Beginning. Russian AN INTRODUCTION FOR TRANSITION YEAR RUSSIAN STUDENTS

Transcription

1 Beginning Russian AN INTRODUCTION FOR TRANSITION YEAR RUSSIAN STUDENTS

2 UNIT1: THE ALPHABET Who Speaks Russian 04 Reading Russian 1 05 Activity 06 Reading Russian 2 07 Greetings & Introductions 08 Reading Russian 3 09 Origins of Russian 10 Activity 11 Words & Expressions 12

3 Кто говорит по-русски? Who Speaks Russian? Reading Russian 1 In Russian there are some letters that look and sound similar to English/Irish letters. а е к м о т This science vocabulary is similar to the same words in English. Can you match the words and pictures? комета атом There are some Russian letters that look similar to English/Irish letters, and sound different. Your teacher will practise reading these with you. в н р с y v n r s oo At least 80% of people in the Russian Federation are ethnic Russians. Other groups speak Russian as a first or second language. Now read the names of these cities and match them to the English equivalents. The letters that you need to be careful about are written bold. q q q q q q The Russian Federation (Russia) is made up of different regions and republics Russian is the official language as well as the first or only language of most people 160 other languages are spoken in Russia Russian is used as a first or second language by many people in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan These countries have strong historical associations with Russia and all have some Russian population As a second language, Russian is used for business, entertainment, communication between ethnic groups, science, universities, and government and administration There are enough Russian speakers in Ireland to support several newspapers, and probably someone in your school speaks Russian Корк Москва Омск Мурманск Торонто Вена Vienna (Austria) Toronto (Canada) Omsk (Russia) Murmansk (Russia) Moscow (Russia) Cork (Ireland) Your teacher will practise reading and saying the city names in Russian with you. c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE With these 11 letters, you can find your way around town. What are these signs for? 4 5

4 Reading Russian 1 - Activity Starting with the shaded letters on the left, and working left to right, find the names of the six cities in Austria, Canada, Ireland, and Russia that you were reading previously. Корк Москва Омск Мурманск Торонто Вена Vienna (Austria) Toronto (Canada) Omsk (Russia) Murmansk (Russia) Moscow (Russia) Cork (Ireland) M O C M M O C M T E C O A H C O B O P A H T O A M Y P K B A P K O O H K O O H T K M P K M M P F 6 7

5 Reading Russian 2 Greetings and Introductions Many words in Russian will be familiar you will recognise these as you hear them: This is the word your teacher uses to greet your class: Здравствуйте! рок коммунизм интернет Здравствуйте Speaking to any group, or to an older person, teacher, boss Здравствуй Speaking to one person (younger, the same agе, or a family member) спорт бизнес гитара You can also use the informal hi with your friends and family: Привет! виски клуб телевизор LISTENING 1 радио теннис мама Maryana is at school in the Russian town Samara. She is officially welcoming teachers and students from Ireland, who have come on an exchange visit. Listen to her greeting five people (including friends who walk by), and tick them: These are the 18 letters used in the words above. Find seven that look nothing like English/Irish letters, and circle them: а б в г д е з и к л м н о п р с т у Your teacher will help you to practise reading and saying these new letters teacher student friend c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE See if you can make out what is on Masha s birthday wishlist. You can ignore the letter ь as it is silent компакт-диск мини-радио/мп3-плеер мобильник постер топ There are two forms of the question What is your name? : Как вас зовут? Speaking to any group, or to an older person, teacher, boss Listen and read as Maryana greets more people (below). Circle the words in brackets that are used: Maryana: Miss Greene: Здравствуйте. Здравствуй. Как ( вас / тебя ) зовут? Maryana: Меня зовут Маряна. А ( вас / тебя )? Miss Greene: Maryana: Mark: Maryana: LISTENING 2 Как тебя зовут? Speaking to one person (younger, the same agе, or a family member) Меня зовут Мисс Грин. А это мой ученик из Ирландии. Привет. Как ( вас / тебя ) зовут? Привет. Меня зовут Марк. Приятно познакомиться. Find the Russian for and this is my pupil from Ireland, and pleased to meet you. 8 9

6 Reading Russian 3 Origins of Russian So far you have been working with 19 letters, more than half of the alphabet. 18 are written out here, with a rough guide to pronounciation (below). а б в г д е з и к л м н о п р с т у a b v g d ye z ee k l m n o p r s t oo c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE This regional weather map shows the Western part of Russia and its border. What is the weather like? S. Petersburg. N. Novgorod. Moscow Languages change gradually, over time. If you watch a film from 30 years ago, you are likely to notice that people use different expressions. Name the capitals (shown) of Latvia, Belarus, and Ukraine: If two groups speaking a language are separated, eventually these little changes mean that they develop in different directions. Sometimes the differences can become so great that they become separate languages, although they will still be similar. Languages that are related are said to belong to the same family. What family does Irish belong to? What other languages are in it? What about other languages that you know? Russian is in the Slavic family. Its closest relatives are Ukrainian and Belarusian. All three languages separated from a common ancestor in the 14th/15th centuries. More distant relatives include Polish, Czech, Serbian, Slovakian, Slovene and Croatian. The Slavic languages are distant relatives of other languages including English and Irish. Many words are similar. These Russian words may sound familiar: The names of different countries are often similar in Russian to their English equivalents. As in English, they are written with a capital letter. Read through the country names below and number the arrows on the world map accordingly. Note that country names often end with a letter that is new to us: я (pronounced ya ) борода молоко 1. Замбия 2. Ирландия 3. Канада 4. Новая Зеландия 5. Перу 6. Россия 7. Узбекистан 8. Украина 9. Япония These similarities can be helpful when you notice them

7 Activity СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ Words and Expressions Tina, an Irish pupil, has arrived in Russia with a school group on an exchange trip and met her partner Anna. Anna shows her a family photograph, and tells her who the people are. «... моя сестра, Лиля...» «... я, Анна...» Hello! Hello! What did you say? / Sorry What s your name? What s your name? My name s... «... мой брат, Антон...» See you later! Goodbye! «... моя мать, Света...» c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Can you translate these words that Anna used into English? Thank you! How do you say... in Russian? 1. брат сестра мать... How do you write...? 12 13

8 UNIT2: HOBBIES Reading Russian 4 Sports Music Free Time Likes & Dislikes Questionnaire Wordsearch Words & Expressions St. Petersburg

9 Reading Russian 41 - Activity Sports You already know 20 out of the 33 letters in the alphabet. Here are some more: The reading activities on this page use international words from the world of sport. Your teacher will help you practise them. Now use your knowledge to read these words. They are all to do with music. c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Музыканты гитарист рэппер пианист саксофонист диджей поп-дива ж й ф ы х э zh y f i kh e Инструменты флейта пианино гитара барабан саксофон кларнет Team games футбол хоккей регби волейбол баскетбол крикет «Спартак» beat «Сатурн» 3:1 in the semi-final of the 2006 Russia Championship Other games бадминтон пинг-понг армрестлинг теннис cнукер пул Football Football is very popular in Russia. Many Enlish words are used. Write Russian letters by the Russian words to match them with the English words. You will need these new letters: ц ts ч ch Русская группа «Ленинград» Folk instruments Can you match the pictures with the captions? ирландская арфа русская балалайка чемпионат центральная линия техника форвард гол рефери премьер-лига лайнсмен пас центрфорвард дриблинг финал футболист офсайд голкипер тренер тренировка аут пенальти тактика 1. goal 2. penalty 3. final 4. out 5. tactics 6. training 7. pass 8. techniques 9. forward 10. dribbling 11. trainer 12. championship 13. Premier League 14. goalkeeper 15. centre-forward 16. referee 17. linesman 18. offside 19. centre line 20. footballer 16 17

10 МУЗЫКА СВОБОДНОЕ ВРЕМЯ Free Time c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE А. Use your alphabet to read the names of these musical styles. Tick those you like. А. Read and listen to these questions and answers: Музыкальные стили Тебе нравится... Do you like рэп хип-хоп танцевальная музыка ирландская музыка классическая музыка блуз... спорт? sport? музыка?... music?... смотреть телевизор?... watching television?... ходить по магазинам? going around the shops? рок-музыка поп-музыка джаз техно Тебе нравятся компьютеры? Do you like computers? регги хеви металл Русская регги-группа «5 nizza» (пятница = Friday) Да. Мне нравится... Yes. I like Нет. Мне не нравится... No. I don t like... LISTENING 3 Б. Listen to Maryana asking Mark what music he likes What does Mark answer? В. Listen to these expressions: Какая музыка тебе нравится? What music do you like? Мне нравится... I like Б. Read these statements or questions-and-answers. For each one, choose an English word from the right side and put a 3 or an 7 to show if the speaker likes it or not. 1. Мне нравится музыка. music 4 sport TV 2. Мне не нравится смотреть телевизор. music sport TV 3. Мне нравится спорт. music sport TV 4. Тебе нравится смотреть телевизор? - Да. music sport TV 5. Тебе нравится спорт? - Да. music sport TV 6. Тебе нравится музыка? - Нет. music sport TV В. Tanya asks Paul what he enjoys. Circle the picture(s) showing what he likes. Г. Katya, Alina and Natasha discuss what kinds of music they prefer. Tick the boxes to say who likes what. Katya Alina Natasha Hip hop Rock Jazz Таня: Пол: Таня: Пол: Таня: Пол: Здравствуй, Пол. Тебе нравится спорт? Да. А тебе? Нет. Мне больше нравится музыка. А тебе? Нет, не нравится. Тебе нравится смотреть телевизор? Да

11 Understanding People s Likes & Dislikes ОПРОС Questionnaire A. Katya asks Mark about his interests. Mark the grid accordingly. Yes No LISTENING 4 Computers Music Shopping Sport Watching TV Б. Mark asks Katya about her interests. Circle the pictures that show things she likes. Choose an activity, sport, or style of music, and find out who likes and dislikes it. Ask them in Russian and record their answers (да or нет) by shading in squares from the bottom of the columns in one of the bar graphs below. You could ask about a TV programme: TITLE «Тебе нравится...?» TITLE «Тебе нравится...?» Which does he not ask her about? В. Two people speak. Write 4 on the grid to show what each person likes, and 6 to show what they dislike. 1 2 LISTENING 5 sport music watching TV computers shops LISTENING 6 Г. This is a way of saying what you prefer. Что тебе больше нравится,... или...? Мне больше нравится... What do you prefer, or? I prefer да нет да нет Listen to six people being asked about their preferences, and circle the right answers. 1. watching TV shopping 2. sport music 3. music computers 4. Rap music Hip-hop 5. computers sport 6. computers TV If you have completed the first chart, try doing the second with a different question. You could read it out to each person instead of showing it to them. You could ask them if they like a particular type of sport or music, or a particular TV programme, for example: Тебе нравится Fair City? 20 21

12 Wordsearch СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ Words and Expressions б о л ь ш е а с б в г д е ё х р ж з и й к л п м н о п б р и е с т у ф х ц о ч ш щ ъ а ы п г ы ь м н е н р а в и т с я х б к о м п ь ю т е р ы э к ю о и я а б в г д е ё э ж з е и п с м о т р е т ь й п к л т м н о п р с т у е ф х ц ч д б х ш щ ф у т б о л ъ ы ь э ж о о ю я а б в г д е е ё ж з а л к и й к л м н о в п р м у з ы к а с т у ф х ц и ч ш щ ъ ы ь е э п о м а г а з и н а м ю я й а о б в г д е о ё ж з и й к л м п н о п р с р о к т у б л у з do you like...?... music? Yes What kind of music sport?... watching TV? No 1. Around the shops 2. watching 3. television 4. I like 5. more 6. Rock 7. Pop 8. music 9. Blues 10. Jazz 11. Hip hop 12. Rap 13. computers 14. sport 15. football 16. basketball 17. rugby 18. hockey What kind of sport...? do you like...? I like... I like

13 САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ * SAINT PETERSBURG Founded 1703, capital city , currently 2 nd city Many cities, including Moscow, began as small settlements of people, who were then joined by others who wanted to live and work in the same place. What reasons might people have for preferring one place over another? САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ * SAINT PETERSBURG Built between 1555 and 1561, the cathedral on the left is an international symbol of Moscow. It is built in the Russian style that favours onion domes, turrets, and the use of bright primary colours (red, yellow, blue and green) as well as gold. In 1703 Peter I (the Great), Tsar of Russia, began building an entire city in a place where very few people had ever chosen to live. The area had only just been captured from the Swedish king in a battle over territory, and the ground itself was marshy. St Basil s in Moscow (Russian style) The palaces that were built in St Petersburg in the 18th century were also bright coloured. But many churches looked European on the outside. The church on the right has a simple dome, natural-coloured stone, and a style associated with Western church architecture, which Peter felt was more modern. The interior would be very different, decorated in Orthodox style. Church rooftop, St Petersburg ( European style) Peter was able to impose his will in this way because of the political system in Russia at that time. Autocracy meant that power was centralised and ultimately belonged to one person. Challenges to authority resulted in death, even within the royal family. For example, to avoid traditional wooden building as in Moscow, Peter planned vast palaces modelled on European styles. To ensure supplies of stone, he simply banned its use as a building material anywhere else in the country. NAME CHANGES The name St Petersburg comes from Dutch (Peter loved Holland) It sounded too German to be patriotic during WWI, and so became Petrograd On the death of the revolutionary leader Lenin, it became Leningrad In 1991 residents voted for a return to St Petersburg Why did Peter I choose to build his new capital there? Peter wanted to modernise Russia and make it more European. He introduced a modern education system, army and civil service, as well as new technologies. He also insisted that Russians wore European-style clothes, so the men wore short tunics instead of longer robes, and also removed their beards. There was a tax for anyone who disobeyed. The cartoon shows Peter as a barber, imposing the new rules. St Petersburg was built in the West, with access to the Baltic Sea, making imports easier and acting as a window on the West for Russia, which had been landlocked. Peter kept all Russia s stone for the capital. How does that contradict his reforms? c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Cut or copy the Russian city names below, and stick them in to complete this chart: St Petersburg Petrograd Leningrad 1991 on St Petersburg St Petersburg has many canals which connect with the river Neva. This is a famous statue of Peter the Great Санкт-Петербург Санкт-Петербург Ленинград Петроград 24 25

14 UNIT3: SCHOOL Russian Schools 28 What you like in School Numbers & 0 31 Numbers Activity Wordsearch 33 Words & Expressions 34 Religon 35 Crossword 36

15 Russian Schools Talking about what you like in School These are some of your school subjects in Russian. The names are often similar to in English. Translate those that aren t given in English. английская литература музыка ирландский язык рисование Art французский язык экономика немецкий язык German биология русский язык физика математика химия информатика физкультура история культура дома Home Economics география уроки труда (plural) Woodwork/Metalwork Other school vocabulary: How are Russian schools different to Irish? перемена столовая мои друзья School begins at 6 or 7 years Many schools combine primary and secondary in one building There are specialised secondary schools which prepare students to be nurses or musicians or sailors (for example) Uniform was identical in all schools until 1994 Exams are spoken as well as written. Often the examiners are teachers in the school There are now a few hundred Russian speakers attending schools in Ireland. They come from countries in the former Soviet Union. This is what some have said when comparing Irish schools with those they left: Irish teachers are less scary Irish students are disrespectful towards teachers Irish teachers don t always make the classrooms look nice Irish students eat a lot of junk food Irish schoolwork is easier, especially maths Irish students get more support when they fall behind Irish students can choose their subjects within the school On their first day of school, pupils dress up in Soviet-era school uniform c? DISCUSS Do you think that any of these comparisons could be interpreted as criticisms of either educational system? Are any of them unfair? break When you are speaking to other people, you might be interested to know what they like and dislike about their school lives. This is how you can find out: Что тебе нравится в школе? What do you like in school? Мне нравится I like Мне нравятся I like Что тебе не нравится в школе? What do you dislike in school? Мне не нравится I don t like Мне не нравятся I don t like математика. maths. мои друзья. my friends....перемена....break. canteen уроки труда....woodwork / Metalwork. Why are there two different spellings of the word нравится / нравятся? my friends 28 29

16 Understanding Likes and Dislikes About School Activity - Wordsearch А. Listen to pairs of students finding out what each other likes about school. For each conversation you hear, choose and circle the correct preference out of three listed. Use this grid to create a Russian wordsearch for a friend. Write the clues in English below. Your friend can sign their name when they have found the Russian words 1. Chemistry Biology Physics 4. History Geography Economics / Business Studies Completed by: 2. English Irish Maths 5. Art Music Computers / IT 3. Woodwork / Metalwork Home Economics PE 6. canteen breaktime my friends Б. Listen as a group of Russian and Irish students discuss which languages they enjoy. Write the language each prefers beside their name: Katya Mark Masha c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE В. Artyom is asked what he likes and dislikes about school. Show which subjects he likes and dislikes 6: биология история математика музыка химия

17 СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ * WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS КУЛЬТУРА: РЕЛИГИЯ The most common religion in Russia is Orthodox Christianity. There are Orthodox Churches in many places, including Ethiopia, India, Armenia, Greece, Albania, Serbia, Romania and Ukraine. Russian Orthodoxy belongs to the church that developed in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire, alongside the Western church. The Orthodox capital was Constantinople (now Istanbul), and the Catholic centre is Rome. In 1054 there was a disagreement, and the churches went their separate ways. Orthodox worship is quite different to that in many Western churches. The churches are dark, domed open spaces, sometimes with benches at the walls. At any time there are people standing, kneeling, walking around, talking to each other. Prayer includes lighting of candles and kissing icons. These holy paintings are all over the walls, pillars and screens of Orthodox churchs. Praying to the icon is seen as sending a prayer directly to the saint shown. There is singing from a choir of men and women, and a smell of incense. Orthodox religous art Orthodox prayer is active and physical. The services appeal to the senses. For Orthodox Christians, the physical world and the spiritual world can t be separated. Twenty percent of the population practise Orthodox Christianity, 10-15% of the population are practising Muslims, usually of Tatar or Central Asian origin (minority communities that have co-existed with Russians for centuries). There are also smaller numbers of other Christians, Jews and Buddhists

18 Activity - Crossword FOOD AND DRINK / READING 5 A hundred years on, the prince of Kiev was Vladimir. His mother Olga was an Orthodox Christian. Many of the Slavs were still pagans, and this meant that they were independent and difficult to control. An official religion would be a good way to create a modern, efficient, united state. In 988, Vladimir baptised his people. He and his mother became Orthodox saints. Not everybody gave up paganism, and some pagan practices exist within Russian spirituality today, such as bringing eggs to the graves of loved ones at Easter. The key words in bold happen to be similar in Russian and English. Read the crossword clues in Russian and fill in the English equivalents. There are some features of Russian food and drink which are different to what is eaten and drunk in Ireland. Read the information in these boxes: In Russia tea is drunk without milk, often with lemon. Sparkling wine, often quite sweet, is made in Russia and drunk on special occasions. Popular, traditional beetroot soup (borsch) is bright red. 3. Except for the silent letter ъ, the following are the only remaining letters of the alphabet that you haven t been reading: По горизонтали 1. Владимир 2. славяне По вертикали 1. Киев 2. Ольга 3. религия 4. христианка ш щ ю sh sch yoo Practise by matching these food-related words (the Russian sound similar to the English equivalents): борщ шампанское меню menu borsch sparkling wine International favourites Match the Russian and English words: Russian specialities These are all worth trying: 2. чизбургер гамбургер дессерт чай кофе шоколад макароны рис водка пицца сhocolate tea cheeseburger macaroni pizza hamburger coffee dessert rice vodka квас морс хлеб каша щи блины сушки икра сметана сырок cola-like drink cranberry drink Russian bread can be used instead of rice soup with green vegetables pancakes small dried bagel shapes caviar cultured soured cream sweet with cream cheese 34 35

19 UNIT4: YOU Russian Names Where you live How old are you Food & Drink Dates in Russian History Russian History Word Match Words & Expressions

20 РУССКИЕ ИМЕНА * RUSSIAN NAMES Talking about where you live Names come in and out of fashion. A few years ago some babies were being given names based on characters in South American soap operas. Nowadays the names of Orthodox saints (often Greek) or biblical names are popular. Generally, the range of commonly-used names is smaller than in the English-speaking world. Russian female names end in the letters а, or ya. Which of these are female? Which do you recognise? Aleksandr Aleksandra Аleksey Аnnа Viktoriya Yelena c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Maksim Mikhail Polina Read through the names and try to match the long and short versions. Girls, full names Аnnа Маria Darya Viktoria Olga Natalya Anastasiya Tatyana Girls, short names Natasha Olya Маsha Аnya Таnya Nastya Vika Dasha Boys, full names Nikolai Ivan Vasily Yury Аleksey Мikhail Аleksandr Dmitry Many Russian-speakers from different ethnic groups prefer non- Russian names that reflect their backgrounds, for example Mansur or Ibragim. The singer shown here has a Tatar name that is unusual enough for her not to need to use her surname: she is known in Russia just as Аlsu. Boys, short names Kolya Аlyoshа Vasya Sasha Dima Yura vanya Misha These are the counties of Ireland in Russian (based on the English names). Write them in the right places in English or Irish. Корк Голуэй Мейо Донегол Керри Типперэри Тирон Клэр Антрим Лимерик Роскоммон Даун Уэксфорд Мит Дерри Килкенни c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE When Russian place-names (such as Новгород) are used in this way (to mean that someone or something is present in that place), the letter e is added: Новгород Novgorod Уиклоу Оффали Каван Западный Мит Уотерфорд Слайго Лиш Килдэр Фермана Литрим Монахан Арма Лонгфорд Дублин Карлоу Лаут Often you may want to know where someone lives. Read and listen: Где ты живёшь? Where do you live? Я живу в Карлоу. I live in Carlow. в Новгороде in Novgorod The county names above that end in consonants, such as Мит, are treated as if they were Russian words. (The others look too foreign, so they don t change). 1. Find and mark all the county names ending in a consonant. 2. Add the e ending where it is needed below: Я живу в Дерри... Я живу в Лаут... Я живу в Корк... Я живу в Арма

21 TALKING ABOUT WHERE YOU LIVE HOW OLD ARE YOU? Russian-speakers living in Ireland. Listen and mark where each one lives: Атлон Бланчардстаун Голуэй Клонсилла Уайтстаун Alina Dzera Maryana Artyom Natalya Yarina The speakers were born in Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan. Find these countries on this map. Mark them in Russian: КАЗАХСТАН, РОССИЯ, УКРАИНА, УЗБЕКИСТАН Then listen, and decide which country each speaker is from. Listen again and circle the towns where they were born. When you are talking to someone else in your age group, you may want to find out their age: Сколько тебе лет? Мне... лет. How old are you? I m. These are all possible answers: 12 двенадцать 16 шестнадцать 13 тринадцать 17 семнадцать 14 четырнадцать 18 восемнадцать 15 пятнадцать 19 девятнадцать c? TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE Match people s answers (below left) about their age with the numbers on the right. - Мне шестнадцать лет Четырнадцать Пятнадцать Мне семнадцать лет. 17 A teacher in a school in Samara, who is organising a visit by Irish TY students, is trying to match up exchange partners. One way to do this is by age. She is speaking the ages of students as she lists them. Listen and write them down: What areas are near to your school? Your teacher will help you to write their names:

22 DATES IN RUSSIAN HISTORY RUSSIAN HISTORY Даты в русской истории до 1900 * Dates in Russian History until 1900 The Eastern Slavs had been living a scattered life in an area that is now partly Ukraine, partly Russia. They were pagans, worshipping nature gods and celebrating their own festivals. They had some contact with the Vikings. In the late ninth century, a state was formed, including several towns. The most important were Kiev, Novgorod (the oldest, though it means new town ), and Smolensk, which still exist today. This state became known as Kievan Rus. About the same time that Kievan Rus was established, the Greek monks Cyril and Methodius were working on a way to write Russian, using elements from other alphabets, in order to communicate their religion and culture. The alphabet that eventually developed, and which is still used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian (and many languages of Central Asia and Siberia), is named Cyrillic Даты в русской истории ХХ век * Dates in Russian History 20th century This is an early version of the written language, known as глаголица (глагол means verb, but it meant word to the Slavs) This is Cyrillic (кириллица) from 1073, with many of the same letters in use today. i FACT Reading practice Match these English terms from the text above with their Russian equivalents : Modern nations The oldest towns in Russia and Ukraine Russia Украина Smolensk Новгород Ukraine Беларусь Kiev Смоленск Belarus Россия Novgorod Киев Languages Match the English to the Russian and then to the correct English definition Slavic русский State language of Ukraine Russian украинский State language of Russia Belarusian славянский State language (with Russian) of Belarus Ukrainian белорусский Ancestor language of the others listed here Life 1,000 years ago Match the English to the Russian and then to the correct English definition Vikings Киевская Русь New alphabet developed for the Slavs Cyrillic викинги City-state of the Eastern Slavs Kievan Rus кириллица Scandinavian warriors (founded Dublin) Compare the English and Russian. How are capital letters used? 42 43

23 MATCH THE WORDS СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ * WORDS AND EXPRESSIONS Political system where instead of private property, everything is owned by the state February Ленин 19th-century German who wrote that eventually capitalism would end and the working classes would control society Casual, singular Hello! Formal or plural Hello! Karl Marx февраль Formal or plural Casual, singular Month of the second 1917 revolution in Russia tsar Member of the section of the Russian Communist Party that triumphed in the Revolution What did you say? / Sorry What s your name? revolution Russian parliament now and pre-1917 Formal or plural октябрь Николай Name of the last Tsar of Russia What s your name? My name s... Lenin большевик Casual коммунизм Nicholas Complete change in the way that society is run See you later! Goodbye! Leader of the Bolsheviks; successful revolutionary; leader till his death in 1924 Карл Маркс communism October King or emperor; autocratic ruler of Russia before 1917 царь Duma Month of the first 1917 revolution in Russia Thank you! How do you say... in Russian? Bolshevik Дума революция How do you write...? 44 45

24 Numbers 1-5 Numbers and 0 1 один 2 два 3 три 4 четыре 5 пять Find the numbers written in this grid. ч ж у й н п е е д в а я м н т ш д т л ь р ы я ь о д и н р ф х п з е м е These numbers are formed by adding numbers 1-9 to an ending (like teen in English), showing that they have had 10 added (so 1 becomes 11). What spelling changes do you notice in the original numbers when + надцать is added to them? 1 = один одиннадцать = 11 Your teacher will show you how to handwrite the names of the numbers into the spaces below = два двенадцать = 12 3 = три тринадцать = 13 4 = четыре четырнадцать = 14 5 = пять пятнадцать = 15 6 = шесть шестнадцать = 16 7 = семь семнадцать = 17 Numbers = восемь восемнадцать = 18 9 = девять девятнадцать = 19 6 шесть 7 семь 8 восемь 9 девять 10 десять ё й ц д у с к е н г е ш е щ з в о с е м ь х ъ ф я ы ь в ш е с т ь а п р о л ь д ж э я д е в я т ь One other useful number is zero, written ноль. Your teacher will show you how to hand-write these numbers in the spaces Write in the answers to these sums as figures. You may have to use minus numbers. пять + два = восемь - семь = восемь - девять= два + восемь = четыре + три = восемь - шесть = один - шесть= девять - два = четыре + пять = четыре - десять = семь - пять = два - девять = один + два = десять - два = три - пять = четырнадцать + два = три + двенадцать = семнадцать + один = тринадцать - пятнадцать = девятнадцать - шестнадцать = восемнадцать - четыре = 46 47

25 Different fonts for the Cyrillic Alphabet Reference А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я А Б В Г Д Е Ё Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Ъ Ы Ь Э Ю Я а б в г д е ё ж з и й к л м н о п р с т у ф х ц ч ш щ ъ ы ь э ю я 48 49

26 50 Reference

27 AN INTRODUCTION FOR TRANSITION YEAR RUSSIAN STUDENTS