Shale Gas: What s The Big Deal?
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1 INTRODUCTION TO SHALE GAS FORMATION EVALUATION Naslin Formation and Reservoir Solutions Shale Gas: What s The Big Deal? 3 1
2 Why Shale Gas? 4 Why Shale Gas? 5 2
3 Why Do Shales Work? Conventional Reservoir 6 Shale Gas Petroleum System 7 3
4 The Barnett Shale: A Success Story The first known production from the North Texas Barnett was the C.W. Slay No.1 in The play s depth and thickness can vary, but in general it is thicker and deeper in the northeast part of the field, and then thins out and becomes shallower as you move to the south and west. 8 Recent US Shale Gas 9 4
5 Comparison of Major Shale Plays Eagleford Woodford Haynesville Bakken Marcellus Depth (ft) 5,000-13,000 6,000-14,000 10,000-13,500 4,000-11,000 4,000-8,000 Thickness (ft) TOC (Total organic carbon) Ro (Maturity of the Shale) 2-9% 3-10% 2-5% 10-15% 3-10% Hydrocarbon Type Oil - Gas Oil-Gas Gas Oil Gas Guidelines: TOC 1-3 Typical 5+ Very Good (> 2 to produce Hydrocarbons) Guidelines: Ro <1.0 Immature (~Oil) Typical (Oil and/or Gas) >1.5 Mature (~Gas) 10 Shale Gas Reservoir Characteristics Organic shales High Kerogen (TOC) content US Shale Gas Plays Both the source of the gas and the reservoir rock Both adsorbed and free gas Are not composed primarily of clay minerals Presence of natural fractures Must be fracture stimulated to produce at economic rates 11 5
6 Shale Gas Reservoir Characteristics Barnett Shale 12 US Shale Core Samples 13 6
7 Shale Gas Types Organic-rich Black Shale High TOC & high adsorbed gas Low matrix Sw High matrix Sg Gas stored as free & adsorbed Mature Source Rock 14 Shale Gas Types Silt - Laminated Shale or Hybrid Gas stored in shale and silt Low to moderate TOC 15 7
8 Shale Gas Types Highly Fractured Shale Low TOC & low adsorbed gas High matrix Sw Low matrix Sg Gas stored in fractures 16 Key Factor: Ability to Frac or potential to be naturally Fractures 17 8
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10 Halliburton s Role in Shale Gas Plays 20 Halliburton s Role in Shale Gas Plays 21 10
11 Projected Production 22 How Big Are World Shale Gas Resources The current estimates for world gas shales start with Rogner s 1997 study*: Gas Shale Resource Endowment: 16,110 Tcf (456 Tcm) The International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook (2009) assumed that about 40% of Rogner s resource endowment would become recoverable: Gas Shale Recoverable Resource: 6,350 Tcf (180 Tcm) (*) Rogner, H. H., 1997, An Assessment of World Hydrocarbon Resources,Annual Review of Energy and Environment
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15 Indonesia Shale Gas Potential MESDM Why Develop Shale Gas In Indonesia? Demand for conventional oil and gas is progressively increase. Abundance of shale gas resources associated with conventional oil and gas. To meet the high demand of gas both domestically or for foreign currency. Available infrastructure for field development Energy diversification is required, one of them is Shale Gas 31 15
16 Shale Gas Potential Area and Infrastructure MESDM Indonesia vs US Shale Play 33 16
17 Shale Gas Formation Evaluation: Technology & Methodology 34 Triple Combo 35 17
18 Triple Combo Log Characteristics Common to Organic Rich Shales Elevated Gamma Ray measurements than surrounding shales due to increased organic material Increased Resistivity measurements than surrounding shales due to the increased organic material and possibly thinly laminated sands or carbonates Lower Bulk Density measurements than surrounding shales again due to the increasing organic material 36 Passey Technique 37 18
19 Passey Technique S Units of LogR 1 Log cycle equals 1 unit of ΔLogR ΔlogR 0.7 (LOM = 7, Type II) TOC 38 Passey Technique DeltaLogR QC plot. Properly baselined Dt, Nlim, Rhob vs. Rt. The solid green separation in tracks 3, 5, and 7 represents DeltaLogR, or organic richness. Red dots represent Core TOC vs. TOC modeled results
20 GEM - Elemental Measurements Measurement Principle: Neutron-induced capture gamma ray spectrometry Application: - Quantitative estimate of formation mineralogical composition - Improved accuracy and assurance for evaluations in simple mineralogy formations - Improved volumetric petrophysical evaluations in complex mineralogy formations 40 GEM - Elemental Measurements Elastic Neutron Scattering all neutron energies ev - 11 MeV Thermal Neutron Absorption slow low neutron energies ~0.025 ev Capture g High Energy Neutrons 15 Ci AmBe Source 4.6 MeV Inelastic g Inelastic Neutron Scattering fast high neutron energies 11 MeV 100 KeV neutron energy lowers with time and scattering 41 neutron energy thermal level ev diffusion 20
21 Dry Weight % Dry Weight % Dry Weight % Relative CPS/Channel 3/21/2012 GEM - Elemental Measurements Chlorine Sulfur Silicon Aluminum Magnesium Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Energy (MeV) 42 GEM - Lab Validations GEM Indiana Limestone ICP Core Mg Al Si K Ca Ti Mn Fe GEM Massillion Sandstone ICP Core Mg Al Si K Ca Ti Mn Fe GEM Kasota Dolomite ICP Core Mg Al Si K Ca Ti Mn Fe 43 21
22 GEM - Shale Gas applications Elementals DRY Rock Mineral Analysis XRD Data Quartz Calcite Pyrite Illite Mg Chlorite Na Feldspar 44 GEM - Shale Gas applications 45 22
23 Wavesonic TRANSMITTER ELECTRONICS TRANSMITTER CONTROLLER FIELD JOINT MONOPOLE TRANSMITTER DIPOLE TRANSMITTER X & Y DIPOLES SHOP JOINT ISOLATOR FIELD JOINT Applications Sonic Porosity Geomechanical Analysis Production Enhancement Treatment Design Wellbore Stability Anisotropy Analysis Maximum and Minimum Stress Orientation Fracture Orientation RECEIVER ARRAY RECEIVER ELECTRONICS RECEIVER 1 RECEIVER 8 FIELD JOINT MAIN INSTRUMENT 46 Wavesonic Monopole Source Pressure pulse strikes the borehole wall which propagate through the formation as waves. Compressional Shear Stoneley Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University 47 23
24 Wavesonic Dipole Source Two dipole transmitters are arranged orthogonally. Transmitters fire alternately, creating flexural along two axes. X X Y Tool body Y in-line receivers cross-line receivers 48 Wavesonic Accoustic waves Stoneley wave Compresional wave Energy transport Shear wave Surface wave From: Dr. Dan Russell
25 Wavesonic waveform products 50 Wavesonic Mechanical Properties Young Modulus Stress Strain Poisson s Ratio Stress Strain 51 25
26 Wavesonic Mechanical Properties 2 DTS 2* DTC Poisson' sratio DTS DTC 2 RHOB *(1 Poisson' sratio) Young' smodulus 2*13475* 2 DTS Pseudo Brittleness YM_BRIT = ((YMS_C-1)/(8-1))*100 PR_BRIT = ((PR_C-0.4)/( ))*100 BRIT=(YM_BRIT+PR_BRIT)/2 SPE Mechanical Properties for Stimulation Design Mancos Shale A B C D E F G Zone Brittleness Thickness Closure Stress Frac Barrier Frac 100 B/M % feet psi inches Fluid A Yes None B No Slick C Yes None D No Slick E Yes None F Yes None G No Slick Brittleness Frac Barrier Frac Width Gas Effect Poisson s Ratio Youngs Modulus 53 26
27 Brittleness 3/21/2012 Seismic Petrophysics: Reservoir Brittleness 54 Introduction to Hydraulic Fracturing The use of fluids (hydraulic pressure) to create a crack in the Reservoir Rock. The continued injection of fluids into the created crack ( fracture ) to make it grow larger The placement of small granular solids into the crack to insure the crack remains open after the hydraulic pressure is no longer being applied 55 27
28 Introduction to Hydraulic Fracturing Filtrate invaded zone Well bore Top View Created fracture length Propped fracture length Created fracture length Effective fracture length 56 Anisotropy Natural Fractures Detection Fast Shear Fast Shear Azimuth Slow Shear Fast Shear Azimuth Energy % Anisotropy N S N 57 28
29 N 3/21/2012 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance M 0 B 0 When placed in a magnetic field, B 0, the 1 H protons align parallel and anti-parallel with the field Standoff Electronics Section Standoff B 0 M 0 B 1 Magnet Section S Antenna Section RF Antenna B 0 B 1 Protons align with B 1 when RF field is switched on, or pulsed 58 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Medical NMR Fluid rich tissues are visible Oilfield NMR Only Hydrogen in pore space is seen Bone is Dark Not seen by NMR 59 Rock material is NOT Seen by NMR NMR Logging measures Quantity of 1 H present in the fluid sample volume Relaxation times present in the sample 29
30 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMR measures fluid porosity, independent of mineralogy NMR T 1 & T 2 logs provide valuable reservoir information (Total NMR, Effective, BVI & Micro ) (Answers: Which fluids will produce and which will not ) Real Time Continuous Permeability Estimate Application/Objective specific NMR acquisition & answer products (Pre-job planning to tailor NMR acquisition & analysis to objectives is recommended) *gas light oil (using NMR only) *intermediate heavy oil *NMR +R t saturation 60 North America Shale (Source Rock) MRIL T1 & GRI Core Porosity 61 30
31 ShaleXpert Software High End Solution - Calibration of TOC to actual Kerogen Volume - Mineralogy Calibration to X-Ray Diffraction - Volumetric Free Gas/Oil & Bound Water - Calibrated Pseudo Brittleness to Brinell Hardness - 3D Effective Stress & Mechanical Properties - Effective Perm Calibration to DFIT Analysis - Pay Analysis & Report 62 ShaleXpert Example - Haynesville & Bossier Shale Vert vs.horiz PR,YM, & Stress GEM Mineralogy GEM Volumetrics TOC & Kerogen Sw Pseudo Brittleness Bossier Haynesville DFIT & GRI Perm, micro vs.nano darcy Free & Sorbed Cumm Gas 2D vs 3D Stress Anisotropy 63 31
32 Conclusion: Define The Sweet spot in Shale Gas Higher index of brittleness and low plasticity = highest fracture complexity & most surface area Lowest effective closure stress Highest effective porosity (most free gas) Least amount of clay layering per unit volume (low VTI anisotropy) Most amount of micro-fractures per unit volume (high HTI anisotropy) Highest TOC-FT when Thermally Mature Thank You! Nfn.naslin@halliburton.com Phone ext
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