Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Chapter 22

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6 Table 22-1 Neurotransmitters Involved in Behavior Disorders acetylcholine Neurotransmitter that communicates between nerves and muscles that is also important as the preganglionic neurotransmitter throughout the autonomic nervous system and as the postganglionic neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic nervous system and in several pathways in the brain. norepinephrine Catecholamine that is released by nerves in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and is high in some areas of the brain such as the limbic system. dopamine Neurotransmitter found in high concentrations in certain parts of the brain and is involved in the coordination of impulses and responses. serotonin Neurotransmitter found in the limbic system that is important in arousal and sleep as well as in preventing depression. gammaaminobutyric acid (GABA) Neurotransmitter found in the brain that inhibits nerve activity and is important in preventing overexcitability or stimulation such as seizure activity. Table 22-1

7 Table 22-2 Behavior Disorders and Some of Their Drug Therapies Behavioral Disorder Drugs Used for This Disorder Urine spraying/marking benzodiazepines such as alprazolam, diazepam, and chlordiazepoxide buspirone TCAs such as clomipramine SSRIs such as paroxetine and fluoxetine pheromones Aggression TCAs such as amitriptyline benzodiazepines such as diazepam SSRIs such as fluoxetine hormones such as medroxyprogesterone acetate and megestrol acetate Obsessive-compulsive disorders TCAs such as amitriptyline antihistamines (especially when due to pruritus) benzodiazepines such as diazepam pheromones Anxiety phenothiazines such as acepromazine TCAs such as amitriptyline buspirone antihistamines (especially when due to pruritus) benzodiazepines such as diazepam and clorazepate pheromones Noise phobias benzodiazepines such as alprazolam and clorazepate buspirone TCAs such as clomipramine pheromones Fear aggression TCAs such as amitriptyline and clomipramine buspirone benzodiazepines such as diazepam Table 22-2

8 Table 22-3 Behavior-Modifying Drugs Drug Category Drug Function Examples Antianxiety agents benzodiazepines Promote the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the brain Used to treat separation anxiety, phobias, aggression, and urine spraying antihistamines Cause CNS depression, resulting in sedation diazepam (Valium ) lorazepam (Ativan ) alprazolam (Xanax ) chlordiazepoxide (Librium ) flurazepam (Dalmane ) clorazepate (Tranxene T tab) hydroxyzine (Atarax ) diphenhydramine (Benadryl ) phenothiazines Work as dopamine antagonists chlorpromazine (Thorazine ) acepromazine (PromAce ) promazine (Sparine ) perphenazine (Trilafon ) prochlorperazine (Compazine ) azapirones Serotonin blockers Used to treat urine spraying anticonvulsants Blocks sodium channels thus inhibiting the generation of repetitive action potentials Used to treat seizurelike anxiety buspirone (BuSpar ) carbamazepine (Tegretol ) amino acid derivative Increases GABA concentrations in the brain Increases serotonin and dopamine in the brain Nutraceutical product L -theanine (Anxitane ) Antidepressants tricyclics Prevent uptake of neurotransmitters Used to treat separation anxiety, obsessive licking, hypervocalization, and urine spraying amitriptyline (Elavil ) clomipramine (Clomicalm, Anafranil ) imipramine (Tofranil ) doxepin (Sinequan ) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Inhibit serotonin uptake from the synapse Used to treat obsessive licking, phobias, separation anxiety, and aggression fluoxetine (Prozac ) sertraline (Zoloft ) paroxetine (Paxil ) fluvoxamine (Luvox ) citalopram (Celexa ) escitalopram (Lexapro ) monoamine oxidase inhibitors Block dopamine uptake from the synapse Used to treat canine cognitive dysfunction or dementia selegiline (Anipryl ) phenelzine (Nardil ) isocarboxazid (Marplan ) tranylcypromine sulfate (Parnate ) Hormones synthetic progestins Believed to correct hormonal imbalance megestrol acetate (Megace, Ovaban ) medroxyprogesterone (Depo-Provera ) (Continued) Table 22-3

9 Table 22-3 (Continued) Drug Category Drug Function Examples synthetic estrogens Believed to correct hormonal imbalance diethylstilbestrol (DES) (Stilphostrol ) testosterone inhibitors Inhibit testosterone production or conversion to its potent form delmadinone (Terdak ) finasteride (Proscar ) Pheromones DAP Believed to provide chemical in environment that provides feeling of comfort and safety used to treat separation anxiety, destruction, excessive barking, house soiling, phobias, and excessive licking dog appeasing pheromone (D. A. P. Spray, D. A. P. Diffuser, D. A. P. Collar) FFP EAP Believed to provide substance that marks territory so that cat does not mark territory by urine marking used to treat urine marking/spraying, avoidance of social contact, stressful situations, intercat aggression, vertical scratching, or appetite loss Believed to provide chemical found in mammae of nursing mare used to alleviate stressful situations such as transport, shoeing, clipping, new environments, and training feline facial pheromone (Feliway Diffuser, Feliway Spray) equine appeasing hormone (Modipher EQ Spray) Table 22-3 continued

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