Is the Integrated Pest Management against Varroa destructor the best way to increase the acaricidal efficacy of low environmental impact compounds?
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1 APIMONDIA XXXXIII International Apicultural Congress Kyiv, October, 3rd 2013 Is the Integrated Pest Management against Varroa destructor the best way to increase the acaricidal efficacy of low environmental impact compounds? Dr. Alessandra Giacomelli, Dr. Giovanni Formato Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana- Italy
2 Low environmental impact drugs authorized for their use in apiculture in different EU Member States Organic compounds Thymovar, Apiguard, XY, Mehpatika solution, Exomite Apis (Thymol) Apilife VAR (Thymol, camphor, eucalyptus oil, levo-menthol) Mehpatika (Thymol, 2,4 hexadien acid, herbs diluted in watery alcohol) MAQS (Formic acid) Apibioxal, Ecoxal (Oxalic acid) Beevital hiveclean (Citric acid, several aetheric oils, Oxalic acid, propolis extract)
3 Pros Organic beekeeping No environmental impact No residues in honey bee product No varroa resistance (so far) Cons Time consuming Low and not uniform miticide efficacy Biotechnical methods
4 Integrated pest management (IPM) Strategies to enhance and uniform the miticide efficacy of chemicals and to reduce the use of active compounds in colonies
5 IPM: Biotechnical methods Drone brood removal
6 Brood frames removal
7 Artificial swarm
8 Strategies for varroa control: Brood combs removal Mother hive Mother hive + Artificial swarms Son hive
9 I. Mother hive
10 In the mother hive will remain: Frames with storages (honey and pollen) + foragers.concerning the queen
11 Honeybee queen Option A: Replacing the queen with a new one Option B: Replacing the queen with a queen cell Option C: Conservation of the old queen
12 and administration of miticide compounds in brood absence!
13 II. Son hive
14 Son hive Brood combs and nurse bees
15 Healthy brood frames from different colonies To avoid robbing: reduce hive entrance Feeding!!!!!
16 Move the son hives in a different apiary
17 Honey bee queen Option A: Insert the old one or a new one (but no brood interruption!) Option B: Insert a queen cell Option C: self requeening
18 Brood combs varroa treatments
19 1(a) Thermotherapy Reintroduction in mother hive
20 1 (b)brood combs freezing Evalution of varoa survival at -20 C % varroa mortality Reintroduction in mother hive Minutes at -20 C 50% mite mortality: 21 minutes 99% mite mortality : 60 minutes
21 1(c) Active acaricide compound administration
22 Queen caging
23 Queen caging period Day 0: Queen caging Queen freed administration of the miticide compounds
24 Different concept of queen caging Comb cages Cages Cons: Time consuming Handling of the queen Risk of robbing Queen mortality
25 All the field trials presented have been realized by the Apicultural Unit Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Lazio e Toscana Field trial on comparison of queen cages Central Italy, Rome 35 colonies monitored Queen caged in one brood frame ( ET and BIGABBIA CASSIAN cages) and VAR CONTROL cage. Control group (free queen).
26 Results: 1(b) Varroa in brood cells after 19 days of queen caging: 14±2,6% of the total amount of varroa infestation 1(a) < queen mortality in entrapment on a single comb 1(c) Queen entrapment on a single comb: >67.86% sealed brood (after 11 days from freeing) compared with VAR CONTROL cage
27 1(4) Honey productions Queen entrapment on comb VAR CONTROL cage Queen free
28 Integrated Pest Management: 1. Thymol field trial results +
29 August 2009 Central Italy- Latina 58 colonies 1. Group Thymol : APIGUARD each 10 days (2 treatments/hive); 2. Group Queen Caging: Queen caging for 20 days; 3. Group Thymol + queen caging: Queen caging for 20 days and APIGUARD each 10 days (2 treatments/hive); 4. Control Group: Natural mite fall.
30 Thymol Results: miticide efficacy * P<0.05 * * * Queen losses in the caging period: 12,5%.
31 2.A Oxalic acid sublimation field trial results End Winter- early spring (March) Var-Control cage 2008 Apiaries: Central Italy (Rome and Latina) 50 colonies Group Oxalic Acid (sublimation) + Queen caging: Administration of sublimated dihydrate oxalic acid (2,56g/alveare) after 26 days of queen caging; Group Oxalic Acid (sublimation): Administration of sublimated dihydrate oxalic acid (2,56g/alveare) in brood presence; Group queen caging : 26 days of queen caging; Control Group: natural mite fall.
32 Oxalic acid sublimation Results: miticide efficacy * * * P< <0.05
33 2.B Oxalic acid trickled (sucrose water solution 4.2%) field trial results 2010 Apiary: Rome-Italy 20 hives Var-Control cage 1. Group oxalic acid + queen caging: one administration of API-Bioxal after 25 days of queen caging (5ml/each comb covered by bees); 2. Group queen caging: 25 days of queen caging; 3. Group oxalic acid: one administration of API-Bioxal in brood presence (5ml/each comb covered by bees); 4. Control group: natural mite fall
34 Oxalic acid solution results: miticide efficacy
35 3. Lactic acid (90%) water solution (40% in weight) + queen caging field trial results Summer 2011 Tuscany (Arezzo) 38 colonies Group lactic acid + queen caging: one treatment with vaporized lactic acid were administered directly onto bees (5 ml/honeycomb) after 25 days of queen caging; Control group: one treatment with vaporized water directly onto bees (5 ml/honeycomb)
36 Lactic acid+ queen caging: miticide efficacy
37 Formic acid in apiculture: -Different concentration (%) -Several dispenser -EU: except UK (MAQS ) there are no other registered products
38 Using formic acid: 1. Individual protection devices 2. Attention to environmental temperatures Courtesy: UNAAPI
39 2010: 60 colonies (Latium and Tuscany regions) Formic acid in brood presence (Mean miticide efficacy: 87,7%) 2011: 59 colonies 4. Formic Acid field trial results (Latium, Piemonte and Tuscany regions) Formic acid in brood absence/presence
40 Formic Acid (MAQS ) 1,5 strips: without supers 2 strips: with supers T range: 10-29,5 C
41 Formic acid results: miticide efficacy * * * * P<0.05 * *
42 Discussion Integrated pest management has to be appropriately choosen Queen caging combined with oxalic acid or (in summer time) with thymol is good strategy for varroa control + Oxalic acid = X + Thymol = X
43 In fact: Queen caging combined with formic acid is not effective against varroa mite X + Formic acid = X + Lactic acid =
44 Urgent aim! Field evaluation to verify different strategies for the varroa mite control realized in different climatic conditions (Mediterranian/Continental/Subsaharian ) Close contact to beekeepers
45 Thank for your kind attention
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