Chapter 1: Starting with Linux 3. Chapter 2: Creating the Perfect Desktop 15. Part I: Getting Off the Ground with Linux 1

Transcription

1

2 Introduction xxvii Part I: Getting Off the Ground with Linux 1 Chapter 1: Starting with Linux 3 Taking Your First Step 4 What Comes in Linux Systems? 4 What Do You Need to Get Started? 5 Starting Right Now 6 Trying KNOPPIX 6 Trying Damn Small Linux 8 Trying Other Linux Distributions 10 Understanding Linux.'. 10 What's So Great About Linux? 12 Summary 14 Chapter 2: Creating the Perfect Desktop 15 Starting with Your Linux Desktop 16 Step 1: Getting a Computer 17 Selecting Computer Hardware 17 Choosing Networking Hardware 18 Step 2: Installing Your Linux Desktop 18 Starting with a Fedora Desktop 19 Preparing to Install Extra Software 19 Checking Available Software 20 Step 3: Configuring Your Desktop 23 Step 4: Adding Applications 24 Choosing Office Applications 25 Choosing Games 26 Choosing Multimedia Applications 27 Choosing Internet Applications 27 Choosing Other Applications 28 Step 5: Transitioning from Windows 29 Getting Your Files from Windows to Linux 29 Getting Windows Content from the Local Disk 29 Getting Windows Content over the Network 30 Putting Content on Removable Media 30 Running Windows Applications in Linux 30 Summary 31

3 Part II: Running a Linux Desktop 33 Chapter 3: Getting into the Desktop Understanding Your Desktop 35 Starting the Desktop 36 Boot to the Desktop 36 Boot to Graphical Login 37 Boot to a Text Prompt 39 K Desktop Environment 40 Using the KDE Desktop 41 Managing Files with Dolphin and Konqueror 44 Using the Dolphin File Manager 45 Working with Files 46 Searching for Files 47 Creating New Files and Folders 48 Using the Konqueror Web Browser/File Manager 49 Using Bookmarking Features in Konqueror 50 Configuring Konqueror Options Managing the KDE Desktop 52 Managing Windows in the Taskbar 52 Moving Windows. 52 Resizing Windows 53 Pinning Windows on or Top Bottom 53 Using Virtual Desktops 53 Adding Widgets 53 Configuring the Desktop 54 The GNOME Desktop 56 Using the Metacity Window Manager 58 Using the GNOME Panels 59 Using the Applications and System Menus 60 Adding an Applet 60 Adding Another Panel '. 61 Adding an Application Launcher 61 Adding a Drawer 62 Changing Panel Properties 63 Using the Nautilus File Manager 63 3D Effects with A1GLX 66 Changing GNOME Preferences : 68 Exiting GNOME 69 Configuring Your Own Desktop 70 Configuring X 71 Creating a Working X Configuration File 71 Getting New X Drivers 72 Tuning Up Your X Configuration File 73 Choosing a Window Manager 75 Choosing Your Personal Window Manager 77 Getting More Information 78 Summary 78

4 Chapter 4: ing and Web Browsing 79 Using 79 Choosing an Client 79 Getting Here from Windows 81 Getting Started with ...: 82 Tuning Up 84 Reading with Thunderbird : Setting Up an Account 85 Connecting to the Mail Server Managing Incoming Mail 87 Composing and Sending Mail 88 Filtering Mail and Catching Spam 89 Managing in Evolution.90 Receiving, Composing, and Sending 91 Managing with Search Folders : 93 Filtering Messages 94 Reading with SeaMonkey Mail 94 Working with Text-based Readers 95 Mutt Mail Reader 96 Mail Reader : 96 Choosing a Web Browser 96 Exploring the SeaMonkey Suite 97 Using Firefox 99 Setting Up Firefox 100 Setting Firefox Preferences 100 Adding Add-ons and Plug-ins 102 Changing Firefox Themes 105 Securing Firefox 105 Tips for Using Firefox 106 Using Firefox Controls 107 Improving Firefox Browsing by Adding a Preferences Toolbar 108 Doing Cool Things with Firefox 109 Blocking Pop-ups 109 Using Tabbed Browsing 109 Resizing Web Page Text 109 Using Text-Based Web Browsers 110 Summary ; HI Chapter 5: Playing Music, Video, Photos, and Games 113 Running Multimedia Servers 114 Using Totem for Audio and Video ; 115 Adding Audio/Video Support to Totem 115 Using Totem as a Movie Player 116 Playing Music in Linux... ; 117 ^Playing Music with Rhythmbox 118

5 Playing Music with the XMMS Multimedia Player 120 Using the Equalizer Using the Playlist Editor 122 Managing Music on your ipod with gtkpod 123 Installing and Starting gtkpod ipod Manager 123 Using gtkipod ipod Manager, Recording and Ripping Music 125 Creating an Audio CD with cdrecord 125 Ripping CDs with Grip 126 Playing Videos 128 Exploring Codecs 128 Watching Video with xine 130 Using xine 131 Creating Playlists with xine 131 xine Tips 132 Working with Images 133 Managing Images in Shotwell Photo Manager 133 Manipulating Images with GIMP 135 Acquiring Screen Captures 137 Playing Games on Linux 138 Jumping into Linux Gaming 138 Finding Linux Games 139 Basic Linux Gaming Information 140 Getting Started with Commercial Games in Linux 142 Playing TransGaming and Cedega Games 142 Summary 144 Part III: Learning System Administration Skills 145 Chapter 6: Starting with System Administration 147 Graphical Administration Tools 147 Using Web-Based Administration 148 Open Source Projects Offering Web Administration 148 The Webmin Administration Tool 149 Graphical Administration with Different Distributions 150 Fedora/RHEL system-config Tools 150 SUSE YaST Tools 152 Using the root Login Becoming root from the Shell (su Command) 154 Allowing Limited Administrative Access 155 Gaining Administrative Access with sudo 155 Exploring Administrative Commands, Configuration Files, and Log Files 157 Administrative Commands 157 Administrative Configuration Files 158 Administrative Log Files 162 Using Other Administrative Logins 163 Summary

6 Chapter 7: Installing Linux 165 Choosing a Linux Distribution 166 Getting Your Own Linux Distribution 167 Finding Another Linux Distribution 167 Understanding What You Need 168 Downloading the Distribution 169 Burning the Distribution to CD 170 Exploring Common Installation Topics Knowing Your Computer Hardware 171 Upgrading or Installing from Scratch 172 Dual Booting 173 Installing Linux to Run Virtually 174 Using Installation Boot Options 174 Partitioning Hard Drives 175 Understanding Different Partition Types 176 Partitioning During Fedora Installation 176 Reasons for Partitioning 179 Partitioning with fdisk 180 Tips for Creating Partitions 182 Using LILO or GRUB Boot Loaders 184 Booting Your Computer with GRUB 184 Booting with GRUB 185 Temporarily Changing.Boot Options 185 Permanently Changing Boot Options. 186 Adding a New GRUB Boot Image 188 Booting Your Computer with LILO 188 Changing Your Boot Loader 192 Configuring Networking 193 Configuring Other Administrative Features 194 Summary 195 Chapter 8: Running Commands from the Shell 197 Starting a Shell 198 Using the Shell Prompt 198 Using a Terminal Window 199 Using Virtual Terminals 200 Choosing Your Shell '. 200 Using bash (and Earlier sh) Shells 201 Using tcsh (and Earlier csh) Shells , Using ash 202 Using ksh.,.. Using zsh 202 Exploring the Shell 202 Checking.Your Login Session 203 Checking Directories and Permissions 204 Checking System Activity 206 Exiting the Shell 207

7 Using the Shell in Linux 207 Locating Commands 208 Rerunning Commands 211 Command-line Editing : 211 Command-line Completion..' 214 Command-line Recall ; 214 Connecting and Expanding Commands 216 Piping Commands 216 Sequential Commands 217 Background Commands 217 Expanding Commands ; 218 Expanding Arithmetic Expressions 218 Expanding Environment Variables 219 Creating Your Shell Environment 219 Configuring Your Shell 219 Setting Your Prompt 220 Adding Environment Variables 222 Understanding Common Shell Variables 222 Adding Aliases 224 Managing Background and Foreground Processes 225 Starting Background Processes 225 Using Foreground and Background Commands 226 Working with the Linux File System 227 Creating Files and Directories 229 Using Metacharacters and Operators 232 Using File-matching Metacharacters 232 Using File-Redirection Metacharacters 233 Understanding File Permissions 234 Moving, Copying, and Deleting Files 237 Using the vi Text Editor 237 Starting with vi 238 Moving Around the File 241 Searching for Text 241 Using Numbers with Commands 242 Learning More About vi 242 Summary 242 Chapter 9: Learning Basic Administration 243 Creating User Accounts ; 244 Adding Users with useradd 244 Setting User Defaults 247 Modifying Users with usermod 249 Deleting Users with userdel 250 Configuring Hardware : 251 Managing Removable Hardware 251

8 . Removable Contents Media on a GNOME Desktop '. 252 Removable Media on a SUSE KDE Desktop 254 "Working with Loadable Modules 254 Listing Loaded Modules 255 Loading Modules 256 Removing Modules 257 Monitoring System Performance 257 Doing Remote System Administration 259 Summary...: 260 Chapter 10: Managing Disks and File Systems 261 Partitioning Hard Disks 262 Mounting File Systems 264 Supported File Systems 265 Using the fstab File to Define Mountable File Systems 267 Using the mount Command to Mount File Systems 268 Mounting Removable Media 269 Mounting a Disk Image in loopback 269 Using the umount Command 270 Using the mkfs Command to Create a File System 270 Adding a Hard Disk 271 Checking System Space 274 Displaying System Space with df 274 Checking Disk Usage with du 275 Finding Disk Consumption with find 276 Summary 276 Chapter 11: Setting Up Networking 277 Connecting to the Network 278 Connecting via Dial-Up Service 278 Connecting a Single Wired Ethernet Card 279 Sharing a Network Connection with Other Computers 280 Connecting Servers 282 Connecting Other Equipment 283 Using Ethernet Connections to Connect to the Internet 284 Configuring Ethernet During Installation 285 Configuring Ethernet from the Desktop 285 Using Network Configuration GUI in Fedora '. 286 Identifying Other Computers (Hosts and DNS) 288 Understanding Your Internet Connection 290 Using Dial-Up to Connect to the Internet 292 Getting Information 292 Setting Up Dial-Up PPP 293 Creating a Dial-Up Connection with the Internet Configuration Wizard 294 Launching Your PPP Connection 296 Launching Your PPP Connection on Demand. 296

9 Checking Your PPP Connection 297 Checking That Your Modem Was Detected 297 Connecting to the Internet with Wireless Summary 300 Chapter 12: Using Network Tools 301 Running Commands to Browse the Web 301 Transferring Files 303 Downloading Files with wget 303 Transferring Files with curl 304 Transferring Files with FTP Commands 305 Using SSH Tools to Transfer Files 307 Copying Remote Files with scp 308 Copying Remote Files in sftp and lftp Sessions 308 Using Windows File Transfer Tools 309 Sharing Remote Directories 309 Sharing Remote Directories with NFS 309 Viewing NFS Shares 309 Mounting NFS Shares 310 Sharing Remote Directories with Samba 310 Viewing and Accessing Samba Shares 311 Mounting Samba (CIFS) Shares 312 Looking up Samba Hosts 313 Checking Samba Server Configuration 313 Sharing Remote Directories with SSHFS 314 Chatting with Friends in IRC 314 Using Text-based Clients 315 Managing with mail 316 Managing with mutt 317 Summary ; 318 Chapter 13: Securing Linux 319 Linux Security Checklist 320 Finding Distribution-Specific Security Resources 323 Finding General Security Resources..., 324 Using Linux Securely 324 Using Password Protection 325 Choosing Good Passwords 325, Using a Shadow Password File..327, Breaking Encrypted Passwords 327 Checking for the Shadow Password File 328 Using Log Files 329 The Role of syslogd 332, Redirecting Logs to a Loghost with syslogd 332 Understanding the Messages Log File 334

10 . then" do" Contents Using Secure Shell Tools the ssh Service 335 Starting Using the ssh, sftp, and scp Commands 335 Using ssh, scp, and sftp Without Passwords 337 Securing Linux Servers '. 338 Controlling Access to Services with TCP Wrappers 338 Understanding Attack Techniques, 341 Protecting Against Denial-of-Service Attacks 342 Mailbombing 342 Spam Relaying : 344 Smurf Amplification Attack 345 Protecting Against Distributed Denial-of-Service Attacks 345 Protecting Against Intrusion Attacks 350 Evaluating Access to Network Services 350 Disabling Network Services 351 Securing Servers with SELinux 353 Protecting Web Servers with Certificates and Encryption 353 Symmetric Cryptography 354 Asymmetric Cryptography 355 Secure Socket Layer 355 Using Security Tools from Linux Live CDs 363 Advantages of Security Live CDs 363 Using INSERT to Check for Rootkits : 364 Summary 365 Chapter 14: Creating Useful Shell Scripts 367 Understanding Shell Scripts 367. Executing and Debugging Shell Scripts 368 Understanding Shell Variables 369 Special Shell Variables 370 Parameter Expansion in bash 370 Performing Arithmetic in Shell Scripts 371 Using Programming Constructs in Shell Scripts 372 The "if. Statements 372 The case Command 375 The "for do"... Loop 376 The "while do" and "until Loops 377 Some Useful External Programs 378 The General Regular Expression Parser ; 378 Remove Sections of Lines of Text (cut) 378 Translate or Delete Characters (tr) 379 The Stream Editor (sed) 379 Trying Some Simple Shell Scripts 380 A Simple Telephone List 380 A Simple Backup Script 381 Summary 382

11 Part IV: Setting Up Linux Servers 383 Chapter 15: Running a Linux Web Server 385 Components of a Web Server (Apache, MySQL and PHP) 385 Apache.; 386 MySQL 386 PHP : 387 Setting Up Your Web Server 388 Installing Apache 388 Installing PHP 388 Installing MySQL 390 Operating Your Web Server 390 Editing Your Apache Configuration Files 391 Adding a Virtual Host to Apache 393 User Content and the UserDir Setting 395 Installing a Web Application: Coppermine Photo Gallery 395 Troubleshooting Your Web Server 398 Configuration Errors 398 Access Forbidden and Server Internal Errors 400 Securing Your Web Traffic with SSL/TLS 401 Generating Your SSL Keys 403 Configuring Apache to Support SSL/TLS 404 Summary 405 Chapter 16: Running a Mail Server 407 Internet 's Inner Workings 407 About the System and the Software Used 409 Preparing Your System 409 Configuring DNS for Direct Delivery 410 Configuring for Retrieval from a Mail Host : 411 Installing and Configuring the Mail Server Software 411 Installing Exim and Courier 412 Installing ClamAV and SpamAssassin 414 Testing and Troubleshooting 416 Checking Logs 416 Common Errors (and How to Fix Them) 417 Messages Rejected by Exim 417 Messages Not Delivered by Exirh 418 Login Failures when Connecting to Courier 419 Configuring Mail Clients 420 Configuring Fetchmail 420 Configuring Web-Based Mail 421 Securing Communications with SSL/TLS Summary 423

12 Chapter 17: Running a Print Server 425 Common UNIX Printing System 426 Setting Up Printers : 427 Using Wet>Based CUPS Administration 427 Using the Printer Configuration Window 431 Configuring Local Printers with the Printer Configuration Window 431 Configuring Remote Printers 435 Adding a Remote CUPS Printer 436 Adding a Remote UNIX Printer 436 Adding a Windows (SMB) Printer 436 Working with CUPS Printing 438 Configuring the CUPS Server (cupsd.conf) 438 Starting the CUPS Server 439 Configuring CUPS Printer Options Manually 440 Using Printing Commands 441 Printing with lpr 442 Listing Status with lpc 442 Removing Print Jobs with lprm 443 Configuring Print Servers 443 Configuring a Shared CUPS Printer 444 Configuring a Shared Samba Printer 445 Understanding smb.conf for Printing 445 Setting Up SMB Clients 446 Summary, 447 Chapter 18 : Running a File Server 449 Setting Up an NFS File Server 450 Getting NFS 451 Sharing NFS File Systems 452 Configuring the /etc/exports File 452 Exporting the Shared File Systems 456 Starting the nfs Daemons 456 Using NFS File Systems 457 Manually Mounting an NFS File System 457 Automatically Mounting an NFS File System 458 Using autofs to Mount NFS File Systems on Demand 461 Unmounting NFS File Systems 462 Other cool things to do with NFS 463 Understanding NFS security issues 464 Setting Up a Samba File Server 464 Getting and Installing Samba 466 Configuring Samba with SWAT 466 Turning on the SWAT Service 466 Starting with SWAT 467 Creating Global Samba Settings in SWAT 468 Configuring Shared Directories with SWAT 474 Checking Your Samba Setup with SWAT 476

13 Working with Samba Files and Commands 476 Editing the smb.conf File 476 Adding Samba Users 478 Starting the Samba Service 478 Testing your Samba Permissions 479 Checking the Status of Shared Directories 479 Using Samba Shared Directories 479 Using Samba from Nautilus 479 Mounting Samba Directories in Linux 480 Troubleshooting Your Samba Server., 480 Basic networking in Place? 480 Samba Service Running? 481 Firewall Open? 482 User Passwords Working? 482 Summary 483 Part V: Choosing and Installing Different Linux Distributions 485 Chapter 19: Running Ubuntu Linux 487 Overview ofubuntu 488 Ubuntu Releases 488 Ubuntu Installer 489 Ubuntu as a Desktop 490 Ubuntu as a Server 491 Ubuntu Spin-offs 492 Challenges Facing Ubuntu : 493 Installing Ubuntu 494 Getting Started with Ubuntu 497 Trying Out the Desktop 498 Adding More Software 500 Getting More Information About Ubuntu 502 Summary 502 Chapter 20: Running Fedora and Red Hat Enterprise Linux 503 Digging into Features 505 Red Hat Installer (Anaconda)...> 505 Custom Spins, Install Sets, and Live CDs 506 RPM Package Management 506 Latest Desktop Technology 507 System Configuration Tools 508 Going Forward with Red Hat Enterprise Linux.509 Red Hat Network and Satellite Servers 509 Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Red Hat Cloud Computing 510 Going Forward with Fedora 510 Growing Community Support for Fedora 511

14 Joining Fedora Special Interest Groups 511 Forums and Mailing Lists 512 Installing Fedora 512 Beginning the Installation 512 Running the Fedora Firstboot 515 Summary 515 Chapter 21: Running Debian GNU/Linux 517 Inside Debian GNU/Linux 518 Debian Packages 518 Debian Package Management Tools 519 Debian Releases Getting Help with Debian 521 Installing Debian GNU/Linux." 522 Hardware Requirements and Installation Planning 522 Workstations 523 Servers 523 Running the Installer 523 Managing Your Debian System 527 Configuring Network Connections 527 IP Networks: Ethernet and Wireless u 528 Dial-up PPP Connections 529 PPPoE Connections v Package Management Using APT 530 Managing the List of Package Repositories 531 Updating the APT Package Database 532 Finding and Installing Packages 532 Removing Packages 533 Upgrading your System 534 Package Management Using dpkg 534 Installing and Removing Packages 535 Querying the Package Database 535 Examining a Package File 536 Installing Package Sets (tasks) with tasksel 536 Alternatives, Diversions, and Stat Overrides 537 Managing Package Configuration with debconf 539 Summary 539 Chapter 22: Running SUSE and opensuse Linux 541 Understanding SUSE Linux Enterprise and opensuse 542 What's in SUSE Distributions? 543 Installation and Configuration with YaST 543 Rpm Package Management 546 Automated Software Updates 547 Installing opensuse : 548 Starting with opensuse 549 Summary : 550

15 Chapter 23: Running PCLinuxOS. 551 Starting with PCLinuxOS : ; 552 Discovering What's in PCLinuxOS 552 Adding More Applications 553 Installing PCLinuxOS, 555 Starting the Install 555 Configuring After Installation 556 Remastering PCLinuxOS 557 Summary 557 Chapter 24: Running Bootable Linux Distributions 559 Overview of Bootable Linux Distributions 560 Trying a Bootable Linux 561 Starting with KNOPPIX 562 Looking Inside KNOPPIX 562 Booting KNOPPIX 563 Correcting Boot Problems 564 Customizing KNOPPIX 567 Special Features and Workarounds 568 Showcasing Linux from a Live CD 569 Security and Rescue Bootables 569 BackTrack Network Security Suite 571 SystemRescueCd 571 KNOPPIX Security Tools Distribution 573 The Inside Security Rescue Toolkit 573 Demonstration Bootables 574 Multimedia Bootables 575 MoviX 575 GeeXboX 576 KnoppMyth 577 Tiny Desktops 577 Damn Small Linux 578 Puppy Linux 579 Special-Purpose Bootables 580 Customizing a Bootable Linux 581 Building a Live CD with Fedora 583 Summary 584 Part VI: Programming in Linux 585 Chapter 25: Programming Environments and Interfaces 587 Understanding Programming Environments 588 Using Linux Programming Environments 588 The Linux Development Environment 589 The Process Model 590

16 . Contents CPU and Memory Protection The Security Model Preemptive Multitasking'. 593, Multiuser by Design 594 Interprocess Communication. 595 The Building Blocks Philosophy Graphical Programming Environments 597 Eclipse: The Universal Tool Platform 597 KDevelop: KDE's IDE 599 Anjuta: An IDE for GTK/GNOME 600 Code Crusader 601 The Command-line Programming Environment 602 Linux Programming Interfaces 603 Creating Command-line Interfaces 604 Creating Text Applications with Ncurses 605 Creating Text Applications with S-Lang 608 Creating Graphical Interfaces 610 Application Programming Interfaces 612 Summary 616 Chapter 26: Programming Tools and Utilities 617 The Well-Stocked Toolkit 617 Using the GCC Compiler 618 Compiling Multiple Source Code Files 620 GCC Command-line Options '. 622 Automating-Builds with make 624 Library Utilities. 626 The nm Command 627 The ar Command 628 The ldd Command 629 The ldconfig Command 630 Environment Variables and Configuration Files 630 Source Code Control 631 Source Code Control Using RCS 631 Checking Files In and Out 632 Making Changes to Repository Files 633 Additional Command-line Options 634 Source Code Control with CVS 634 Debugging with GNU Debugger 638 Starting GDB. 639 Inspecting Code in the Debugger 642 Examining Data 643 Setting Breakpoints 644 Working with Source Code 646 : Summary, 646

17 Part VII: Appendix and License 647 Appendix: Media. 649 Finding Linux Distributions on the DVD 650 Fedora Linux 650 KNOPPIX Linux 650 Slackware Linux 650 Ubuntu Linux 651 AntiX Linux 651 BackTrack 3 Linux Security Suite 651 Gentoo Linux 651 opensuse Linux 652 PCLinuxOS 652 Inside Security Rescue Toolkit 652 Puppy Linux 652 Debian GNU/Linux 653 Damn Small Linux 653 SystemRescueCd 653 Coyote Linux 653 Tiny Core Linux 654 SLAX 654 CentOS 654 Creating Linux CDs or DVDs 654 Getting Source Code 656 GNU General Public License 659 Index 665