Firewalld, netfilter and nftables
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1 Firewalld, netfilter and nftables Thomas Woerner Red Hat, Inc. NFWS 2015 June 24
2 firewalld Central firewall management service using D-Bus Supports IPv4: iptables IPv6: ip6tables Bridges: ebtables Sends signals for all actions over D-Bus Integration NetworkManager libvirt docker 2 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
3 Configuration Completely adaptable, XML config files Run-time and persistent configuration separation Default and adapted configuration files Default usable as fallbacks Services Zones Direct interface 3 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
4 Services Options Port (ranges) with protocol Netfilter helper modules Destination address (range) for IPv4 and/or IPv6 Nearly 70 built-in services Adaptable over D-Bus, config tools and files 4 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
5 Service Examples dns <service> <port protocol="tcp" port="53"/> <port protocol="udp" port="53"/> </service> tftp <service> <port protocol="udp" port="69"/> <module name="nf_conntrack_tftp"/> </service> https <service> <port protocol="tcp" port="443"/> </service> dhcpv6-client <service> <port protocol="udp" port="546"/> <destination ipv6="fe80::/64"/> </service> 5 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
6 Zones I Options Services Ports (ranges) with protocols Rich rules Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) blocks Masquerading Port/packet forwardings Options can be enabled for a limited time frame Built-in zones: block, dmz, drop, external, home, internal, public, trusted, work Completely adaptable 6 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
7 Zones II Zone is similar to a complete firewall Initial default: public (FedoraWorkstation, FedoraServer) One zone per connection (NM, network service) ZONE=<name> in ifcfg file or NM configuration One zone per interface or source address (range) Internal firewall rule ordering according to rule action log deny allow 7 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
8 Zone Examples public <zone> <service name="ssh"/> <service name="dhcpv6-client"/> </zone> drop <zone target= DROP > </zone> custom <zone> <interface name="em2"/> <source address=" /24"/> <service name="ssh"/> <service name="ipp-client"/> <service name="dhcpv6-client"/> <rule><protocol value="ah"/><accept/></rule> </zone> 8 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
9 Rich Rules Source address (range): optional Destination address (range): optional One Element Service, port, protocol, icmp-block, masquerade, forwardport Limit: optional Logging: optional Log and/or audit Limit: optional One Action: accept, reject, drop Limit optional 9 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
10 Rich Rule Examples Allow new IPv4 and IPv6 connections for service ftp and log 1 per minute using audit rule service name="ftp" log limit value="1/m" audit accept Allow new IPv4 connections from address /24 for service tftp, log 1 per minute using syslog rule family="ipv4" source address=" /24" service name="tftp" log prefix="tftp" level="info" limit value="1/m" accept New IPv6 connections from 1:2:3:4:6:: to service radius are rejected and logged at a rate of 3 per minute. New IPv6 connections from other sources are accepted, saved permanently, reload to activate rule family="ipv6" source address="1:2:3:4:6::" service name="radius" log prefix="radius" level="info" limit value="3/m" reject rule family="ipv6" service name="radius" accept 10 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
11 Direct Interface More complex rules, globally, not in zones Config file: /etc/firewalld/direct.xml Chains For use with rules, same as in netfilter Rules ip*tables/ebtables syntax priority for rule ordering added to _direct chains for netfilter built-in chains or own chains Passthrough rules (For highly experienced users) Used by libvirt, docker 11 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
12 Direct Interface Examples Create custom chain blacklist in raw table for IPv4, log and DROP firewall-cmd --direct --add-chain ipv4 raw blacklist firewall-cmd --direct --add-rule ipv4 raw blacklist 0 -m limit --limit 1/min -j LOG --log-prefix blacklist: firewall-cmd --direct --add-rule ipv4 raw blacklist 1 -j DROP Add black listed IPv4 address to blacklist firewall-cmd --direct --add-rule ipv4 raw PREROUTING 0 -s /24 -j blacklist Persistent direct configuration <direct> <chain ipv="ipv4" table="raw" chain="blacklist"/> <rule ipv="ipv4" table="raw" chain="prerouting" priority="0">-s /24 -j blacklist</rule> <rule ipv="ipv4" table="raw" chain="blacklist" priority="0">-m limit --limit 1/min -j LOG --log-prefix "blacklist: "</rule> <rule ipv="ipv4" table="raw" chain="blacklist" priority="1">-j DROP</rule> </direct> 12 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
13 D-Bus Interface Full featured Run-time and persistent configuration Zones, services, icmp types Direct interface Lockdown Signals for all changes Used by Config tools Other projects: NetworkManager, libvirt, docker 13 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
14 Netfilter use in projects Parsing of existing rule set complex, adding rules to the first line in the builtin chains very common Not using of the wait option initially Adding rules or rule sets using ipxtables calls, mostly no cleanup of old rules Flushing of rule set before adding own rules Using reject rules in the end of own rule set 14 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
15 Netfilter use in firewall managers, issues Rule set is mostly cleared on start Limitation: Only rule positions, no ids Comments usable as a work around for ids, but results in less readable output Ordering of rules is important, decides on effect, no way to pin rules to positions No signal to user land for changes with in rule set Not possible to get rule counters for rules besides parsing whole rule set for statistics 15 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
16 Netfilter use in firwalld I iptables, ip6tables and ebtables calls Uses set of chains for zones, created only if used Orders rules internally in _log, _deny and _allow sub chains Possible speedup using -restore calls, but limited 16 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
17 Netfilter use in firwalld II *filter -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -j INPUT_direct -A INPUT -j INPUT_ZONES_SOURCE -A INPUT -j INPUT_ZONES -A INPUT -p icmp -j ACCEPT -A INPUT -m conntrack --ctstate INVALID -j DROP -A INPUT -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A OUTPUT -j OUTPUT_direct -A INPUT_ZONES -i em1 -j IN_block -A INPUT_ZONES -j IN_block -A IN_block -j IN_block_log -A IN_block -j IN_block_deny -A IN_block -j IN_block_allow -A IN_block -j REJECT --reject-with icmp-host-prohibited -A IN_public -j IN_public_log -A IN_public -j IN_public_deny -A IN_public -j IN_public_allow -A IN_public_allow -p tcp -m tcp --dport 22 -m conntrack --ctstate NEW -j ACCEPT (simple use case with block as default zone and public used for the em1 interface, forward chains left out) 17 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
18 nftables I Good: Monitor maybe several monitors needed to simplify parsing No fixed base chain names, distributions already using different name sets Hard to use for cross-distribution projects No fixed order of ip, ip6 and inet filter table handling Creation order important? Different behaviour possible Base chain priorities unclear, why different ranges? Base chains with different priorities increasing complexity 18 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
19 nftables II Only accept and drop as default base chain policy, final reject line required Chains with lower priority not used Question: Estimated time frame for use in production 19 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
20 Wish list Full features nftables library with same behaviour and checks as the command line tool also for ipxtables compat mode Full featured xtables library if nftables release Fixed base chain names Ids for rules Get counters for rules (and chains) without parsing rule set (for statistics mode) at best by id Checksums for chains and tables or last modified info Write access limitations, unlimited read access Way to pin rules to fixed positions 20 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
21 Future Plans Statistics and tracing mode ipset support nftables support (smooth transition for users) Security environments (zone interaction) Direct rules in zones 21 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
22 More Information Web: Documentation: Man pages for firewalld, firewalld.zone, firewalld.service, firewalld.direct, firewalld.richlanguage, firewall-cmd,.. Source Repository: git://github.com/t-woerner/firewalld irc channel: #firewalld on freenode Mailing lists: 22 firewalld, netflter and nftables NFWS 2015
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