2.1. Chapter 2: Parts of a C++ Program. Parts of a C++ Program. Introduction to C++ Parts of a C++ Program

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1 Chapter 2: Introduction to C Parts of a C++ Program Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-1 Parts of a C++ Program Parts of a C++ Program // sample C++ program #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { } beginning of function named main beginning of block for main cout << "Hello, there!"; return 0; end of block for main comment preprocessor directive string literal send 0 to operating system which namespace to use output statement Comments: Explain about the program, can appear anywhere, and are ignored by the compiler Directives: commands to the preprocessor to set up your source code for the compiler. using name space: Specifies where the names of the variables, functions, and other entities are declared int main(): the beginning of the main function; The instructions are included within the pair of curly braces. It returns an integer. Note: C++ is case sensitive. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-3 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-4

2 Special Characters Character Name Meaning // Double slash Beginning of a comment # Pound sign Beginning of preprocessor directive < > Open/close brackets Enclose filename in #include ( ) Open/close parentheses Used when naming a function { } Open/close brace Encloses a group of statements " " Open/close quotation marks Encloses string of characters ; Semicolon End of a programming statement 2.2 The cout Object Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-5 The cout Object The cout Object Represents the standard output stream, which is set to the console in most systems by default Displays output on the computer screen You use the stream insertion operator << to send output to cout: cout << "Programming is fun!"; Can be used to send more than one item to cout: cout << "Hello " << "there!"; Or: cout << "Hello "; cout << "there!"; Both produce the same output as: cout << "Hello there!"; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-7 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-8

3 The cout Object The endl Manipulator What if we need to display something in different lines? This produces one line of output: cout << "Programming is "; cout << "fun!"; cout does not start a new line unless told to do so You can use the endl manipulator to start a new line of output. This will produce two lines of output: cout << "Programming is" << endl; cout << "fun!"; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-9 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-10 The endl Manipulator The endl Manipulator cout << "Programming is" << endl; cout << "fun!"; You do NOT put quotation marks around endl Programming is fun! The last character in endl is a lowercase L, not the number 1. endl This is a lowercase L Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-11 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-12

4 The \n Escape Sequence The \n Escape Sequence You can also use the \n escape sequence to start a new line of output. This will produce two lines of output: cout << "Programming is\n"; cout << "fun!"; cout << "Programming is\n"; cout << "fun!"; Programming is fun! Notice that the \n is INSIDE the string. Do not use forward slash (/n). Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-13 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-14 Common Escape Sequences Escape Sequence Name Description \n Newline Moves the cursor to the beginning of the next line. \t Tab Moves the cursor to the next tab stop. \a Alarm Causes the computer to beep. \b Backspace Moves the cursor left one position. \r Return Moves the cursor to the beginning of current line. \\ Backslash Print a backslash. \ Single quote Print a single quotation mark. \ Double quote Print a double quotation mark. 2.3 The #include Directive Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-15

5 The #include Directive Inserts the contents of another file into the program. #include <iostream> inserts the iostream header file, which contains information about cout and is needed for the compilation of programs using cout object This is a preprocessor directive, not part of C++ language #include lines will not be seen by the compiler Do not place a semicolon at end of #include line 2.4 Variables and Literals Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-17 Variables and Literals The program uses variables to store data and literals to represent data Variable: a storage location in memory Variable Definition Has a name and a type of data it can hold Must be defined before it can be used: int item; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-19 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-20

6 Literals Literal: a value that is written into a program s code. "hello, there" (string literal) 12 (integer literal) "number" (string literal) "12" (string literal) 20 is an integer literal Note: integer 12 is different from string 12. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-21 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-22 This is also a string literal This is a string literal Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-23 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-24

7 Literals What will the following program segment print out? number = 20; cout << "number = " << "number"; Is the following program segment correct? int grade; grade = "80"; 2.5 Identifiers Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-25 Identifiers C++ Key Words An identifier is a programmer-defined name for some element of a program: variables, functions, etc. You cannot use any of the C++ key words as an identifier. These words have reserved meaning. (total=74) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-27 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-28

8 Variable Names Identifier Rules A variable name should represent the purpose of the variable. For example, instead of x, use: itemsordered The purpose of this variable is to hold the number of items ordered. The first character of an identifier must be an alphabetic character or an underscore ( _ ), After the first character you may use alphabetic characters, numbers, or underscore characters. Upper- and lowercase characters are distinct Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-29 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-30 Valid and Invalid Identifiers IDENTIFIER VALID? REASON IF INVALID totalsales total_sales total.sales 4thQtrSales totalsale$ Yes Yes No Cannot contain. No Cannot begin with a digit No Cannot contain $ 2.6 Integer Data Types Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-31

9 Integer Data Types Defining Variables There are many different types of data Integer variables can hold whole numbers such as 12, 7, and -99. Size of the integers are dependent on the hardware. For a 32-bit system, the above is true. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-33 Variables of the same type can be defined - On separate lines: int length; int width; unsigned int area; - On the same line: int length, width; unsigned int area; Variables of different types must be in different definitions Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-34 Integer Literals This program has three variables: checking, miles, and days An integer literal is an integer value that does not contain a decimal point. For example: itemsordered = 15; In this code, 15 is an integer literal. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-35 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-36

10 Integer Literals Integer Literals Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-37 Integer literals are stored in memory as ints by default To store an integer constant in a long memory location, put L or l at the end of the number: 1234L Constants that begin with 0 (zero) are base 8: 075 Constants that begin with 0x are base 16: 0x75A Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-38 The char Data Type 2.7 The char Data Type Used to hold characters or very small integer values Usually 1 byte of memory Numeric value of character from the character set is stored in memory: CODE: char letter; letter = 'C'; MEMORY: letter Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-40

11 Character Literals Character literals must be enclosed in single quote marks. Example: char ans; ans = 'Y'; ans = "Y"; // correct // wrong Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-41 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-42 Character Strings Character vs. String A series of characters in consecutive memory locations: "Hello" Stored with the null terminator, \0, at the end: 'A' is stored as "A" is stored as A A \0 Comprised of the characters between the " " H e l l o \0 char letter; letter = 'A'; letter = "A"; // This is OK // This will not work Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-43 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-44

12 The string Data Type The string Data Type Allows a sequence of characters to be stored in one memory location Actually a class and not a true data type built into the language Needs to include <string> header file #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main() { string stname; stname = Steven Moore ; cout << Welcome << stname << endl; } return 0; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-45 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-46 Floating-Point Data Types 2.8 Floating-Point Data Types Used to define variables that hold real numbers The floating-point data types are: float double long double They can hold real numbers such as: Stored in a form similar to scientific notation: All floating-point numbers are signed Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-48

13 Floating-Point Data Types Floating-point Literals * Some compilers use 10 bytes for long double. Can be represented in two ways Fixed point (decimal) notation: E notation: E1 6.25e-5 Are double by default Can be forced to be float by appending F or f ( f) or long double ( L) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-49 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley The bool Data Type Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-51

14 The bool Data Type Represents binary values that are true or false bool variables are stored as small integers false is represented by 0, true by 1: bool alldone = true; bool finished = false; alldone finished 1 0 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-53 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-54 Determining the Size of a Data Type 2.10 Determining the Size of a Data Type The size of some data type may be different from machine to machine The sizeof operator gives the size of any data type or variable: double amount; cout << "A double is stored in " << sizeof(double) << "bytes\n"; cout << "Variable amount is stored in " << sizeof(amount) << "bytes\n"; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-56

15 Variable Assignments and Initialization 2.11 Variable Assignments and Initialization An assignment statement uses the assignment = operator to store a value in a variable. item = 12; This statement assigns the value 12 to the item variable. Can also assign other data types ans = 'A'; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-58 Assignment Variable Initialization The variable receiving the value must appear on the left side of the = operator. This will NOT work: // ERROR! 12 = item; A variable just defined can have any value To initialize a variable means to assign it a value when it is defined: int length = 12; Can initialize some or all variables: int length = 12, width = 5, area; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-59 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-60

16 Named Constants A named constant represents a value that cannot change while the program is running Declared with keyword const and capital letters Must be initialized when declared For example: const double PI = ; const int WIDTH; const int WIDTH = 10; // ERROR! Must // initializ Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-61 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-62 Scope 2.12 Scope The scope of a variable: the part of the program in which the variable can be used The rules are complex and will be introduced gradually A variable cannot be used before it is defined Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-64

17 2.13 Arithmetic Operators Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-65 Arithmetic Operators Binary Arithmetic Operators Used for performing numeric calculations C++ has unary, binary, and ternary operators: unary (1 operand) -5 binary (2 operands) 13-7 ternary (3 operands) exp1? exp2 : exp3 (Only one in C++, will be covered in Chapter 4) SYMBOL OPERATION EXAMPLE VALUE OF ans + addition ans = 7 + 3; 10 - subtraction ans = 7-3; 4 * multiplication ans = 7 * 3; 21 / division ans = 7 / 3; 2 % modulus ans = 7 % 3; 1 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-67 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-68

18 Assignment Statement A Closer Look at the / Operator Format: Variable = Expression; It evaluates the value of the expression and assign it to the variable int area, radius; radius = 100; area = 3.14 * radius * radius; cout << "Area of the circle is " << area << endl; When an expression is used with cout, its value will be evaluated and the result will be inserted into cout / (division) operator performs integer division if both operands are integers cout << 13 / 5; // displays 2 cout << 91 / 7; // displays 13 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-69 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-70 A Closer Look at the % Operator If either operand is floating point, the result is floating point cout << 13 / 5.0; // displays 2.6 cout << 91.0 / 7; // displays 13.0 % (modulus) operator computes the remainder resulting from integer division cout << 13 % 5; // displays 3 % requires integers for both operands cout << 13 % 5.0; // error Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Comments

19 Comments Single-Line Comments Used to document parts of the program Intended for persons reading the source code of the program: Indicate the purpose of the program Describe the use of variables Explain complex sections of code Are ignored by the compiler Begin with // through to the end of line: int length = 12; // length in inches int width = 15; // width in inches int area; // calculated area // calculate rectangle area area = length * width; Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-73 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-74 Multi-Line Comments Begin with /*, end with */ Can span multiple lines: /* This is the first line of the comment This is the last line of the comment */ 2.15 Programming Style Can begin and end on the same line: int area; /* calculated area */ Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-75

20 Programming Style Programming Style The visual organization of the source code Includes the use of spaces, tabs, and blank lines Does not affect the syntax of the program Affects the look and readability of the source code Common elements to improve readability: Braces { } aligned vertically Indentation and alignment of statements within a set of braces int main() { int number; // not indented number = 12; cout << "Number = " << number << endl; return 0; } // not aligned Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-77 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-78 Programming Style Blank lines between variable declaration and other statements Long statements wrapped over multiple lines with aligned operators int fahrenheit=98.7, celsius=37; cout << "The Fahrenheit temperature is " << fahrenheit << " and the Celsius temperature is " << celsius << endl; 2.17 A Programming Example Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-79

21 A Wage Problem The Programming Process The regular work hours per week is 40. Any hours worked over 40 are considered overtime. An employee earns $18.25 / hr. for regular hours, and $27.78 / hr. for overtime hours. The employee worked 50 hours this week. Write a program to calculate and display the employee s total wages for the week. 1. Understand the problem 2. Develop an algorithm for solving the problem 3. Translate the algorithm into a computer language 4. Type the code, save it and compile it 5. Correct any syntax errors found during compilation. Repeat steps 4 and 5 as many times as needed 6. Run the program and check the result with test data 7. Correct any runtime and logical errors found while running the program. Repeat steps 4~7 as many times as needed Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-81 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-82 Algorithm Pseudocode Algorithm An algorithm is a sequence of steps that shows how to solve a problem step by step. For example: Pseudocode algorithm 1. Get data: pay rates & work hours 2. Regular wages = base pay rate regular hours 3. Overtime wages = overtime pay rate overtime hours Driving direction 4. Total wages = regular wages + overtime wages Cooking recipe 5. Display the total wages Directions for installing a device The algorithm needs to be translated into C++ In the beginning of program, define a variable for each value used in the algorithm (How many?) Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-83 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-84

22 Flowchart Start Initialize rates & hours Calculate regular wage Calculate overtime wage Calculate total wage Display total wage Stop Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-85 Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 2-86