Using the MMPI-2-RF in Fitnessfor-Duty Evaluations of Police and Other Public Safety Personnel
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1 Using the MMPI-2-RF in Fitnessfor-Duty Evaluations of Police and Other Public Safety Personnel David M. Corey Corey & Stewart, Portland, Oregon Yossef S. Ben-Porath Kent State University
2 Disclosure Yossef Ben-Porath is a paid consultant to the MMPI publisher, the University of Minnesota, and distributor, Pearson. As co-author of the MMPI-2-RF he receives royalties on sales of the test. David Corey receives research funding from the University of Minnesota.
3 Overview Research Update to Corey & Ben-Porath, Use of the MMPI-2-RF in Psychological Fitness-for-Duty Evaluations: Empirical Findings (IACP-PPSS, San Diego, September 29, 2012) Expanded sample size N=153 to N= men to 556 men 28 women to 153 women
4 Overview (continued) Expanded subject pool Previously limited to examinees in Pacific Northwest Expanded subject pool includes additional subjects from states in the South, West, Pacific Islands, Southwest, South, and East
5 Overview (continued) Focused on development of a comparison group (CG) for police and other public safety employees undergoing psychological fitness-for-duty (FFDE) evaluations using the MMPI-2-RF Compares law enforcement officers (LEOs) to other public safety employees to assess whether unique CG s vs. merged CG is required
6 Acknowledgments Assessment record contributors Matthew Guller, J.D., Ph.D., ABPP Michael Cuttler, Ph.D., ABPP Jocelyn Roland, Ph.D., ABPP Monica J. Pilarc, Ph.D., ABPP Data analysis Anthony Tarescavage, Ph.D.
7 Special Issues in Public Safety FFDEs Lower referral threshold In any case where a police department reasonably perceives an officer to be even mildly paranoid, hostile, or oppositional, a fitness for duty examination is job related and consistent with business necessity. Watson v. City of Miami Beach, 177 F.3d 932 (11th Cir. 1999)
8 Special Issues in Public Safety FFDEs Lower referral threshold Where employers advancing safety as the business necessity demonstrate that the medical test or inquiry makes even a small contribution to reducing the risks posed by unfit [employees], it is amply justified. EEOC v. U.S. Steel No (W.D. Pa. Feb. 20, 2013)
9 Special Issues in Public Safety FFDEs Lower referral threshold [P]olice departments place armed officers in positions where they can do tremendous harm if they act irrationally. When a police department has good reason to doubt an officer s ability to respond to these situations in an appropriate manner, an FFDE is consistent with the ADA. Brownfield v. City of Yakima, 612 F.3d 1140, 2010 (9th Cir. 2010).
10 Special Issues in Public Safety FFDEs Higher fitness standard Preemployment psychological suitability standards for law enforcement officers apply throughout their career Sager v. County of Yuba, 68 Cal. Rptr. 3d 1, 156 Cal. App. 4th 1049 (2007) Brown v. Sandy City Appeal Board, No CA, 2014 UT App 158
11 Special Issues in Public Safety FFDEs Higher fitness standard In assessing whether an employee can perform his duties without a significant risk to the safety of himself or others, we must consider the nature of the position and the consequences should the employee fail to perform his duties properly. Lassiter, No (4 th Cir., 1996)
12 Special Issues in Public Safety FFDEs Lower referral threshold Results in referrals of employees who have no (or no significant) psychopathology Higher fitness standard Results in public safety employees being potentially deemed unfit for duty owing to psychological findings that may not render them unfit in another position
13 Why Context Matters Anticipated gains or losses associated with psychological testing can influence test scores (Arbisi, Ben-Porath, & McNulty, 2006; Walfish, 2011) Understanding the effect of context on test scores is essential for assessing validity (Bornstein, 2010)
14 2012 Conclusions and Discussion Scale elevations <65T will be seen in a substantial portion of public safety officers with known impairment resulting in unfit determinations Scale scores <65T, particularly on scales indicating emotional turmoil, dissatisfaction with life, somatic complaints, helplessness, and dysfunctional negative emotions, correlate with impaired fitness
15 Current Study - Demographics N=709 FFDE Evaluees 556 Males, 153 Females Average Age: 38.6 years (SD = 9.1) Positions 556 Law Enforcement (448 males, 111 females) 153 Other Public Safety (108 males, 42 females)
16 Positions - Other Public Safety n = 54 Male Correction Officers n = 44 Male Firefighters n = 10 Male Dispatchers n = 24 Female Correction Officers n = 12 Female Dispatchers n = 6 Female Firefighters
17 FFDE Evaluees (N=709) MMPI-2-RF Validity Scales 120 Male LEO (n=448) Female LEO (n=111) Male PS-Other (n=108) Female PS-Other (n=42) Female LEO v Female OTH d =.54 Male OTH v Female OTH d = VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r VRIN-r TRIN-r F-r Fp-r Fs FBS-r RBS L-r K-r Male LEO (n=448) Mean F Standard Dev Male PS-Other (n=108) Mean F Standard Dev Female LEO (n=111) Mean Standard Dev Female PS-Other (n=42) Mean F Standard Dev
18 FDE Evaluees (N=709) 120 FFDE Evaluees (N=709) MMPI-2-RF Higher-Order (HO) and Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales Male LEO (n=448) Male PS-Other (n=108) Female LEO (n=111) Female PS-Other (n=42) Higher-Order Restructured Clinical Female LEO v Female OTH d =.52 Male OTH v Female OTH d = EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC6 RC7 RC7 RC8 RC9 RC9 EID THD BXD RCd RC1 RC2 RC3 RC4 RC6 RC7 RC8 RC9 Male LEO (n=448) Mean Standard Dev Male PS-Other (n=108) Mean Standard Dev Female LEO (n=111) Mean Standard Dev Female PS-Other (n=42) Mean Standard Dev
19 FFDE Evaluees (N=709) MMPI-2-RF Somatic/Cognitive and Internalizing Scales 120 Male LEO (n=448) Male PS-Other (n=108) Female LEO (n=111) Female PS-Other (n=42) 110 FDE Evaluees (N=709) 100 Somatic/Cognitive Internalizing Male OTH v Female OTH d =.54 Female LEO v Female OTH d =.57 Male OTH v Female OTH d = NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF MLS GIC HPC NUC COG SUI HLP SFD NFC STW AXY ANP BRF MSF Male LEO (n=448) Mean Standard Dev Male PS-Other (n=108) Mean Standard Dev Female LEO (n=111) Mean Standard Dev Female PS-Other (n=42) Mean Standard Dev
20 FFDE Evaluees (N=709) MMPI-2-RF Externalizing, Interpersonal, and Interest Scales Male LEO (n=448) Male PS-Other (n=108) Female LEO (n=111) Female PS-Other (n=42) Externalizing Interpersonal Interest Males v Females d = DSF AES MEC JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC JCP SUB AGG ACT FML IPP SAV SHY DSF AES MEC Male LEO (n=448) Mean Standard Dev Male PS-Other (n=108) Mean Standard Dev Female LEO (n=111) Mean Standard Dev Female PS-Other (n=42) Mean Standard Dev
21 FFDE Evaluees (N=709) MMPI-2-RF Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) Male LEO (n=448) Female LEO (n=111) Male PS-Other (n=108) Female PS-Other (n=42) Males v Females d = AGGR-r AGGR-r PSYC-r PSYC-r DISC-r DISC-r NEGE-r NEGE-r INTR-r INTR-r AGGR-r PSYC-r DISC-r NEGE-r INTR-r Male LEO (n=448) Mean Standard Dev Male PS-Other (n=108) Mean Standard Dev Female LEO (n=111) Mean Standard Dev Female PS-Other (n=42) Mean Standard Dev
22 Elevation Rates Validity Scales Male LEO Male PS-OTH Female LEO Criteria (n=448) (n=108) (n=111) VRIN-r >= TRIN-r >= F-r >= Fp-r >= Fs >= FBS-r >= RBS >= L-r >= K =
23 Elevation Rates Higher Order and RC Scales Male LEO Male PS-OTH Female LEO Criteria (n=448) (n=108) (n=111) EID >=65T THD >=65T BXD >=65T RCd >=65T RC1 >=65T RC2 >=65T RC3 >=65T RC4 >=65T RC6 >=65T RC7 >=65T RC8 >=65T RC9 >=65T
24 Elevation Rates Somatic/Cognitive and Internalizing Specific Problems Scales Criteria Male LEO (n=448) Male PS- OTH (n=108) Female LEO (n=111) MLS >=65T GIC >=65T HPC >=65T NUC >=65T COG >=65T SUI >=65T HLP >=65T SFD >=65T NFC >=65T STW >=65T AXY >=65T ANP >=65T BRF >=65T MSF >=65T
25 Elevation Rates Externalizing and Interpersonal Specific Problems Scales Male PS- OTH (n=108) Male LEO Criteria (n=448) JCP >=65T SUB >=65T AGG >=65T ACT >=65T FML >=65T IPP >=65T SAV >=65T SHY >=65T DSF >=65T Female LEO (n=111)
26 Elevation Rates PSY-5 Scales Male LEO Male PS-OTH Female LEO Criteria (n=448) (n=108) (n=111) AGGR >=65T PSYC >=65T DISC >=65T NEGE >=65T INTR >=65T
27 Elevation Rates Scale Sets Criteria Male LEO (n=448) Male PS-OTH (n=108) Female LEO (n=111) Any H-O Scale >= Any H-O Scale >= Any RC Scale >= Any RC Scale >= Any SOM/COG Scale >= Any SOM/COG Scale >= Any Internalizing Scale >= Any Internalizing Scale >= Any Externalizing Scale >= Any Externalizing Scale >= Any Interpersonal Scale >= Any Interpersonal Scale >= Any PSY-5 Scale >= Any PSY-5 Scale >= Any Substantive Scale >= Any Substantive Scale >=
28 Fit vs Unfit Mean Comparisons Male LEO Fit (n=170) Male LEO Unfit (n=150) Male PS- Other Fit (n=35) Male PS- Other Unfit (n=52) Female LEO Fit (n=33) Female LEO Unfit (n=23) M SD M SD d M SD M SD d M SD M SD d EID RCd RC RC MLS GIC HPC NUC COG
29 Fit vs Unfit Mean Comparisons Male LEO Fit (n=170) Male LEO Unfit (n=150) Male PS- Other Fit (n=35) Male PS- Other Unfit (n=52) Female LEO Fit (n=33) Female LEO Unfit (n=23) M SD M SD d M SD M SD d M SD M SD d HLP SFD ANP AGG NEGE-r INTR-r
30 Fit vs Unfit RRR Male LEO (n=320; BR=47%) Scale Cutoff SR Risk if Elev Risk if Not Elev RRR CI Low CI High EID 65T 10.0% 96.9% 41.3% EID 55T 18.1% 87.9% 37.8% RCd 65T 9.7% 96.8% 41.5% RCd 55T 20.0% 90.6% 35.9% RC1 65T 7.8% 84.0% 43.7% RC1 55T 21.3% 77.9% 38.5% RC2 65T 11.3% 91.7% 41.2% RC2 55T 20.3% 84.6% 37.3% MLS 65T 10.3% 81.8% 42.9% MLS 55T 29.4% 72.3% 36.3% GIC 65T 11.3% 88.9% 41.5% GIC 55T 19.4% 74.2% 40.3% HPC 65T 10.6% 85.3% 42.3% HPC 55T 19.7% 73.0% 40.5% NUC 65T 8.8% 85.7% 43.2% NUC 55T 21.3% 72.1% 40.1%
31 Fit vs Unfit RRR Male LEO (n=320; BR=47%) (cont.) Scale Cutoff SR Risk if Elev Risk if Not Elev RRR CI Low CI High COG 65T 7.8% 100.0% 42.4% COG 55T 13.8% 93.2% 39.5% HLP 65T 5.6% 94.4% 44.0% HLP 55T 11.3% 83.3% 42.3% SFD 65T 10.0% 93.8% 41.7% SFD 55T 16.6% 84.9% 39.3% ANP 65T 9.7% 74.2% 43.9% ANP 55T 13.8% 72.7% 42.8% AGG 65T 4.4% 71.4% 45.8% AGG 55T 14.1% 66.7% 43.6% NEGE 65T 5.9% 89.5% 44.2% NEGE 55T 16.9% 74.1% 41.4% INTR 65T 12.2% 82.1% 42.0% INTR 55T 30.6% 66.3% 38.3%
32 Fit vs Unfit RRR Male OTH (n=87; BR=60%) Scale Cutoff SR Risk if Elev Risk if Not Elev RRR CI Low CI High EID 65T 11.5% 100.0% 54.5% EID 55T 19.5% 94.1% 51.4% RCd 65T 11.5% 100.0% 54.5% RCd 55T 23.0% 90.0% 50.7% RC1 65T 13.8% 91.7% 54.7% RC1 55T 25.3% 86.4% 50.8% RC2 65T 12.6% 100.0% 53.9% RC2 55T 26.4% 91.3% 48.4% MLS 65T 12.6% 100.0% 53.9% MLS 55T 32.2% 89.3% 45.8% GIC 65T 17.2% 93.3% 52.8% GIC 55T 24.1% 90.5% 50.0% HPC 65T 14.9% 92.3% 54.1% HPC 55T 20.7% 88.9% 52.2% NUC 65T 19.5% 82.4% 54.3% NUC 55T 31.0% 81.5% 50.0%
33 Fit vs Unfit RRR Male OTH (n=87; BR=60%) (cont.) Scale Cutoff SR Risk if Elev Risk if Not Elev RRR CI Low CI High COG 65T 10.3% 100.0% 55.1% COG 55T 19.5% 100.0% 50.0% HLP 65T 8.0% 100.0% 56.3% HLP 55T 11.5% 100.0% 54.5% SFD 65T 14.9% 84.6% 55.4% SFD 55T 20.7% 83.3% 53.6% ANP 65T 6.9% 100.0% 56.8% ANP 55T 9.2% 100.0% 55.7% AGG 65T 2.3% 100.0% 58.8% AGG 55T 13.8% 91.7% 54.7% NEGE 65T 8.0% 100.0% 56.3% NEGE 55T 17.2% 86.7% 54.2% INTR 65T 20.7% 83.3% 53.6% INTR 55T 31.0% 74.1% 53.3%
34 Fit vs Unfit RRR Female LEO (n=56; BR=41%) Scale Cutoff SR Risk if Elev Risk if Not Elev RRR CI Low CI High EID 65T 16.1% 66.7% 36.2% EID 55T 25.0% 71.4% 31.0% RCd 65T 19.6% 63.6% 35.6% RCd 55T 32.1% 66.7% 28.9% RC1 65T 16.1% 88.9% 31.9% RC1 55T 30.4% 64.7% 30.8% RC2 65T 14.3% 75.0% 35.4% RC2 55T 25.0% 57.1% 35.7% MLS 65T 14.3% 62.5% 37.5% MLS 55T 37.5% 66.7% 25.7% GIC 65T 16.1% 77.8% 34.0% GIC 55T 30.4% 64.7% 30.8% HPC 65T 19.6% 63.6% 35.6% HPC 55T 32.1% 55.6% 34.2% NUC 65T 10.7% 100.0% 34.0% NUC 55T 26.8% 80.0% 26.8%
35 Fit vs Unfit RRR Female LEO (n=56; BR=41%) (cont.) Scale Cutoff SR Risk if Elev Risk if Not Elev RRR CI Low CI High COG 65T 7.1% 50.0% 40.4% COG 55T 21.4% 83.3% 29.5% HLP 65T 10.7% 100.0% 34.0% HLP 55T 25.0% 64.3% 33.3% SFD 65T 21.4% 66.7% 34.1% SFD 55T 33.9% 68.4% 27.0% ANP 65T 14.3% 62.5% 37.5% ANP 55T 16.1% 66.7% 36.2% AGG 65T 3.6% 50.0% 40.7% AGG 55T 19.6% 81.8% 31.1% NEGE 65T 10.7% 66.7% 38.0% NEGE 55T 19.6% 72.7% 33.3% INTR 65T 21.4% 66.7% 34.1% INTR 55T 37.5% 52.4% 34.3%
36 Discussion Descriptively: Leo and Other FFDE evaluees produce largely comparable MMPI-2-RF scores Remains to be seen whether Women in other group are distinct Alternative explanations: Small N Different proportions of Fire Fighters and Dispatchers
37 Discussion Descriptively: Male and Female LEO FFDE Evaluees produce large comparable MMPI-2-RF scores Exceptions are scores on scales where we typically find gender differences: MEC, DISC-r
38 Discussion Elevation Findings Validity Scale elevations are rare Substantive Scale elevations in the clinical are common: percent produce at least one clinically-elevated (T>65) substantive scale score percent produce at least one clinically-elevated (T>65) substantive scale score
39 Discussion Fit versus Unfit Findings: Several MMPI-2-RF scales consistently differentiated between the three fit versus unfit groups with large effect sizes: EID RC1 AGG NEGE-r RCd MLS INTR-r RC2 GIC HLP HPC SFD NUC ANP COG
40 Discussion Relative Risk Ratio Findings: Excellent Positive Predictive Powers Limited Negative Predictive Powers at cutoffs of 65 and 60 Excellent False Positive Rate At expenses of sensitivity Lower cutoffs will improve sensitivity Need to hold False positive rate low
41 Discussion Future Directions Expand Other groups and break down between occupations Follow up on those found fit Track down premployment MMPI-2-RFs of these individuals
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