Unit 8: The Civil War

Transcription

1 Unit 8: The Civil War 1 C i v i l W a r

2 Issues Dividing A Nation SOL USI. 9a Issues that divided the nation: Slavery: While there were several differences between the North and the South, the issues Economic: related to slavery increasingly the nation and led to the. The North was a region, and its people tariffs that protected factory owners and workers from competition. The South was largely agricultural, Southerners tariffs that would cause prices of goods to increase. Planters were also concerned that might stop buying from the South if tariffs were added. Cultural: The North was mainly an society in which people held. The South was primarily an society in which people lived in small and on farms and. Because of their cultural differences, people in the North and South found it difficult to agree on and issues. Constitutional: A major conflict was rights versus strong central government. 2 C i v i l W a r

3 Issues Dividing the Nation 3 C i v i l W a r

4 States Rights and Slavery A number of issues divided our new nation. How did the issues of states rights and slavery increase the tensions between the North and South and eventually lead us to war? States rights was one issue that caused disagreements and increased tensions between the North and South. In the years before the Civil War, Northern states and Western territories had rapidly growing populations and more power in Washington, D.C. Northern states believed that the central government should have the power to make laws for all Americans. They also believed that the central government s powers were supreme over the state governments. Southern states were concerned that the central government would try to push them around by passing laws that would benefit the northern states and western territories. They wanted the power to maintain such things as slavery and declare any national law illegal that threatened their economic future and way of life. As a result, they began to support the idea of states rights as a means of self-protection. Another issue dividing the nation was slavery. Southern states favored the institution of slavery. Many Southern farmers depended on slave labor to run their farms and plantations. Because of this, Southerners believed that the abolition of slavery would destroy their region s economy. Many Northerners, however, believed that slavery should be abolished for moral reasons and many states in the North had already outlawed slavery. In an attempt to resolve, or settle these differences, several compromises were established. These compromises focused mainly on the new states forming in the western territories. The North wanted the new states to be free states. They did not want the institution of slavery to spread into the new territories. The South, however, wanted the new states to be slave states. Cotton, rice, and tobacco were very hard on the southern soil. These plants soon took all of the nutrients out of the soil. Because of this, Southern farmers wanted to move west into the new states and take their slaves with them. 4 C i v i l W a r

5 States Rights and Slavery (cont d) In the early 1800s, there were an equal number of slave and free states. Then, in 1819, settlers in the Missouri Territory asked to join the nation as a slave state. With the help of Henry Clay, Congress was persuaded to agree to the Missouri Compromise. Under this plan, the balance between slave and free states was restored. Maine entered the Union as a free state and Missouri entered as a slave state. In addition, an imaginary line was drawn through the rest of the Louisiana Purchase. Future states north of the line would be free while those located south of the line would allow slavery. In 1850 a new compromise became necessary. After winning a war with Mexico, the United States acquired new western territories. Soon, settlers in California asked to join the nation as a free state, upsetting the delicate balance once again. As he had done before, Henry Clay helped persuade Congress to enact a new plan called the Compromise of Under this plan, California joined the Union as a free state. The remaining southwest territories, New Mexico and Utah, would be allowed to decide for themselves on the issue of slavery. Soon after the Compromise of 1850, Congress passed a new law called the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Under this law the Missouri Compromise was changed. The free territories of Kansas and Nebraska would have popular sovereignty. This meant that the people in each state would decide whether they would allow slavery or not. As anger and bitterness grew over the issues of slavery and states rights, the citizens of the United States began to look for new leadership. In November of 1860, Abraham Lincoln was elected the 16th president of the United States. Lincoln and many Northerners believed that the United States was one nation and could not be divided. Southerners believed that the states had freely joined the United States and could therefore freely leave at any time. President Lincoln s goal was to keep the union together. But after President Lincoln s election, South Carolina seceded from the United States. 5 C i v i l W a r

6 Issues Dividing the United States Issue North South States Rights Slavery Let s Compromise and fix these problems! Missouri Compromise 1820 Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act C i v i l W a r

7 States Seceding from the Union Free States Remaining in the Union Border States Remaining in the Union 1. Alabama 2. Arkansas 3. Florida 4. Georgia 5. Louisiana 6. Mississippi 7. North Carolina 8. South Carolina 9. Tennessee 10. Texas 11. Virginia 1. California 2. Connecticut 3. Illinois 4. Indiana 5. Iowa 6. Kansas 7. Maine 8. Massachusetts 9. Michigan 10. Minnesota 11. New Hampshire 12. New Jersey 13. New York 14. Ohio 15. Oregon 16. Pennsylvania 17. Rhode Island 18. Vermont 19. West Virginia (western counties of Virginia that refused to secede from the Union) 20. Wisconsin 1. Delaware 2. Kentucky 3. Maryland 4. Missouri We re not leaving! 7 C i v i l W a r

8 Union, Confederate, and Border States of the Civil War Civil War Map: Use page to complete the map below. Label and color the Union States one color Label and color the Confederate States all one color Label and color the Border States (States in yellow on the map; one color) Label and color the U.S. territories all one color Create a map key in the box provided Map Key 8 C i v i l W a r

9 Major Battles and Events of the Civil War The key events and battles of the Civil War took place throughout the Middle Atlantic and Southeastern states ranging from Pennsylvania to Florida and as far west as the Mississippi River. Let s learn about the key events and how the Civil War was influenced by location and topography or geography. When the Southern states seceded from the Union after Lincoln s election, they took control of federal properties such as post offices, arsenals, and forts located within their states. Fort Sumter, located off the coast of South Carolina, was one of the few forts in the South that remained in the hands of Union troops. Jefferson Davis, the new Confederate president, wanted to take control of the fort for the Confederacy. On April 12, 1861, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter. The Union forces were outnumbered and soon surrendered. This battle marked the beginning of the Civil War. The first major battle of the Civil War took place almost three months after the attack on Fort Sumter near the town of Manassas, Virginia. This battle is known as the first Battle of Manassas. It is also called the Battle of Bull Run after a nearby stream. On the day of the battle, hundreds of reporters, politicians, and sightseers showed up. They were sure that they would be witnessing the one and only battle of the war as Union troops crushed the rebels and marched On to Richmond! After hours of fighting they were proven wrong. The poorly trained Union troops were defeated and fled back to Washington, D.C. Their plan to take the Confederate capital city was gone. After this surprising defeat, Lincoln quickly called for better trained soldiers and a new plan of attack. An early plan of action called for the movement of Union troops on land and in the water. Union commanders knew they could use the topography, or geography of the land to help them defeat the Confederacy. On land, the Union hoped to divide the Confederacy into weaker sections by taking control of the Mississippi River. If the Union army took control of this major river it would separate Texas, Arkansas, and Missouri from the rest of the Southern states and would weaken the Confederacy. They also planned to attack the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Union navy would be used to blockade the southern ports of Savannah, Georgia; Charleston, South Carolina; and New Orleans, Louisiana. The purpose of the blockade would be to stop supplies from reaching the South. Without supplies the Confederacy would become weak and then collapse. The Confederate plan centered on defending their territory and wearing down the Union armies. They also had plans to invade the North and attack the Union capital city of Washington, D.C. Like their opponents in the North, the Southern commanders understood the importance of capturing the Union s capital. Many in the South also hoped that England would help the Confederacy once their supplies of Southern cotton began to run low. 9 C i v i l W a r

10 During the first two years of the war the Confederacy proved more powerful than the Union had expected. Many of the early battles were Confederate victories. Confederate troops often had the advantage of defending their own lands where they knew the terrain, or land, and had easier access to needed supplies. By 1863, however, things began to change. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation which freed the slaves in the Confederate states and made the issue of slavery the new focus of the war. The spirit of the Union was renewed and many freed enslaved African Americans joined the Union Army. By the end of the war, more than 38,000 black soldiers had lost their lives defending the Union. The spirit of the Union was boosted again when Ulysses S. Grant was given command of the Union armies. His bravery and skill in battle soon led to more Union victories. One of his most important victories was at Vicksburg, Mississippi. After two long months of fighting, the Battle of Vicksburg finally gave the Union control of the Mississippi River. This weakened the South by dividing it in two. The Union had successfully used the topography of the land to their advantage. As the Battle of Vicksburg wore on, another battle was taking place in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. During the Battle of Gettysburg, Confederate General Robert E. Lee attacked Union territory hoping to draw Grant and his troops away from Vicksburg. Northern troops, sent out in part to defend the capital city of Washington, D.C., successfully blocked General Lee s troops. During this three day battle, more than 28,000 Confederate soldiers, or one-third of Lee s army, were killed or wounded. Once again the Union forces used the topography of the land to their advantage. At Gettysburg, the Union army gained control of the four hills around the town which gave them a number of advantages over the Southern army. This high ground position gave the Union soldiers a good view of the battlefield and the location of the enemy. In addition, their cannon and guns could be positioned to do the most damage to the advancing troops. This was a significant Union victory and a turning point in the war. The Confederacy would never again have the manpower or spirit to invade Northern soil. As Union troops continued to be victorious on the battlefield following Vicksburg and Gettysburg, the condition of the Confederate army continued to weaken. Lee s troops were starving, ragged, and steadily deserting. Finally, in April of 1865, Grant s forces trapped Lee s men at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia. Unable to fight back, Lee arranged to meet with Grant to surrender. Lee s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865 marked the end of the Civil War. 10 C i v i l W a r

11 Civil War Events Map 11 C i v i l W a r

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13 The Roles of Civil War Leaders Many brave men held positions of leadership during the Civil War. Who were these men and what roles did they play during this time of history? Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office as President of the United States in March of Lincoln was deeply troubled by the state of the Union. He believed that the United States was not a collection of independent states but one nation and he was determined to preserve it even if he had to use force. Within weeks, Lincoln s hopes for a reunited nation were crushed as Confederate soldiers fired on Fort Sumter, South Carolina, marking the beginning of the Civil War. Although Lincoln was opposed to the spread of slavery he had promised when elected president not to interfere with slavery in the slave states. However, after a year of fighting, he decided that the only way to restore the Union was to free the enslaved African Americans. On January 1, 1863 Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all enslaved African Americans in the rebelling states. Although Lincoln had no real power over the Confederate states to enforce the proclamation, thousands of enslaved African Americans were set free by the advancing union armies. In the fall of 1863 President Lincoln traveled to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to dedicate a cemetery for the brave soldiers who died during the bloody Battle of Gettysburg. The speech he wrote was the Gettysburg Address. This inspiring speech stated that the war was being fought to preserve a government of the people, by the people, and for the people Another Union leader during the Civil War was Ulysses S. Grant. President Lincoln gave General Grant command of all Union troops. As the war entered its fourth year, Grant s victories in the South led to many desertions from the Confederate army led by Robert E. Lee. Finally on April 2, 1865, Lee surrendered his troops to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia. The war was over! Although he did not serve in the Union army like Grant or in the White House like Lincoln, Frederick Douglass was considered an important leader for the North during the Civil War period. He was a former enslaved African American who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist. An abolitionist was a person who wanted to put an end to slavery. Douglass eventually was asked by abolitionists to speak about his experiences as a slave and soon became a leading spokesperson for the abolition of slavery and racial equality. 13 C i v i l W a r

14 The Roles of Civil War Leaders (cont d) Jefferson Davis was a Mississippi senator who supported slavery and states rights. After the southern states seceded from the Union, Jefferson Davis was elected for a six-year term as the president of the newly formed Confederate States of America and took up office in Richmond, Virginia, the capital of the Confederacy. Davis was responsible for appointing General Robert E. Lee as commander of the Army of Virginia. After the war ended, he was captured, imprisoned at Fort Monroe, Virginia for two years, and then released. A Civil War leader for the Confederacy was Robert E. Lee. Lee was a general in the Confederate army and commander of the Army of Northern Virginia. Before the fighting started, he was asked by President Lincoln to lead Union forces against the South but he refused to fight against his family and friends in his home state of Virginia. Even though he was against slavery he said, I could take no part in an invasion of the Southern states. Like Lincoln, Lee opposed secession but did not believe that the union should be held together by the use of force. In 1865 with his men hungry, ragged and trapped, Lee surrendered his army to General Ulysses S. Grant and his Union forces. Even though the war was over, some southerners wanted to continue fighting. Lee, however, urged his fellow southerners to accept defeat and reunite as American citizens. He was determined to bring his southern countrymen back to the Union and often said, "Let the past be but the past. Let us move forward and bear no malice. Like Lee, Thomas Stonewall Jackson was a skilled Confederate general and Civil War leader from Virginia. During the early months of the war, many Union and Confederate leaders believed that the war would be over quickly. In fact, many Northerners thought that the Confederacy would fall after only one battle. General Stonewall Jackson had other plans, however. During the first major battle of the war at Manassas, Virginia, Jackson led his confederate troops to victory. The fleeing Union army and its leaders had realized that they would not easily defeat the Confederate forces. 14 C i v i l W a r

15 Key Leaders of the Civil War 15 C i v i l W a r

16 Soldiers, Women, and Enslaved African Americans The life of the Civil War soldier was extremely harsh. Many men died from disease or on battlefields far from their family and friends. Soldiers, however, were not the only Americans to experience the hardships of war. How did the Civil War change the lives of soldiers, women, and enslaved African Americans in the United States? The Civil War is often called The War Between the States. It was more than just a battle between states, however. It also pitted brother against brother and friend against friend. Sadly, Civil War soldiers often found themselves fighting against family members and friends on the battlefield. A good example of this can be found in Abraham Lincoln s own family. While he led the Union, some of his brothers-in-law fought in the Confederate army. Civil War soldiers were exposed to brutal combat. Advancements in artillery and weapons also made this an especially deadly war. Grenades, torpedoes, and repeating rifles were used for the first time during the Civil War. Cannon shots could travel hundreds of yards and pointed bullets, not round musket balls, could fire with greater accuracy and travel greater distances. If a soldier survived all of this to reach the enemy line, the battle became a man-to-man fight to the death. Although approximately 620,000 Americans died during the Civil War, most of the deaths were not caused by combat. Disease was the major killer. Dirty water, lack of sewers, spoiled foods, and the unsanitary treatment of injuries killed many men. Filthy clothing and bedding filled with lice, ticks, and fleas added to the poor health of the soldiers. Diseases such as measles, pneumonia, chickenpox, and tuberculosis, as well as intestinal ailments killed twice as many men as battle. As the war stretched out over four long years, able-bodied men were in short supply. This was especially true in the South with its smaller population. Although most Civil War soldiers were between the ages of eighteen and thirty years of age, men as young as seventeen were allowed to join the Confederate army. Some surviving war records also reveal that boys as young as thirteen and fourteen lied about their age in order to enlist. As the Confederate army became younger and less experienced, it also became more poorly equipped and clothed. There were severe shortages of food and material goods as the Union army cut off supply lines of the Confederate army. 16 C i v i l W a r

17 The war also affected the lives of American women. Most women stayed with their homes and families during the fighting. They ran the family farms, businesses and plantations, served as nurses, and worked in factories. In addition they helped the war effort by sewing uniforms, providing shelter for soldiers and serving as spies for the Union and Confederate governments. Clara Barton is a good example of the contributions made by women during the Civil War. She was a Civil War nurse who traveled behind the battle lines to pass out supplies to wounded soldiers. Following the war, she established the American Red Cross. African Americans also played a very important role in the Civil War. They fought in both the Confederate and Union armies. They were paid less than the white soldiers, were discriminated against, and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. African Americans also served as sailors. The Union enlisted African American sailors early in the war while the Confederacy often used enslaved African Americans as naval crew members. Robert Smalls is a good example of the contributions of African Americans during the Civil War. After escaping from slavery in the South, he became a sailor and Union naval captain. He was highly honored for his bravery and heroism, and after the Civil War, he became a Congressman for his home state of South Carolina. Much of the South was left in ruins after the war. Major cities like Richmond and Atlanta had been burned, bridges were torn down, and roads and railroads had been destroyed. Plantations also suffered. Fields and crops were ruined. There was no way to replant the fields or hire workers to replace the newly freed slaves. The South wanted to rebuild, but they had no money. To make matters worse, the money printed by the Confederacy was now worthless and Southern banks had closed their doors. 17 C i v i l W a r

18 A Letter to Home Imagine that you are living during the Civil War Period. How do you feel about the War? Are you a Northern or a Southerner? What is your daily life like? Have you seen or been involved in the fighting? What are you hearing about who is winning or when the war might be over? 18 C i v i l W a r

19 Events Leading to the Civil War Test Study Guide Issues that divided the nation An important issue separating the country related to the power of the federal government. Southerners believed that they had the power to declare any national law illegal. Northerners believed that the national government s power was supreme over that of the states. Southerners felt that the abolition of slavery would destroy their region s economy. Northerners believed that slavery should be abolished for moral reasons. Compromises attempting to resolve differences Missouri Compromise (1820): Missouri entered the Union as a slave state; Maine entered the Union as a free state. Compromise of l850: California entered the Union as a free state. Southwest territories would decide the slavery issue for themselves. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): People in each state would decide the slavery issue ( popular sovereignty ). Study Strategy - Click the link above, to use the e-flash cards. Go through the flash cards once reading each term and definition out loud. Go through the flash cards again, trying to say the definition correctly without looking. Repeat as necessary. If you scroll to the middle of the screen there are various games you can play as well. Issues that divided the nation Slavery While there were several differences between the North and the South, the issues related to slavery increasingly divided the nation and led to the Civil War. Cultural issues The North was mainly an urban society in which people held jobs in cities. The South was primarily an agricultural society in which people lived in small villages and on farms and plantations. Because of their cultural differences, people of the North and South found it difficult to agree on social and political issues. Economic issues The North was a manufacturing region, and its people favored tariffs that protected factory owners and workers from foreign competition. The South was largely agricultural. Southerners opposed tariffs that would cause prices of manufactured goods to increase. Planters were also concerned that Great Britain might stop buying cotton from the South if tariffs were added. Constitutional issues - A major conflict was states rights versus strong central government. Study Strategy Use the foldable on page 3 of this packet. Look at each issue and read out loud. Close foldable and repeat information out loud. Check your work. Repeat until you can state issues without making mistakes. Key Philosophies of the Declaration of Independence 1. People have certain unalienable rights (rights that cannot be taken away) to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 2. People establish government to protect those rights. 3. Government derives power from the people. 4. People have right and duty to change a government that violates their rights. Study Strategy Write these statements over and over until you can compete without looking. Colonial America Review Specialization focusing on one or a few products Interdependence two or more people depending on each other for goods and services. Geography: New England hilly terrain, rocky soil, jagged coastline Mid-Atlantic coastal lowlands, harbors, and bays Southern Atlantic coastal plain, fertile farmland, good harbors and rivers Study Strategy Make flashcards. Place the word or region on one side. Place the description on the other. Practice until you know them. 19 C i v i l W a r

20 Study Guide for States Remaining in the Union and Seceding States Remaining in the Union: California (CA) Connecticut (CT) Illinois (IL) Indiana (IN) Iowa (IA) Kansas (KS) Maine (ME) Massachusetts (MA) Michigan (MI) Minnesota (MN) New Hampshire (NH) New Jersey (NJ) New York (NY) Ohio (OH) Oregon (OR) Pennsylvania (PA) Rhode Island (RI) Vermont (VT) West Virginia (WV) Wisconsin (WI) Border States (slave states remaining in the Union): Maryland (MD) Delaware(DE) States that left the Union: Alabama (AL) North Carolina (NC) Arkansas (AR) South Carolina (SC) Florida (FL) Tennessee (TN) Georgia (GA) Texas (TX) Louisiana (LA) Virginia (VA) Mississippi (MS) Missouri (MO) Kentucky (KY) Study Strategy Print a blank (See teacher for location) map of the US with states labeled. Practice coloring the map. Union States one color, Confederate States a second color. Border States a third color. 20 C i v i l W a r

21 Study Guide for Civil War Test States Remaining in the Union Border (slave states) Remaining in the Union States Leaving (seceding) the Union Abraham Lincoln Jefferson Davis Ulysses S. Grant Robert E. Lee Thomas Stonewall Jackson Frederick Douglass Major Battles and Events in Order Ft. Sumter Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) California; Connecticut; Illinois; Indiana; Iowa; Kansas; Maine; Massachusetts; Michigan; Minnesota; New Hampshire; New Jersey; New York; Ohio; Oregon; Pennsylvania; Rhode Island Vermont; West Virginia; Wisconsin Maryland; Delaware; Missouri; Kentucky Alabama; North Carolina; Arkansas; South Carolina; Florida; Tennessee; Georgia; Texas; Louisiana; Virginia; Mississippi Was president of the United States (Republican nominee who won election in 1860) Opposed the spread of slavery Issued the Emancipation Proclamation Determined to preserve the Union, by force if necessary Believed the United States was one nation, not a collection of independent states Wrote the Gettysburg Address that said the Civil War was to preserve a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Was president of the Confederate States of America Was general of the Union army that defeated Lee Was leader of the Army of Northern Virginia Was offered command of the Union forces at the beginning of the war, but chose not to fight against Virginia Opposed secession, but did not believe the Union should be held together by force Urged Southerners to accept defeat at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to fight on Was a skilled Confederate general from Virginia Was an enslaved African American who escaped to the North and became an abolitionist 1. Ft. Sumter 2. Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) 3. Emancipation Proclamation 4. Battle of Vicksburg 5. Battle at Gettysburg 6. Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse The firing on Fort Sumter, S.C., began the war. The first Battle of Manassas (Bull Run) was the first major battle. 21 C i v i l W a r

22 Signing of the Emancipation Proclamation Battle of Vicksburg Battle of Gettysburg Surrender at Appomattox Courthouse How did location and topography influence the war? General Effects of the Civil War Effect of the War on African Americans The signing of the Emancipation Proclamation made freeing the slaves the new focus of the war. Many freed African Americans joined the Union army. The Battle of Vicksburg divided the South; the North controlled the Mississippi River. The Battle of Gettysburg was the turning point of the war; the North repelled Lee s invasion. Lee s surrender to Grant at Appomattox Court House in 1865 ended the war. 1. The Union blockade of southern ports (e.g., Savannah, Charleston, New Orleans) 2. Control of the Mississippi River (e.g., Vicksburg) 3. Battle locations influenced by the struggle to capture capital cities (e.g., Richmond; Washington, D.C.) 4. Control of the high ground (e.g., Gettysburg) Family members were often pitted against one another, as were friends against friends. As the war went on, Southern troops became increasingly younger and more poorly equipped and clothed. Much of the South was devastated at the end of the war (e.g., burning of Atlanta and Richmond). Disease was a major killer. Clara Barton, a Civil War nurse, created the American Red Cross. Combat was brutal and often man-to-man. Women were left to run businesses in the North and farms and plantations in the South. The collapse of the Confederacy made Confederate money worthless. African Americans fought in both the Confederate and Union armies. The Confederacy often used enslaved African Americans as naval crew members and soldiers. The Union moved to enlist African American sailors early in the war. African American soldiers were paid less than white soldiers. African American soldiers were discriminated against and served in segregated units under the command of white officers. Robert Smalls, an African American sailor and later a Union naval captain, was highly honored for his feats of bravery and heroism. He became a Congressman after the war. 22 C i v i l W a r

23 Robert E. Lee Thomas Stonewall Jackson Ulysses S. Grant Jefferson Davis Abraham Lincoln Frederick Douglass Robert Smalls Clara Barton Richmond Why did the Confederacy have a difficult time winning the war? The capital of the Confederate states of America The Union s Navy ships created blockades on southern ports to stop supplies Study Strategy Fold the papers in half. Use the left side for questions. Turn the paper to the right side to check your answers. Give this paper to another person. That person can ask you question based on the left side and determine if you are correct by looking at the right. 23 C i v i l W a r

24 A Location of the Battle of Ft. Sumter, the first battle of the Civil War B Location of the Battle of Vicksburg which allowed Ulysses E. Grant to control the Mississippi River Study Strategy Make a map similar to below. Practice placing the events on the map until you can complete without C C Location of the Battle of Manassas, the first major battle of the Civil War B A Note: According to VA SOL, West Virginia was NOT a border state, but a Union State Study Strategy Print a blank map (See teacher for location) of the US with states labeled. Practice coloring the map. Union States one color, Confederate States a second color. Border States a third color. 24 C i v i l W a r