Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC

Transcription

1 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC Chad R. Barnes Marsh Risk Consulting

2 Agenda Introductions Objectives Fire Protection Methodologies Passive Fire Protection Common Standards Governing Passive Fire Protection International Building Code Chapter 7: Fire and Smoke Protection Features In Review Closeout

3 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC OBJECTIVES

4 Terminal Objectives Utilizing the International Building Code, correctly apply Chapter 7, Fire and Smoke Protection Features, to understand the different types of fireresistance-rated construction definitions, components, and systems.

5 Objectives (cont.) Enabling Develop an understanding of the core fire protection principles/methodologies and how when balanced, they present the fire protection tetrahedron Utilizing a case study, gain an understanding of the affect passive fire protection has on life and fire safety in vertical construction Define passive fire protection and the components of a passive fire protection program Develop an understanding of the different nationally recognized standards that govern passive fire protection components/systems testing and listings Develop an understanding of Chapter 7 of the IBC, its definitions, and how passive fire protection is applied to a structure

6 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC FIRE PROTECTION METHODOLOGIES

7 Fire Protection Methodologies Active Fire Protection Prevention/ITM Automatic/manual fire alarm/detection Automatic/manual fire suppression Passive Fire Protection Fire and smoke barriers

8 Fire Protection Methodologies (cont.) The Fire Protection Tetrahedron - Prevention, Inspection, and Maintenance Fire and Smoke Barriers - - Fire Alarm and Detection - Fire Suppression

9 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

10 Passive Fire Protection MGM Grand Hotel Fire Nov. 21, 1980 Las Vegas Nevada 679 injured, 84 dead Openings in vertical shafts and seismic joints acted as chimneys spreading smoke and heat all they way up to the 26 th floor 68 people died on 23 rd floor from asphyxia Fire alarm system destroyed before alarms could be activated

11 Passive Fire Protection (cont.) Definition: The containment of fire via the use of construction materials in rated assemblies/systems (i.e. walls, floors, ceilings, etc.). Organization of the building into smaller compartments prevents and/or slows the spread of fire from the room of origin, limiting smoke/fire damage and giving occupants longer to evacuate the building.

12 Passive Fire Protection (cont.) Components of a passive fire protection program: Structural fire protection Compartmentation Opening protectives Through penetration protection

13 Passive Fire Protection (cont.) Structural fire protection Protection of essential building structural elements from the effects of heat/fire to help prevent/delay catastrophic failure of structural steel which leads to partial or full building collapse. Done through spray on cementitious materials or intumescent products such as paint. Can also be done with concrete and gypsum board encasement.

14 Passive Fire Protection (cont.) Compartmentation Fire and smoke barriers used to limit the spread of smoke in a building and give occupants sufficient time for evacuation. Includes fire barriers, fire walls, fire partitions, and smoke barriers. Can be construction of masonry, gypsum, or other approved listed materials/systems.

15 Passive Fire Protection (cont.) Opening Protectives Fire rated door and window assemblies, including frames and hardware are installed in fire rated barriers to maintain fire resistance of barrier (floor, wall, etc.). Opening protectives are rated assemblies.

16 Passive Fire Protection (cont.) Through Penetration Protection Materials utilized to limit the spread of fire and/or smoke through a penetration in a fire barrier. Done through packing intumescent materials and other items into void spaces to achieve desired rating. All materials comprise a listed system. Penetrations, construction joints, membrane penetrations, etc.

17 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC COMMON STANDARDS GOVERNING PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

18 Common Standards Governing Passive Fire Protection UFC Fire Protection Engineering for Facilities International Building Code GA-600 Gypsum Association Fire Resistance Design Manual ASTM E 119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction Materials UL 263 Standard for Fire Test of Building Construction Materials ASTM E 814 Test Method of Fire Tests of Through-penetration Firestops UL 1479 Fire Tests of Through-penetration Firestops ASTM E 1966 Test Method for Fire-resistant Joint Systems

19 Common Standards Governing Passive Fire Protection (cont.) UL 2079 Tests for Fire-resistance of Building Joint Systems NFPA 80 Fire Doors and Other Opening Protectives NFPA 101 Life Safety Code NFPA 105 Standard for the Installation of Smoke Door Assemblies NFPA 252 Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies NFPA 257 Standard for Fire Test for Window and Glass Block Assemblies FCIA (Firestop Contractors International Association) Manual of Practice

20 Common Standards Governing Passive Fire Protection (cont.) FM 4991 Approval Standard for Approval of Firestop Contractors UL Qualified Firestop Contractor Program

21 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC INTERNATIONAL BUILDING CODE CHAPTER 7

22 International Building Code - Chapter 7 Section 701 General Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the materials, systems and assemblies used for structural fire resistance and fire-resistance-rated construction separation of adjacent spaces to safeguard against the spread of fire and smoke within a building and the spread of fire to or from buildings.

23 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Scope Governs the materials and assemblies used for structural fire resistance and fire-resistance-rated construction. Safeguards against the spread of fire and smoke within a building, and from building to building. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

24 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 702 Definitions Fire Barrier Fire Partition Fire-resistance Rating Fire Wall Horizontal Assembly Smoke Barrier Smoke Compartment

25 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Fire Barrier A fire-resistance-rated wall assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained Generally between fire areas

26 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Fire Partition A vertical assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which openings are protected Generally a part of means of egress

27 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Fire Resistance-Rating The period of time a building element, component or assembly maintains the ability to confine a fire, continues to perform a given structural function, or both, as determined by the tests, or the methods based on tests, prescribed in Section 703

28 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Fire Wall A fire-resistance-rated wall having protected openings, which restricts the spread of fire and extends continuously from the foundation to or through the roof, with sufficient structural stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side without collapse of the wall. Generally separates buildings and/or occupancies

29 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Horizontal Assembly A fire-resistance-rated floor or roof assembly of materials designed to restrict the spread of fire in which continuity is maintained

30 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Smoke Barrier A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall, floor or ceiling assembly, that is designed and constructed to resist the movement of smoke

31 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Smoke Compartment A space within a building enclosed by smoke barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom

32 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Walls/Vertical Smoke Compartment Floors/Ceil/Roof Smoke Barrier Horizontal Assembly Fire Wall Fire Barrier Fire Partition

33 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 703 Fire-resistance Ratings and Fire Tests Fire resistance is determined using the test procedures of test standard ASTM E 119 or by calculations and analyses that have the principle test criteria of ASTM E 119 as a basis Alternative methods for determining fire resistance.

34 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 704 Fire-Resistance Rating of Structural Members Requirements. The fire-resistance ratings of structural members and assemblies shall comply with this section and the requirements for the type of construction as specified in Table 601. The fire-resistance ratings shall not be less than the ratings required for the fireresistance-rated assemblies supported by the structural members.

35 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Chapter 6 Types of Construction Table 601 Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Building Elements (hours)

36 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) BUILDING ELEMENT Primary structural frame g (see Section 202) Bearing walls Exterior f, g Interior TYPE I TYPE II TYPE III TYPE IV TYPE V A B A d B A d B HT A d B 3 a 2 a HT a Nonbearing walls and partitions Exterior See Table 602 Nonbearing walls and partitions Interior e a /HT See Section Floor construction and secondary members (see Section 202) HT 1 0 Roof construction and secondary members (see Section 202) 1 1 / 2 b 1 b,c 1 b,c 0 c 1 b,c 0 HT 1 b,c 0 TABLE 601 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR BUILDING ELEMENTS (hours)

37 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 705 Exterior Walls Exterior wall fire-resistance ratings. The fire-resistance rating of exterior nonbearing walls shall comply with Table 602. The fire-resistance rating of exterior bearing walls shall comply with Table 601 or 602, whichever is greater. If the fire separation distance of the wall is greater than 5 feet, then the wall shall be rated against fire exposure from the interior side. If the fire separation distance of the wall is 5 feet or less, then the wall shall be rated against fire exposure from both the interior and exterior sides of the wall.

38 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Chapter 6 Types of Construction Table 602 Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Exterior Walls Based on Fire Separation Distance

39 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE = X (feet) TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION OCCUPANCY GROUP H f OCCUPANCY GROUP F-1, M,S-1 g OCCUPANCY GROUP A, B, E, F-2, I, R,S-2 g, U b X < 5 c All X < 10 IA Others X < 30 IA, IB IIB, VB Others d 0 1 d X 30 All TABLE 602 FIRE-RESISTANCE RATING REQUIREMENTS FOR EXTERIOR WALLS BASED ON FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE a, e

40 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 705 Exterior Walls (cont.) Openings. The maximum area of protected or unprotected openings within an exterior wall for any story (except as noted for open parking garages), shall not exceed those areas stipulated in Table If both protected and unprotected openings are used within an exterior wall, then the total area of openings shall not exceed the following formula: ACTUAL UNPROTECTED ALLOWABLE UNPROTECTED + ACTUAL PROTECTED ALLOWABLE PROTECTED = 1

41 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Table Maximum Area of Exterior Wall Openings

42 FIRE SEPARATION DISTANCE (feet) DEGREE OF OPENING PROTECTION ALLOWABLE AREA a Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) Not Permitted 0 to less than 3 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) b, c Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i Not Permitted Protected (P) Not Permitted Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) Not Permitted 3 to less than 5 d, e Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i 15% Protected (P) 15% Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) 10% h 5 to less than 10 e, f Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i 25% Protected (P) 25% Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) 15% h 10 to less than 15e, f, g Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i 45% Protected (P) 45% Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) 25% 15 to less than 20 f, g Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i 75% Protected (P) 75% Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) 45% 20 to less than 25 f, g Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i Protected (P) No Limit No Limit Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) 70% 25 to less than 30 f, g 30 or greater Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i Protected (P) Unprotected, Nonsprinklered (UP, NS) Unprotected, Sprinklered (UP, S) i Protected (P) No Limit No Limit No Limit Not Required Not Required

43 Chapter Exterior 7 - Walls Fire-Resistance-Rated Summary Construction (cont.) Issue Requirement Required fire-resistance rating Type of construction: Table 601 for load bearing walls Fire separation distance: Table 602 Required continuity Foundation to 30 inches above roof (except as noted) Openings Types of materials Amount of protected and unprotected openings based upon fire separation distance and vertical exposure, Table and Section Noncombustible for Types I through IV construction Robustness of structural system If load bearing for external forces as required

44 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 706 Fire Walls Required fire-resistance rating of fire walls. Table of the code provides the required fireresistance rating of fire walls. Table Fire Wall Fire-Resistance Ratings

45 Issue Fire Walls Summary Chapter 7 - Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction (cont.) Requirement Required fire-resistance rating Based upon occupancy classifications of separated buildings or fire areas; Table Required continuity Foundation to 30 inches above roof (except as noted) Openings Any single opening maximum 120 square feet, aggregate width not exceeding 25% of length of wall Types of materials Noncombustible for Types I through IV construction, combustible for Type V construction Robustness of structural system Load bearing for tributary loads, as required, allow structural collapse on either side without collapse of wall

46 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 707 Fire Barrier Fire barriers are used in the following applications: Fire area separations Mixed occupancy separations Incidental use areas Exit enclosures Shaft enclosures Horizontal exits Table Fire-Resistance Rating Requirements for Fire Barrier Assemblies Between Fire Areas

47 Issue Fire Barriers Summary Chapter 7 - Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction (cont.) Requirement Required fire-resistance rating Depends on specific use Required continuity Floor/ceiling below to deck above Openings General: Aggregate width less than 25% of the wall length; maximum size of 120 square feet. Specific: Rules based on use of barrier Types of materials As required for the type of construction Robustness of structural system If load bearing, fire tested with load.

48 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 708 Shaft Enclosures The fire resistance ratings of shaft enclosures are: Greater than or equal to four stories 2 hour fireresistance rating. Less than four stories 1 hour fire-resistance rating. Not less than the required fire-resistance rating of the floor penetrated to a maximum of 2 hours. Sprinklers

49 International Building Code - Chapter 7 (cont.) Section 709 Fire Partitions Fire partitions are rated assemblies, but with somewhat less stringent requirements than fire barriers, that are required by the code for the following applications: Exit access corridor walls Elevator lobby separations

50 Required fire-resistance rating Issue Fire Partitions Summary Chapter 7 - Fire-Resistance-Rated Requirement Construction (cont.) 1 hour, with exceptions, depending on use, for corridors see Table Required continuity Floor/ceiling below to deck above or tight to underside of fireresistance-rated assembly Supported by fire-resistance-rated construction, except in corridors, tenant and guestroom separations in Types IIIB and VB construction Openings 20 minutes for corridors 45 minutes for all others Types of materials As required for the type of construction Robustness of structural system If load bearing, fire tested with load

51 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC IN REVIEW

52 In Review What is the difference between a fire wall and a fire barrier? Fire wall used to separate two different buildings Fire walls have requirements for vertical and horizontal continuity (with exceptions) Fire wall has to be an independent structure

53 In Review (cont.) List the three major components of active fire protection: Prevention and ITM Automatic and manual fire alarm/detection Automatic and manual fire suppression

54 In Review (cont.) What was the major cause of death at the MGM Grand Hotel fire and what component of passive fire protection could have helped mitigate the number of deaths? Asphyxia Through penetration fire/smoke stopping

55 Fire-Resistance-Rated Construction and the IBC CLOSEOUT

56 Comments? Questions? Thank you Chad R. Barnes Vice President Marsh Risk Consulting P: (315) New York Empire Chapter of the Society of Fire Protection Engineers