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1 Please write your thoughts of the following. v=gcuij5jdyzs

2 Objectives: Students will Be able to analyze the major issues, events, and key people in the early Civil Rights Movement including; Jackie Robinson Brown v. Board of Education Rosa Parks Central High School Jim Crow laws

3 Pop Quiz 1. Name as many Civil Rights leaders as you can during the Civil Rights Movement of the 50s and 60s! 2. How about today? 3. How would you rate racial equality in the 1960s? 4. Today?

4 Slavery in American History ( )

5 Slavery in American History In 1619, the 1st African slaves were introduced in Jamestown By 1660, slave labor replaced indentured servitude as the primary colonial labor system: Northern domestic servants Chesapeake tobacco plantations Southern rice & indigo industries By 1720, the African slave population became selfsustaining

6 Slavery in American History The American Revolution in 1776 revealed the hypocrisy of slavery Nine states abolished slavery NW Ordinance (1787) of the Articles of Confed banned slavery The Constitution ended the trans-atlantic slave trade in 1808, but did not abolish slavery From 1790 to 1860, King Cotton spread slavery as far West as Texas

7 Slavery in American History From , slavery became a divisive issue in America: Sectional disputes (1820, 1850, popular sovereignty, Dred Scott) Slave uprisings (Prosser, Vesey, Nat Turner, & John Brown s raid) Abolitionists led by William Lloyd Garrison & Frederick Douglass Civil War & Emancipation Proc

8 The Failure of Reconstruction & the Rise of Jim Crow ( )

9 The Failure of Reconstruction During Reconstruction, Radical Republicans protected freedmen: 13th, 14th, & 15th Amendments offered blacks equal rights The Civil Rights Act of 1875 outlawed racial discrimination Freedman s Bureau & KKK Act protected blacks in the South The 1876 election of Hayes brought an end to Reconstruction

10 Civil War Amendments Thirteenth Amendment (1865) abolished slavery Economic freedom (negative), but no resources Fourteenth (1868) defined citizenship (to include ex-slaves) required states to provide equal protection Social freedom in theory Fifteenth (1870) Extended right to vote to ex-slaves Guaranteed minimal political right 10

11 The Jim Crow Era Jim Crow laws created by state gov ts legalized segregation: Poll taxes, literacy tests, & grandfather clauses were used to deprive blacks of voting rights Most blacks were sharecroppers KKK enforced racial inequality In 1896, the Supreme Court declared separate but equal in the Plessy v Ferguson case

12 root, Black bodies swinging in the Southern breeze, Southern trees bear a Pastoral scene of the Here is a fruit for the Strange fruit hanging from thesouth, poplar strange fruit, gallant crows to pluck, trees. Blood on the leaves The bulging eyes and For the rain to gather, and blood at the root, the twisted mouth, for the wind to suck, Black bodies Scent of magnolias, For the sun to rot, for swinging in the sweet and fresh, the trees to drop, Southern breeze, Then the sudden smell Here is a strange and Strange fruit hanging of burning flesh! bitter crop from the poplar trees.

13 Jim Crow Laws

14 Texas sign

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16 Jim Crow Laws

17 The Jim Crow Era Civil rights leaders demanded black equality in the Jim Crow era: In the 1890s, WEB DuBois & Booker T Washington 1909, NAACP was formed Marcus Garvey in 1910s Harlem Renaissance The New Deal & military segregation in World Wars I & II promoted racial discrimination

18 The Jim Crow Era The 1940s brought some success: The Great Migration helped break sharecropping in South In WW II, FDR created the Fair Employment Practices Committee A. Philip Randolph & Double V In 1947, Jackie Robinson became the 1st black major league baseball player Why is Jackie Robinson a big deal?

19 Civil Rights as a Political Issue Truman was the 1st president to attempt to end any racial discrimination Created a new commission on civil rights in 1946 Called for an end to lynching Truman s lasting legacy on Civil Rights...?

20 The Modern Civil Rights Movement ( )

21 The Struggle Over Civil Rights The modern Civil Rights movement Separate waiting rooms began in 1954 with Brown v BOE & ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Separate seats on Separate & inferior schools buses Blacks in the West & trains North&had lowpaying jobs & faced segregated neighborhoods Separate phone booths Thewater Deep South was a totally Separate fountains segregated society due to Jim Crow Separate hospitals laws

22 Desegregating the Schools Schools became the primary target of early civil rights advocates in the 1950s The NAACP 1st targeted unfair university graduate admissions Thurgood Marshall, a NAACP lawyer, used the 14th Am. to attack school segregation & Plessy v Ferguson precedent Even equal schools, if separate, inflict profound psychological damage to black children

23 Desegregating the Schools The Supreme Court s unanimous decision in Brown v Board of Education (1954) ruled But Pupil Placement Laws separate facilities are inherently unequal allowed for separate schools based Called for desegregation at deliberate on aptitude & morality Thurgood Marshall s speed by states success in Brown made Border states complied quickly but the him the most famous Deep South resisted by 1960 less than black lawyer in 1% of blacks attended school with whites America; In 1967, LBJ made him the 1st black justice to the Supreme Court

24 Desegregating the Schools Eisenhower s silence on Brown sent a false message that he supported segregation In 1957, Arkansas governor called the Nat l Guard to prevent blacks to enter Central High Ike sent in the army to force integration for the Little Rock 9

25 Integrating Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957) Governor Orval Faubus

26 The Beginnings of Black Activism Instead of waiting for the gov t to help, blacks pressed the issue Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) began after the Rosa Parks arrest Effective carpool system forced buses to stop segregation Supreme Court ruled AL bus segregation unconstitutional This success led to the rise of MLK as a civil rights leader

27 Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955) Rosa Parks arrest Carpool system

28 The Beginnings of Black Activism If cursed, do not curse back. If struck, do We strike back,your but evidence will match capacity to endure not MLK s popularity led tolove the and goodwill at all your times suffering. We will meet physical force formation of the Southern with soul force. We will not hate you, but we Leadership Conference willchristian not obey your evil laws. We will wear you down by pure capacity to suffer. to directly attack segregation: MLK s passionate oration inspired blacks to support cause Peaceful resistance & appeal to Christian love were the basis of these resistance efforts

29 The Beginnings of Black Activism In 1960, students from NC A&T led a sit-in at a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, NC: Nonviolent Inspired similar sit-ins, wade-ins, & Protest kneel-ins across South Legalthe Action Nonviolent Led to the Student Nonviolent Protest Coordinating Committee SCLC & SNCC soon surpassed the NAACP for leadership of the civil rights movement

30 Greensboro Sit-inSit-in Woolworths/Tougaloo NC A&T Woolwoth s sit-in in 1960

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32 Nashville Sit-ins led to jail

33 Not only were there sit-ins... Swim-ins (beaches, pools) Kneel-ins (churches) Drive-ins (at motels) Study-ins (universities)

34 Swim-In

35 St. Augustine, Florida 1964 Swim In

36 Moving Slowly on Civil Rights JFK campaigned for civil rights, but his fear of alienating southern Democrats forced a retreat: JFK deferred to Congress & sent his brother, Attorney Gen RFK, to help blacks in the South The Justice Dept helped with voting rights lawsuits, but the FBI could not protect civil rights activists in the South

37 Moving Slowly on Civil Rights Civil Rights leaders refused to wait for JFK & the gov t to respond Congress of Racial Equality led a freedom ride in 1961 to protest segregated buses Activists attempted to break a ban on black enrollment at Ole Miss & University of Alabama

38 Freedom Rides, 1961

39 University of Alabama students burn desegregation notice Alabama University of Governor George Alabama Wallace students blocks blackburn students desegregation entrance into notice of University Alabama

40 th 16 Street Bombing On Sunday morning in 1963, the KKK bombed the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killing four girls. This shocked the nation and electrified the civil rights movement.

41 Birmingham Marches, 1963 MLK forced JFK to openly support the plight of African-Americans in 1963, via the Birmingham march Police commissioner Bull Connor used brutal force to end the protests & MLK was jailed Police brutality helped sway MLK s Letter From Birmingham Jail public sentiment & allowed JFK (1963) articulated the non-violent toprotest beginofcivil rights legislation the civil rights movement

42 "I Have a Dream" In 1963, CORE, SCLC, NAACP, & SNCC organized a March on Washington to pressure the gov t to pass a civil rights act 200,000 civil rights protesters heard MLK give the I Have a Dream speech for racial equality The Kennedy Administration responded by laying framework for a Civil Rights Act

43 Civil Rights under LBJ Lyndon Johnson made civil rights the major component of his presidency: In 1964, the 24th Amendment was ratified banning poll taxes The Civil Rights Act of 1964 declared segregation in public facilities illegal & officially ended the majority of Jim Crow laws

44 Civil Rights Act of supported by President Kennedy; after his assassination, President Johnson called for its passage as a tribute to JFK Outlawed segregation in businesses, banned discriminatory practices in employment on the basis of race, color, religion, sex and national origin, and ended segregation in public places

45 Civil Rights under LBJ Civil rights groups were not content & continued for equality: Freedom Summer in 1964 led to the registration of thousands of Mississippi blacks to vote The 1965 protest march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery led to police violence; Bloody Sunday shocked people in the North more than any other event

46 Voter Registration CORE volunteers came to Mississippi to register Blacks to vote.

47 These volunteers risked arrest, violence and death every day. These volunteers risked arrest, violence and death every day.

48 1964 Freedom Summer 1000 s of college students went to Mississippi to help with voter registration and participate in sit ins and marches.

49 The Fight This man spent 5 days in jail for carrying a placard. Sign says Voter registration worker

50 White victims of violence This Rabbi was beaten with a tire iron for registering voters

51 "Your work is just beginning. If you go back home and sit down and take what these white men in Mississippi are doing to us....if you take it and don't do something about it....then *%# damn your souls."

52 Voter Registration If blacks registered to vote, the local banks could call the loan on their farm.

53 Selma, Alabama (1965)

54 Civil Rights under LBJ After the Selma march, LBJ & Congress passed the Voting Rights Act (1965) Banned literacy tests & sent federal voting officials into the South to protect voters The act finally accomplished what Radical Republicans had envisioned when the 15th Amendment was enacted in 1870

55 Voting Rights Act of 1965 Prohibits the use of voting laws, practices or procedures, such as poll taxes, literacy tests, intimidation that discriminate in either purpose or effect on the basis of race, color, or membership in a minority language group

56 Black insouthern South Blacks Voter becameregistration a voting force in politics for the 1st time since Reconstruction

57 Conclusions The Civil Rights movement of the 1950s & 1960s finally brought black Americans political equality The fight for social & economic equality saw a departure from nonviolent protest to a more radical movement in late 1960s Black civil rights success inspired other groups to strive for equality

58 Civil Rights Groups National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - achieved victories and supported court cases to provide equal protection under the law and end segregation Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) used sit-ins to try and desegregate public facilities Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) attempted to eliminate segregation and encourage African Americans to register to vote

59 Black Panthers Influenced by Malcolm X Believed a revolution was necessary in the United States to gain equality Adopted a Ten-Point Program that called for black empowerment, an end to racial oppression, and control of major institutions and services in the African American Community Openly carried weapons in public and were prepared to use violence

60 Martin Luther King, Jr. Baptist minister, social activist, and orator Inspired and led blacks and whites to end segregation and racism through nonviolent resistance, such as the Montgomery Bus Boycott, March on Washington MLK March on Washington -"I have a dream" 1964 won the Nobel Peace Prize Willing to be a martyr for the cause whether it meant prison or death 1968 Assassinated by James Earl Ray

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62 Malcolm X A black militant, who symbolized black power, defense of African American rights and improvement of their conditions even if it meant violence Criminal background; while in prison, joined the Nation of Islam who stressed black nationalism but taught that white people were devils. Broke from the Black Muslims and traveled to Mecca, Saudi Arabia and Africa Changed his philosophy hoping one day all races will be joined in brotherhood 1965-Assassinated by three members of the Nation of Islam

63 "I believe in the brotherhood of man, all men, but I don't believe in brotherhood with anybody who doesn't want brotherhood with me. I believe in treating people right, but I'm not going to waste my time trying to treat somebody right who doesn't know how to return the treatment." -- Malcolm X, 1964

64 MLK s last speech I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you.

65 Left to right: Hosea Williams, Jesse Jackson, Martin Luther King Jr., Rev. Ralph David Abernathy on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel Memphis hotel, a day before King's assassination. April 3,1968

66 Aides of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King point out to police the path of the assassin's bullet. Joseph Louw, photographer for the Public Broadcast Laboratory, rushed from his nearby motel room in Memphis to record the scene moments after the shot. Life magazine, which obtained exclusive rights to the photograph, made it public. April 4, 1968.

67 Martin Luther King, Jr. v. Malcolm X MLK, Jr. Raised in a middle class family Earned a Ph.D. from Boston University Advocated nonviolent direct action Called for integration; whites supported and financed the movement African Americans felt his protests were not assertive enough Malcolm X Emerged from the black underclass in northern ghettos Dropped out of school Advocated self defense Wanted Blacks to love themselves and unite to control their communities Black Muslims Leaders accused him of seeking personal glory

68 Civil Rights legal achievements Harry Truman ordered the armed forces AND the government to be desegregated.

69 Dwight D. Eisenhower st Sent 101 airborne to Little Rock Central High School to maintain order

70 John F. Kennedy Called Coretta Scott King to pledge support while MLK was in jail. Eventually sent federal protection of freedom riders Proposed need for civil rights legislation

71 Lyndon Baines Johnson (LBJ) Civil Rights Act of 64 Civil Rights Act of 68 Voting Rights Act of 65 th 24 Amendment banning poll taxes

72 Richard Nixon Nixon quietly pushed civil rights without much violence or headlines, especially housing discrimination

73 Closure With which civil rights leader or group, if any, would you have supported? Please explain why.