Chapter 11 Cotton and Slavery in Antebellum SC

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Cotton and Slavery in Antebellum SC 1. Industrial Revolution Vocabulary 2. textile 3. raw materials 4. cotton gin 5. cotton boll 6. manufacturing 7. agriculture 8. gang system 9. task system 10. slave driver/overseer 11. hire out 12. Westward Expansion 13. Abolitionists 14. Underground Railroad 15. Sectionalism 16. Antebellum Era 1

2 Much of this chapter will be a review since we discussed slavery during the colonial period and the actual institution of slavery did not change a lot during the Antebellum Era. The main differences are they are growing cotton and slavery grew much bigger. Any of this information may appear on the test, so please study all of the information. New Cash Crop 1. Why did SC need a new cash crop? 2. With the death of rice and indigo, what else did many people think would die out? Industrial Revolution 3. What was the Industrial Revolution? 4. Where did it begin? 5. Before factories, how was most work done? 6. Why did this make cotton expensive? 7. How did the Industrial Revolution make work faster? 8. Where were most of these early factories built? 9. Who did the work in the South? 10. Who did the work in the North? 11. What motivated both of these industries? 12. What could SC provide that would help the Industrial North? New Cash Crop After the Revolutionary War, the profits from and were not good and it was difficult to make money growing them. was no longer buying from the colonies and other countries were producing the crops. SC needed a new. Industrial Revolution As the American Revolution was fought, another was beginning. This revolution was not a one, but one that would change the world with many new and ways of getting work done. It was called the Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began in the industry in. Many inventions made it much and to turn raw cotton into cloth. Before the Industrial Revolution, cotton was turned into with a person on a spinning wheel spinning a thread at a time. It was then woven on a loom and then made into clothing. This was a very consuming and process. Supply low = price Supply high = price The Industrial Revolution introduced the idea of using other sources of power. Instead of one doing the work, these threading and weaving machines used the power of or to do the work of of people. The idea of the textile factory was into America and the factories took off in the. Large towns built up around the factories and there begins to be a definite difference between the lifestyle of the and the. The economy was based on and the economy is based on. In the South, most of the work was done by, and in the North, most of the work was done by young and. Both of these groups provided, and although there were differences, both industries were run by and the desire for. In South Carolina, this revolution came just as we were in search of a new to grow and the northern factories needed the raw materials necessary to run a textile factory. Plantations and slavery will be given a rebirth. 2

3 Making Money With Cotton 13. Explain cotton s major flaw? 14. Before the cotton gin, few farmers planted cotton why? 15. Who invented the cotton gin? 16. What did the cotton gin do? 17. How did the cotton gin affect the amount of cotton that could be processed? 18. Where was this cotton needed? Cotton s effect on the Upstate 19. How did the cotton gin affect the growth of cotton in SC? 20. Why did cotton benefit the Upstate? 21. How did the Upstate and Low Country compare after cotton? Making Money With Cotton In 1793,, who was visiting a friend in the south invented a machine called the. There are several folktales describing how he came up with his idea. No matter how he came up with his idea, his machine that would revolutionize the south. One theory is that he was watching a mother try to pull the from her daughter s hair with a which gave him the idea of the gin. Another tale says that while visiting a plantation he watched a using its claws to try to pull a through the slats of a cage, but all he could get were some. The cotton gin removed the sticky from the cotton with the simple turn of a crank. Before the invention of the cotton gin, it took one slave an entire day to process pounds of cotton. With the cotton gin, that same slave could process about pounds of cotton in a day. As time went on, gins became larger and larger and faster and faster. Instead of a person turning the crank, eventually and would be used to turn the cranks. These larger machines made it possible for one individual to run the machines which could process pounds in a day. Cotton s effect on the Upstate The cotton gin helped to bring large amounts of money back into the state. Because cotton could grow anywhere and it was easy to ship, it helped the Country grow as well were the days of all of the large wealthy plantations existing only in the Country. Because cotton could be grown anywhere, the State grew in and. The Up Country and Low Country were becoming very similar. Before this time, most people who owned land in the Upstate were farmers, but now cotton gave them the ability to become just as as those in the Low Country. Plantations popped up all over the state. *Note: Please do not assume that all people in the South had slaves a number of people in SC had even one. Cotton Gins effect on Slavery 22. How did the cotton gin effect the growth of slavery in SC? Cotton Gins effect on Slavery If the cotton gin made it easier to process cotton once it was picked, would you expect slavery to go up or down? Most people would say down, because the slaves no longer had to hand pick the seeds from the cotton, so fewer slaves would be needed right? Wrong, the opposite is what actually happened. Because so much cotton could be quickly using a 3

4 23. Where were the new slaves needed and why? 24. What happened to the price of slaves as the demand went up? South Carolina had a King 25. What did cotton do for the South? 26. What nickname was cotton given? cotton gin, plantation owners wanted to cotton so that it could be processed. The need for slaves to work in the grew quickly so cotton actually caused the demand for slaves to go up. Rice and indigo plantations quickly transformed into plantations as people saw an opportunity for great. The demand for slaves went up so quickly that the price of slaves was driven up 80% in 10 years from an average of $215 in 1790 to $381 in When demand is high price is When demand is low price is South Carolina had a King Cotton brought so much and to the plantation owners during the Antebellum Era, and along with this wealth came pride for the. We had quickly gone from the devastation of the Revolutionary War to again becoming one of the states in the nation. Being a owner was considered the most job anyone could have and was the crop of choice for most of these planters. Cotton was such a powerful influence on the state that it became known as. The Southerners resisted the introduction of because they saw no point in changing something that was working. While the North was turning to the system and, the defended the institution of and with everything they had. Slavery and Cotton 27. What was the Southern economy based on in early SC History? 28. Who were the most respected people in society in the South? 29. Even though there were still subsistence farmers in the state, why is it that the wealthy plantation owners are the ones that made the biggest impact? Slavery and Cotton Throughout the colonial and Antebellum periods, SC s economy was based on and plantation owners were the most people in the state much like the celebrities are today. Before the, South Carolina had the highest percentage of in the nation. Even so, it is important for you to realize that not every farmer was a owner. Many farmers were farmers who did not own any slaves and only grew enough to survive. If a subsistence farmer was wealthy enough to purchase a slave, he/she usually had only one or two and the worked with their in the field. When you look at the wealth and power of the state though, the small number of large plantation owners had almost all of the, and power. 4

5 30. Did all people in SC have slaves? 31. Why did cotton benefit the Upstate? 32. How were the North and South tied together because of cotton? 33. What groups were taken advantage of in the North- South- During the and after Eli Whitney invented the, South Carolina farmers transformed their and plantations into plantations. Because cotton was in such great in the Northern, the planters were able to sell their cotton at high. This benefited the obviously, but it also gave the Northern textile mills a steady supply of the raw materials needed to run their factories. This helped Southern and Northern owners become very. Most of this wealth came from taking of others. In the, it was and in the, and. The increase in meant that the needed more out in the growing and processing the cotton to keep up with the demand for the cotton in these factories. There was a drastic in the slave population during the Antebellum period. Life for Slaves on a Plantation 34. The majority of slaves worked in the. 35. Why would the task system have been better to work under than the gang system? 36. Most cotton plantations used which type of system? 37. What was the job of the overseer? Life for Slaves on a Plantation Field Slaves Most slaves ended up as slaves. These slaves provided the on the plantation and did the work in the fields and in the plantation houses. They, planted, cultivated, harvested and the crop, working from six days a week. As we learned previously, most rice plantations worked on a system which allowed a slave to get his work done and then have some time to himself. On cotton plantations, however, the slaves usually worked on the system. The were divided into groups and each gang was taken to a particular part of the field where they worked from the time the sun came up till the sun went down. This was much worse than the task system and gave them very little to work. Slaves of worked in the fields. Cotton was a fairly easy crop to pick, so it was easy to even a young child. The or supervised the work in the fields and was the one who ensured that work was done properly and slaves who did not complete their work well. 5

6 38. What was a hire out? 39. If a hire out was paid for his job, who did his money legally belong to? 40. Why did many Southerners say they were doing slaves a favor by keeping them as slaves? 41. What jobs did the house slave do? 42. What were the disadvantages of being a house slave? Work for the Plantation Owner 43. Plantation owners did have work what were their responsibilities? 44. Why did some slave owners treat their slaves carefully? 45. What were some responsibilities of the mistress of the house? Hire Outs Some slaves on a plantation had and might be a hired out by the master. For example, if a slave was a, he might be hired out to a neighbor to build a for him. The neighbor would pay the of the slave. were usually the only slaves who were given small amounts of, but legally, the master did not have to give him any of the money. As America got closer to the Civil War, many Southerners argued that hire outs were the only who were capable of taking care of themselves. The used this as an argument to slavery. They claimed that the masters were doing the unskilled slaves a because they would not be able to take care of themselves. Although it is true that the and skills would have made it for an unskilled slave to find a job, this was simply an used by the southern plantation owners who were trying to hold onto their. House Slaves House slaves worked in the big house and did the,, and helped the owners children. Although the work in the house was not always as difficult as the work in the field, it did have its too. First you were close to the master if he was or took advantage of you, it would obviously be unpleasant. Also, you did not have a lot of people to with since the of the slaves on the plantation were in the fields. Work for the Plantation Owner Many people commonly say that the plantation owner had because he was. However, the owner had to do too. His main goal was to make money and it was his job to keep up and manage all of the on the plantation. He had a good bit to plan for. All business decisions, including the of the crops and the of the slave population was the responsibility of the. He had to ensure that there was enough,,, and resources to support all of the people he was responsible for. The oversaw the running of the house and dinner parties and meetings for her family and took care of slaves when they were. Southerners justified slavery as a 6

7 46. What was an argument that Southerners used to justify slavery? Treatment of Slaves 47. Even though being whipped was not an everyday event for most slaves, describe why their lives were still bad. (Give me at least three things) Slave Resistance and Revolts 48. What was the name of the famous revolt that was attempted during the Antebellum Era. 49. Who was Denmark Vesey? 50. Why did he plan the revolt? and claimed that southern slaves were better cared for than in the. Treatment of Slaves Slaves were treated differently on their and the that were in charge of them some were cruel and others were. Although slaves could be treated, many slave owners were very with their slaves. Slaves were a huge and they relied on the work they. Therefore, many slave owners treated their slaves well. Even if you were treated well though, you were denied your and forced to work long hours for pay. Slaves had little time to tend to their own and needs. They were provided with a of food, clothing, and shelter. Since the law did not recognize slave marriages, were often sold because the owner needed money or as a t. They were to leave the plantations without a written pass and roamed the countryside searching for possible runaways. Slaves were denied the right to an because it was against the law for them to learn to read and write. Slaves could be and there were few if the slave was injured or even killed by the owner. Slave Resistance & Revolts Slave owners lived in constant fear that their slaves would rise up against them. As the slave population increased because of this possibility increased as well. One of the more famous attempts at revolt in SC during the 1800 s was the Denmark Vesey Insurrection. was a freed slave who won his freedom in a. He lived as a carpenter and minister in the church in. He believed God had called him to be the for his people and lead them from slavery. 7

8 51. Why did the revolt not happen? 52. For what reason would a slave tell on one of his fellow slaves? 53. Describe how a slave could revolt in a secretive way? Slaves Make the Best of their Situation 54. Why did groups of slaves form families? 55. Why do you think many slaves focused on religion? 56. What stories in the Bible did they focus on? Slavery Moves West 57. What does cotton do to the soil? 58. Why did slavery begin to move West? Everything was going as planned until one of the slaves who knew about the Rebellion his master about the plan. Denmark Vesey and many of the slaves involved were put to. Unlike the Stono Rebellion earlier in history, this revolt never happened, but it did many plantation owners. They passed additional to limit the slaves and even the free blacks. Although there were a few slave revolts with direct violence, most slaves were more secretive with their resistance because they were afraid of the punishment they would receive. Some small ways to resist were to work slowly, destroy the master s property, and faking illness. All of these cost the master money which was a safer way of revenge. Slaves Make the Best of their Situation Much of life for slaves was negative, but many slaves made the best of their situations. Slaves were often from their actual families, so they created their own family units often this included people who were of no real relation to them. This gave them the security of and it helped them stay together and keep some of their culture alive. Slaves also turned to and most converted to. They may have attended church with their master, but often they met secretly and worshipped in their own way. In their services, they focused on the idea of and the story of especially spoke to them. Slavery Moves West After planting cotton for several years, it was quickly that cotton wore out the soil and the soil of. This meant that after a number of years, cotton would drop. They could have planted to give the soil a break, but so much pride and wealth was tied up in farming, most planters were to try new crops and simply purchased land. This led to the of plantations to the. Along with the spread of came the spread of. The Southerners felt like their slaves were their, and it was their right to take their property west with them if they moved into a new. The idea of slavery expanding was a major for some people. Cotton will become the of the problems that will lead our country to the. 8

9 Abolition Movement 59. What is an abolitionist? 60. Although there were Southern abolitionists, why were the numbers lower in the South? 61. What were the names of two of the most well-known abolitionists from SC? 62. Why did the Grimke sisters leave SC? 63. Why were Northern factory owners not interested in seeing slavery end? 64. Why were many Northern factory workers worried about slavery ending? 65. For the following names, tell me what they did to help with the Abolition Movement. William Garrison Frederick Douglass 66. How did Harriet Beecher Stowe s book Uncle Tom s Cabin influence many northerners? Abolition Movement People who disagreed with slavery and wanted to see it abolished were called. The Abolitionist Movement was definitely more popular in the ; (although not everyone there wanted to see an end to slavery) there were who participated as well. Just like with anything in life, there were many levels of how active a person was in the abolition movement some people lived their whole lives to try to end slavery and others may have done only things to help. The movement was not as big in the South because as an abolitionist, you were disagreeing with the way of life and many people were by the abolitionists. In the South, being an abolitionist was putting your and on the line. These people were often threatened or had property of theirs. Sarah and Angelina were two sisters in South Carolina who were outspoken and leaders in the fight for the rights of slaves and later for women. Because they were abolitionists they chose to the state after the Denmark Vesey Insurrection because they felt like their lives were in. Although the abolitionist movement was bigger in the North, there were still many Northerners who did not want to see slavery end. knew that putting an end to slavery would cause cotton to go so it would cost him more to buy the cotton to use in his factories. The factory were worried that if slavery ended, then the slaves who were used to working for nothing at all would come to the North and take their since the factory owner could pay the freed slaves. So if there were people in the North who were against slavery, why is the north known for the Abolitionist Movement? Have you ever heard that the squeaky wheel get the grease? What that means is that those people who make the most noise get heard. There were several outspoken abolitionists who worked hard to spread the word of freedom. The sisters as mentioned before, William Garrison who published a newspaper called the and Frederick Douglass who had a newspaper called the. One of the events closer to the Civil War was the publishing of Harriet Beecher Stowe s. This was a best-selling novel that told the story of Tom who was a slave and in the end he is killed even though he was a very and 9

10 67. What did the South say about the book? 68. How did some abolitionists directly help some slaves? 69. Why did the Underground Railroad not play a major role in SC? 70. Those who did try to escape on the Underground Railroad faced several challenges what were they? man. It was read by thousands of people in the North who felt great for slaves. In the South, the book was called a. Although these people did not end slavery single handedly, they were hoping that by spreading the word and exposing the injustices of slavery, they would convince more people to fight for. The abolitionists were also important in helping slaves escape on the. They provided places,,,, and occasional rides for the people trying to make their way to freedom in the North. The Underground Railroad was an important part of the history at this time, but its impact was small in SC because we were so from the border that it was difficult for slaves to escape. Some did try, but it was a and scary decision because they did not really know where they were they were and to get there. Slave were also out searching for possible runaways. In the next chapter, we will see how these issues and others caused the sectionalism between the North and South to get so bad that the United States divides and we end up involved in the Civil War. 10

11 Cotton and Slavery Vocabulary Practice Industrial Revolution textile cotton boll manufacturing cotton gin raw materials Antebellum Era suffrage fall line Plantation system task system gang system agriculture The period of time between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War was known as the (1). It was early in the 1800 s when there was an (2) in England that quickly changed the way people in America lived. The Industrial Revolution began in England in the (3) or cloth industry. This revolution quickly spread to America and factories began popping up all over the northern states. (4) was the making of products in a factory. These factories needed the (5) necessary to make the cloth in their factories. This is where (6) or farming in the South came into the picture. The South, and especially South Carolina, was in search of a new cash crop to rebuild the South. Many things were tried. Cotton could easily be grown and turned into cloth, but the major flaw with cotton was removing the sticky seeds from the (7). This took too long by hand and farmers made little money from the crop. Eli Whitney stepped in and came up with an invention called the (8). With the simple turn of a crank, the seeds could be removed easily. Cotton was now going to take over the South and become known as King Cotton. Cotton gave new life to the South, but it also increased the need for the slaves. The (9) thrived and more and more slaves were needed to do the work in the fields. Rice plantations used the (10) for working the slaves while cotton plantations used the (11). The (12) was in charge of making sure that the work was done properly by the slaves. One side effect of the growth of cotton was that the Upstate and Low Country become equal at this point. Short staple cotton could be grown anywhere and people in the Upcountry could become as wealthy as a person in the Low Country. Because there were more and more wealthy people in the Upcountry they began fighting for suffrage or the right to vote. With the building of the canal system, the farmers west of the (13) could easily transport their goods to the market. As you can see, cotton revolutionized the entire country. 11