ELET4133: Embedded Systems
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1 ELET4133: Embedded Systems Topic 8 Inheritance (Standard Java)
2 One of the foundations of Object-Oriented Programming Allows you to create generic objects define the state and behavior of all related objects Generic traits inherited by subclasses variables and methods do not have to be re-written 2
3 The keyword extends Allows you to create a subclass that inherits variable and methods of a superclass 3
4 Example class Super { int a, b; A new class is created called Super void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); 4
5 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; A new class is created called Super Contains two variables and one method void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); 5
6 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; Keyword extends allows class Sub to inherit variables and methods of Super void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); 6
7 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; Class Sub now has three variables: a, b, and c void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); 7
8 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); And three methods 8
9 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); Create a new instance of the Super class Create a new instance of the Sub class superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); superobject.show(); 9
10 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); Set variables for Super class (Super has no c variable) subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); superobject.show(); 10
11 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); Set variables for Sub class (c declared in Sub, a and b declared in Super) superobject.show(); 11
12 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); superobject.show(); This method shows that the class Sub inherited the show() method Let s look at class definitions again 12
13 Example class Super { int a, b; Super class does not have a showc() or addem() method void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); 13
14 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; class Sub inherits the variables and methods declared in the Super class void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); 14
15 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); There is no declaration of a or b or the show() method in the Sub class 15
16 Example class Super { int a, b; void show () { System.out.println(" a = " + a + " and b = " + b); class Sub extends Super{ int c; void showc (){ System.out.println(" c = " + c); void addem (){ System.out.println(" The sum of a, b, and c is: " + (a+b+c)); There is no declaration of a or b or the show() method in the Sub class Back to the main() program 16
17 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; These show that the Sub class may use all of these methods and that its variables are separate from the Super class s variables System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); superobject.show(); 17
18 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); This is to show that the Super class s variables are unaffected by the Sub class s variables and methods superobject.show(); 18
19 Example class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Super superobject = new Super(); Sub subobject = new Sub(); superobject.a = 10; superobject.b = 25; System.out.println(" This is the superobject"); superobject.show(); subobject.a = 20; subobject.b = 30; subobject.c = 50; System.out.println(" This is the subobject"); subobject.show(); subobject.showc(); subobject.addem(); superobject.show(); This is to show that the Super class s variables are unaffected by the Sub class s variables and methods Let s look at the program s output.. 19
20 Example The Super object 20
21 Example The Super object The Sub object 21
22 A subclass inherits all of the members in its superclass that are accessible to that subclass A Superclass can explicitly hide members A Subclass may override a member of the superclass Constructors are not members and are not inherited by subclasses 22
23 The rules: Subclasses inherit those superclass members declared as public or protected. Subclasses inherit those superclass members declared with no access specifier as long as the subclass is in the same package as the superclass. Subclasses don't inherit a superclass's member if the subclass declares a member with the same name. Variables: the member variable in the subclass hides the one in the superclass. Methods: the method in the subclass overrides the one in the superclass. 23
24 The keyword super: can be used in two ways: call the superclass constructor for the subclass explicit use of the superclass s members 24
25 Example: We want to extend the Box class used in the previous topic to include a variable for weight class Box { double width, height, depth, vol; Box (double w, double h, double d) { width = w; height = h; depth = d; Box ( ) { width = 0; height = 0; depth = 0; Box (double x ) { width = height = depth = x; Box class declaration constructors 25
26 Example: Statement to do this: class boxw extends box { If we want to use the box constructors to create we would use the super keyword class boxw extends box { double weight; boxw (double w, double, h, double d, double w){ super(w, h, d); weight = w; Subclass constructor To do this, super( ) must be the first statement within the subclass s constructor 26
27 Many times that a subclass will want to hide one of the variables of a superclass It does this by having a variable of the same name. If the programmer then wants to reference the superclass s instance variable, the keyword super must be used. 27
28 Example: class Super { int a; Superclass definition class Sub extends Super { int a; Sub (int x, int y){ super.a = x; a = y; void show (){ System.out.println("a in the Superclass = + super.a + \n and a in the subclass = + a); class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(10, 20); subobject.show(); 28
29 Example: class Super { int a; class Sub extends Super { int a; Sub (int x, int y){ super.a = x; a = y; Subclass definition void show (){ System.out.println("a in the Superclass = + super.a + \n and a in the subclass = + a); class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(10, 20); subobject.show(); 29
30 Example: class Super { int a; class Sub extends Super { int a; Sub (int x, int y){ super.a = x; a = y; Hides a in Superclass void show (){ System.out.println("a in the Superclass = + super.a + \n and a in the subclass = + a); class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(10, 20); subobject.show(); 30
31 Example: class Super { int a; class Sub extends Super { int a; Sub (int x, int y){ super.a = x; a = y; Uses a in Superclass Uses a in Subclass void show (){ System.out.println("a in the Superclass = + super.a + \n and a in the subclass = + a); class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(10, 20); subobject.show(); 31
32 Example: class Super { int a; class Sub extends Super { int a; Sub (int x, int y){ super.a = x; a = y; void show (){ System.out.println("a in the Superclass = + super.a + \n and a in the subclass = + a); class SuperEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(10, 20); subobject.show(); Calls show() in Subclass to print both a in Superclass and a in Subclass 32
33 This program outputs the following statements: a in the Superclass = 10 and a in the subclass = 20 super can also be used to call overridden methods from the superclass 33
34 You can create a class hierarchy with as many levels of superclass/subclass as you would like Each successive subclass created inherits all of the variables and methods from the ancestors in the superclasses 34
35 Example: Mammals Sea Land quadruped biped ape human human would inherit all of the attributes and behaviors (variables and methods) of the biped, the land, and the mammal classes highest class in the hierarchy is the most generalized lowest class in the hierarchy is the most specialized 35
36 Example: Mammals Sea Land quadruped biped ape human Reduces the amount of code For instance, all mammals breathe air All levels of the hierarchy would inherit this method code would not have to be re-written 36
37 Method Overriding To override an ancestor s method, create a new method in the subclass with the exact same name and type signature The subclass s method will be called in place of the ancestor s method - it will be overridden If you need to call the ancestor s method, use the super keyword 37
38 Example Superclass class Super { int a, b ; Super (int x, int y) { a = x; b = y; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b); class Sub extends Super { int c; Sub (int x, int y, int z){ super(x, y); c = z; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b + and c = + c); 38
39 Example class Super { int a, b ; Super (int x, int y) { a = x; b = y; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b); class Sub extends Super { int c; Sub (int x, int y, int z){ super(x, y); c = z; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b + and c = + c); Superclass constructor 39
40 Example class Super { int a, b ; Super (int x, int y) { a = x; b = y; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b); class Sub extends Super { int c; Sub (int x, int y, int z){ super(x, y); c = z; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b + and c = + c); Superclass s displayvars() method (2 variables) 40
41 Example class Super { int a, b ; Super (int x, int y) { a = x; b = y; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b); class Sub extends Super { int c; Sub (int x, int y, int z){ super(x, y); c = z; void displayvars ( ) { Calls Superclass s constructor in Subclass s constructor System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b + and c = + c); Subclass Inherits all of Superclass s variables and methods 41
42 Example class Super { int a, b ; Super (int x, int y) { a = x; b = y; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b); class Sub extends Super { int c; Sub (int x, int y, int z){ super(x, y); c = z; void displayvars ( ) { System.out.println( a = + a + and b = + b + and c = + c); Subclass s displayvars() method overrides (3 vars) Superclass s displayvars() method (2 vars) 42
43 Example class OverEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(1, 2, 3); Program that uses subclass s displayvars() method subobject.displayvars(); Program Output Subclass s method (3 variables instead of two) 43
44 To access the displayvars() method in the superclass Call the superclass s method using the keyword super: super.displayvars(); or Create a superobject in the OverEx class and call it explicitly: superobject.displayvars(); Method overriding occurs only if: The names of the two methods are identical, and The type signature is identical 44
45 Suppose we changed the displayvars() method in the subclass declaration to include passing a String object void displayvars(string message) {.. Original had no parameters In this case the type signature of the two methods would be different, so the new method would overload the superclass s method not override it Call it if the parameters matched Call it in place of the other 45
46 Dynamic Method Dispatch Fancy name for a powerful java implementation of polymorphism A run-time decision of the JVM regarding which method to execute Decision based on a reference variable Not explicit statements Recall that a superclass reference variable may refer to a subclass object 46
47 When an overridden method is called through a superclass reference variable, the JVM determines which method to execute based on the type of object being referenced at the time class OverEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(1, 2, 3); Super refvar; refvar = superobject; refvar.displayvars(); Superclass reference variable refvar = subobject; refvar.displayvars(); 47
48 When an overridden method is called through a superclass reference variable, the JVM determines which method to execute based on the type of object being referenced at the time class OverEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(1, 2, 3); Super refvar; refvar = superobject; refvar.displayvars(); refvar = subobject; refvar.displayvars(); References the Superclass, so it calls the Superclass s method 48
49 When an overridden method is called through a superclass reference variable, the JVM determines which method to execute based on the type of object being referenced at the time class OverEx { public static void main (String args[ ] ) { Sub subobject = new Sub(1, 2, 3); Super refvar; refvar = superobject; refvar.displayvars(); refvar = subobject; refvar.displayvars(); References the Subclass, so it calls the Subclass s method 49
50 Abstract Classes You may want to create a framework for subclasses, but not fully implement them This will happen when a superclass cannot create a meaningful implementation of a method In this case you will have methods that must be overridden Declare an abstract method in the superclass If a method is declared an abstract method it must be overridden 50
51 Abstract Classes Limitations and restrictions that must be observed: 1. Any class that contains one or more abstract methods must also be declared abstract. 2. There can be no instances of an abstract class, but it may have a reference. 3. You cannot declare abstract constructors 4. You cannot declare abstract static methods 5. A subclass of an abstract class must implement all of the ancestor s methods or be declared abstract itself. 51
52 final: The keyword final was used earlier to create constants for java programs. The keyword final has two other uses: 1. Methods declared as final cannot be overridden 2. Classes Declared as final cannot have subclasses 52
53 The Object Class All objects in java are subclasses of the class Object Inherit many capabilities in java that they may not otherwise have Reference variable of type Object can refer to any other object Arrays and Strings are objects in java A reference variable of type Object can refer to any array or String 53
54 Object defines the following methods that are inherited by all objects created in java: Method Purpose Object clone( ) boolean equals (Object object) void finalize ( ) Class getclass ( ) int hashcode ( ) void notify( ) void notifyall( ) String tostring( ) void wait( ) void wait(long milliseconds ) void wait(long millisec, int nanosec ) Creates a new object that is a clone of the first Determines whether two object are equal Called before an unused object is recycled Obtains the class of an object at run-time Returns the hashcode associated with the object Resumes execution of a thread waiting on the invoking object Resumes execution of all threads waiting on the invoking object Returns a string that describes the object Waits on another thread of execution Waits on another thread of execution Waits on another thread of execution 54
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