CSC 474 Information Systems Security
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1 CSC 474 Information Systems Security Topic 4.2: IPsec CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 1 Outline IPsec Objectives IPsec architecture & concepts IPsec authentication header IPsec encapsulating security payload CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 2
2 IPsec Objectives Why do we need IPsec? IP V4 has no authentication IP spoofing Payload could be changed without detection. IP V4 has no confidentiality mechanism Eavesdropping Denial of service (DOS) attacks Cannot hold the attacker accountable due to the lack of authentication. CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 3 IPsec Objectives (cont d) IP layer security mechanism for IPv4 and IPv6 Not all applications need to be security aware Can be transparent to users Provide authentication and confidentiality mechanisms. CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 4
3 IPsec Architecture IPsec module 1 IPsec module 2 SPD SPD IKE IKE SAD IPsec SA IPsec SAD SPD: Security Policy Database; IKE: Internet Key Exchange; SA: Security Association; SAD: Security Association Database. CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 5 IPsec Architecture (Cont d) Two Protocols (Mechanisms) Authentication Header (AH) Encapsulating Security Payload () IKE Protocol Internet Key Management CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 6
4 IPsec Architecture (Cont d) Can be implemented in Host or gateway Can work in two Modes Tunnel mode Transport mode CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 7 Hosts & Gateways Hosts can implement IPsec to connect to: Other hosts in transport or tunnel mode Or Gateways in tunnel mode Gateways to gateways Tunnel mode CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 8
5 Tunnel Mode Encrypted Tunnel Gateway Gateway A Unencrypted Encrypted Unencrypted B New IP Header AH or Header Orig IP Header TCP Data CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 9 Tunnel Mode (Cont d) Outer IP header IPsec header Inner IP header Higher layer protocol Destination IPsec entity AH Real IP destination applies only to the tunneled packet AH can be applied to portions of the outer header CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 10
6 Transport Mode A Encrypted/Authenticated B New IP Header AH or Header TCP Data CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 11 Transport Mode (Cont d) IP header IP options IPsec header Higher layer protocol Real IP destination AH protects higher layer payload only AH can protect IP headers as well as higher layer payload CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 12
7 Security Association (SA) An association between a sender and a receiver Consists of a set of security related parameters E.g., sequence number, encryption key One way relationship Determine IPsec processing for senders Determine IPsec decoding for destination SAs are not fixed! Generated and customized per traffic flows CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 13 Security Parameters Index (SPI) A bit string assigned to an SA. Carried in AH and headers to enable the receiving system to select the SA under which the packet will be processed. 32 bits SPI + Dest IP address + IPsec Protocol Uniquely identifies each SA in SA Database (SAD) CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 14
8 SA Database (SAD) Holds parameters for each SA Sequence number counter Lifetime of this SA AH and information Tunnel or transport mode Every host or gateway participating in IPsec has their own SA database CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 15 SA Bundle More than 1 SA can apply to a packet Example: does not authenticate new IP header. How to authenticate? Use SA to apply w/out authentication to original packet Use 2 nd SA to apply AH CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 16
9 Security Policy Database (SPD) Decide What traffic to protect? Has incoming traffic been properly secured? Policy entries define which SA or SA Bundles to use on IP traffic Each host or gateway has their own SPD Index into SPD by Selector fields Selectors: IP and upper-layer protocol field values. Examples: Dest IP, Source IP, Transport Protocol, IPSec Protocol, Source & Dest Ports, CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 17 SPD Entry Actions Discard Do not let in or out Bypass Outbound: do not apply IPSec Inbound: do not expect IPSec Protect will point to an SA or SA bundle Outbound: apply security Inbound: security must have been applied CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 18
10 SPD Protect Action If the SA does not exist Outbound processing Trigger key management protocols to generate SA dynamically, or Request manual specification, or Other methods Inbound processing Drop packet CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 19 Outbound Processing Outbound packet (on A) IP Packet Is it for IPsec? If so, which policy entry to select? SPD (Policy) SA Database A B IPSec processing Determine the SA and its SPI SPI & IPsec Packet Send to B CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 20
11 Inbound Processing Inbound packet (on B) From A A B SPI & Packet SA Database SPD (Policy) Use SPI to index the SAD Was packet properly secured? un-process Original IP Packet CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 21 Authentication Header (AH) Data integrity Entire packet has not been tampered with Authentication Can trust IP address source Use MAC to authenticate Anti-replay feature Integrity check value CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 22
12 Integrity Check Value - ICV Message authentication code (MAC) calculated over IP header fields that do not change or are predictable IP header fields that are unpredictable are set to zero. IPsec AH header with the ICV field set to zero. Upper-level data Code may be truncated to first 96 bits CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 23 IPsec Authentication Header SAD Next Header (TCP/UDP) Payload Length 6-2=4 Reserved SPI Sequence Number ICV CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 24
13 Encapsulated Security Protocol () Confidentiality for upper layer protocol Partial traffic flow confidentiality (Tunnel mode only) Data origin authentication and connectionless integrity (optional) CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 25 Outbound Packet Processing Form payload Pad as necessary Encrypt result [payload, padding, pad length, next header] Apply authentication CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 26
14 Outbound Packet Processing... Sequence number generation Increment then use With anti-replay enabled, check for rollover and send only if no rollover With anti-replay disabled, still needs to increment and use but no rollover checking ICV calculation ICV includes whole packet except for authentication data field. Implicit padding of 0 s between next header and authentication data is used to satisfy block size requirement for ICV algorithm Not include the IP header. CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 27 Original IP Header Transport Example Authentication coverage Encrypted SPI Sequence Number Payload (TCP Header and Data) Variable Length Padding (0-255 bytes) Pad Length Integrity Check Value Next Header CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 28
15 Inbound Packet Processing Sequence number checking Anti-replay is used only if authentication is selected Sequence number should be the first check on a packet upon looking up an SA Duplicates are rejected! 0 reject Check bitmap, verify if new Sliding Window size >= 32 verify CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 29 Anti-replay Feature Optional Information to enforce held in SA entry Sequence number counter - 32 bit for outgoing IPsec packets Anti-replay window 32-bit Bit-map for detecting replayed packets CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 30
16 Anti-replay Sliding Window Window should not be advanced until the packet has been authenticated Without authentication, malicious packets with large sequence numbers can advance window unnecessarily Valid packets would be dropped! CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 31 Inbound Packet Processing... Packet decryption Decrypt quantity [ payload,padding,pad length,next header] per SA specification Processing (stripping) padding per encryption algorithm; In case of default padding scheme, the padding field SHOULD be inspected Reconstruct the original IP datagram Authentication verification (option) CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 32
17 Processing - Header Location... Transport mode IPv4 and IPv6 IPv4 Orig IP hdr hdr TCP Data trailer Auth IPv6 Orig Orig IP hdr ext hdr hdr TCP Data trailer Auth CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 33 Processing - Header Location... Tunnel mode IPv4 and IPv6 IPv4 New IP hdr hdr Orig IP hdr TCP Data trailer Auth IPv6 New IP hdr New ext hdr hdr Orig IP hdr Orig TCP Data ext hdr trailer Auth CSC 474 Dr. Peng Ning 34
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