Internal Combustion Engines. Applied Thermosciences. 3rd Edition

Transcription

1 Brochure More information from Internal Combustion Engines. Applied Thermosciences. 3rd Edition Description: Fully updated third edition incorporating recent developments in engine modelling and analysis, combustion processes, fuels, and engine performance Since the publication of the Second Edition in 2001, there have been considerable technical advances and developments in the field of internal combustion engines. These include more detailed engine thermodynamic performance modelling, increased importance of gaseous fuels, new combustion processes, and more stringent emissions requirements. There have also been changes in the instructional methodologies used in the applied thermal sciences that require inclusion in a new edition. These methodologies suggest that an increased focus on applications, examples, problem based learning, and computation will have a positive effect on learning of the material, both for the novice student and the practicing engineer. This Third Edition mirrors its predecessor and has been expanded with two additional chapters, and new examples and homework problems throughout. All of the software now is open source, so that readers can see in detail how computational analysis and design of engines is performed. The new edition uses Matlab software, which has become a default computational tool in most Mechanical Engineering programs, and gives detailed descriptions of the computational techniques employed. Provides students and engineers with the tools to apply the fundamental principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer to internal combustion engines. Provides insight into how internal combustion engines are modelled and analysed. Enhances learning with the inclusion of Matlab programs showing how to perform representative energy, fluid flow, combustion, and emission calculations. Examples and end of chapter problems are included throughout the text to illustrate and reinforce important concepts. The Appendix and companion website includes listings of the Matlab computer programs, and detailed explanation of the numerical procedures used. Contents: Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii 1. Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines Introduction Historical Background Engine Cycles Engine Performance Parameters Engine Configurations Examples of Internal Combustion Engines Alternative Power Plants References 29

2 1.9 Homework Heat Engine Cycles Introduction Constant Volume Heat Addition Constant Pressure Heat Addition Limited Pressure Cycle Miller Cycle Finite Energy Release Ideal Four Stroke Process and Residual Fraction Discussion of Gas Cycle Models References Homework Fuel, Air, and Combustion Thermodynamics Introduction Thermodynamic Properties of Ideal Gas Mixtures Liquid Vapor Gas Mixtures Stoichiometry Low Temperature Combustion Modeling General Chemical Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium using Equilibrium Constants References Homework Fuel Air Combustion Processes Introduction Combustion and the First Law Maximum Work and the Second Law Fuel Air Otto Cycle Four Stroke Fuel Air Otto Cycle Homogeneous Two Zone Finite Heat Release Cycle Comparison of Fuel Air Cycles with Actual Spark Ignition Cycles Limited Pressure Fuel Air Cycle Comparison of Limited Pressure Fuel Air Cycles with Actual Compression Ignition Cycles 128

3 4.10 References Homework Intake and Exhaust Flow Introduction Valve Flow Intake and Exhaust Flow Superchargers and Turbochargers Effect of Ambient Conditions on Engine and Compressor Mass Flow References Homework Fuel and Airflow in the Cylinder Introduction Carburetion Fuel Injection Spark Ignition Fuel Injection Compression Ignition Large Scale in Cylinder Flow In Cylinder Turbulence Airflow in Two Stroke Engines References Homework Combustion Processes in Engines Introduction Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines Abnormal Combustion (Knock) in Spark Ignition Engines Combustion in Compression Ignition Engines Low Temperature Combustion References Homework Emissions Introduction Nitrogen Oxides 235

4 8.3 Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Particulates Emissions Regulation and Control References Homework Fuels Introduction Hydrocarbon Chemistry Refining Fuel Properties Gasoline Fuels Alternative Fuels for Spark Ignition Engines Hydrogen Diesel Fuels References Homework Friction and Lubrication Introduction Friction Coefficient Friction Mean Effective Pressure Friction Measurements Friction Modeling Journal Bearing Friction Piston and Ring Friction Valve Train Friction Accessory Friction Pumping Mean Effective Pressure Overall Engine Friction Mean Effective Pressure Lubrication References Homework 316

5 11. Heat and Mass Transfer Introduction Engine Cooling Systems Engine Energy Balance Cylinder Heat Transfer Heat Transfer Modeling Heat Transfer Correlations Heat Transfer in the Exhaust System Radiation Heat Transfer Mass Loss or Blowby References Homework Engine Testing and Control Introduction Instrumentation Combustion Analysis Exhaust Gas Analysis Control Systems in Engines Vehicle Emissions Testing References Homework Overall Engine Performance Introduction Effect of Engine and Piston Speed Effect of Air Fuel Ratio and Load Engine Performance Maps Effect of Engine Size Effect of Ignition and Injection Timing Effect of Compression Ratio Vehicle Performance Simulation References 384

6 13.10 Homework 385 Appendices 387 A Physical Properties of Air 387 B Thermodynamic Property Tables for Various Ideal Gases 389 C Curve Fit Coefficients for Thermodynamic Properties of Various Fuels and Ideal Gases 397 D Conversion Factors and Physical Constants 401 E Thermodynamic Analysis of Mixtures 403 E.1 Thermodynamic Derivatives 403 E.2 Numerical Solution of Equilibrium Combustion Equations 405 E.3 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known 408 E.4 Isentropic Compression/Expansion with Known 409 E.5 Constant Volume Combustion 410 E.6 Quality of Exhaust Products 411 E.7 References 412 F Computer Programs 413 F.1 Volume.m 414 F.2 Velocity.m 414 F.3 BurnFraction.m 414 F.4 FiniteHeatRelease.m 415 F.5 FiniteHeatMassLoss.m 417 F.6 FourStrokeOtto.m 420 F.7 RunFarg.m 421 F.8 farg.m 422 F.9 fuel.m 425 F.10 RunEcp.m 426 F.11 ecp.m 427 F.12 AdiabaticFlameTemp.m 437 F.13 OttoFuel.m 438 F.14 FourStrokeFuelAir.m 440 F.15 Homogeneous.m 444 F.16 Friction.m 450 F.17 WoschniHeatTransfer.m 451

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