mary was on her way to work early in the morning.
More informationStrengths-Based Interventions Empower Underserved African American Women Sex Workers
Strengths-Based Interventions Empower Underserved African American Women Sex Workers Hilary L. Surratt, Ph.D., Leah M. Varga, & Steven P. Kurtz, Ph.D. Nova Southeastern University, Center for Research
More informationAcute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Key Messages Traumatic Events Events that involve actual or threatened death or serious injury (real or perceived) to self or others (e.g., accidents,
More informationThere are several types of trauma that can occur when people experience difficult life changing
Trauma Informed Services Part 1 The Hidden Aspect of Addiction Many individuals struggling with addiction have personal and family histories of trauma including sexual, emotional, and/or physical abuse
More informationChildren s Community Health Plan INTENSIVE IN-HOME MENTAL HEALTH / SUBSTANCE ABUSE SERVICES ASSESSMENT AND RECOVERY / TREATMENT PLAN ATTACHMENT
Children s Community Health Plan INTENSIVE IN-HOME MENTAL HEALTH / SUBSTANCE ABUSE SERVICES ASSESSMENT AND RECOVERY / TREATMENT PLAN ATTACHMENT Please fax with CCHP prior authorization form to 608-252-0853
More informationDr. Elizabeth Gruber Dr. Dawn Moeller. California University of PA. ACCA Conference 2012
Dr. Elizabeth Gruber Dr. Dawn Moeller California University of PA ACCA Conference 2012 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rpisdwsotu Dissociative Identity Disorder- case presentation Diagnostic criteria Recognize
More informationGuy S. Diamond, Ph.D.
Guy S. Diamond, Ph.D. Director, Center for Family Intervention Science at The Children s Hospital of Philadelphia Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine Center for Family Intervention
More informationPart II: Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy for Depression and Social Anxiety
Part II: Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy for Depression and Social Anxiety Kristy Dalrymple,, Ph.D. Alpert Medical School of Brown University & Rhode Island Hospital Third World Conference on ACT, RFT,
More informationCPD sample profile. 1.1 Full name: Counselling Psychologist early career 1.2 Profession: Counselling Psychologist 1.3 Registration number: PYLxxxxx
CPD sample profile 1.1 Full name: Counselling Psychologist early career 1.2 Profession: Counselling Psychologist 1.3 Registration number: PYLxxxxx 2. Summary of recent work experience/practice. I have
More informationSCREENING FOR CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS USING THE MODIFIED MINI SCREEN (MMS) USER S GUIDE. (Rev. 6/05)
SCREENING FOR CO-OCCURRING DISORDERS USING THE MODIFIED MINI SCREEN (MMS) USER S GUIDE (Rev. 6/05) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This user guide was developed by the NYS Practice Improvement Collaborative (PIC) under
More informationA Review of Conduct Disorder. William U Borst. Troy State University at Phenix City
A Review of 1 Running head: A REVIEW OF CONDUCT DISORDER A Review of Conduct Disorder William U Borst Troy State University at Phenix City A Review of 2 Abstract Conduct disorders are a complicated set
More informationPhD. IN (Psychological and Educational Counseling)
PhD. IN (Psychological and Educational Counseling) I. GENERAL RULES CONDITIONS: Plan Number 2012 1. This plan conforms to the regulations of the general frame of the programs of graduate studies. 2. Areas
More informationPE-Web: An online training program for providers in Prolonged Exposure for PTSD
PE-Web: An online training program for providers in Prolonged Exposure for PTSD Kenneth J. Ruggiero, Ph.D. Associate Director and Research Health Scientist HSR&D Center of Innovation, Ralph H. Johnson
More informationOCD & Anxiety: Helen Blair Simpson, M.D., Ph.D.
OCD & Anxiety: Symptoms, Treatment, & How to Cope Helen Blair Simpson, M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, Columbia University Director of the Anxiety Disorders Clinic, New York State Psychiatric
More informationCo-Occurring Disorders
Co-Occurring Disorders PACCT 2011 CAROLYN FRANZEN Learning Objectives List common examples of mental health problems associated with substance abuse disorders Describe risk factors that contribute to the
More informationGail Low, David Jones and Conor Duggan. Rampton Hospital, U.K. Mick Power. University of Edinburgh, U.K. Andrew MacLeod
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 2001, 29, 85 92 Cambridge University Press. Printed in the United Kingdom THE TREATMENT OF DELIBERATE SELF-HARM IN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER USING DIALECTICAL
More informationM.A. DEGREE EXAMINATION, DECEMBER 2009. First Year. Psychology. Answer any FIVE of the following questions. Each question carries 15 marks.
(DPSY 01) First Year Paper I GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 1. Explain the definition and scope of psychology. 2. Explain the patterns of brain and behavior in human psychology? 3. Write about perceptual constancy
More information