Collaborative Doctoral Education

Transcription

1 EUA Publications 2009 Collaborative Doctoral Education University-Industry Partnerships for Enhancing Knowledge Exchange DOC-CAREERS PROJECT BY LIDIA BORRELL-DAMIAN

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3 EUA PUBLICATIONS 2009 Collaborative Doctoral Education University-Industry Partnerships for Enhancing Knowledge Exchange DOC-CAREERS Project By Lidia Borrell-Damian

4 List of tables and figures Figures Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Types of input to DOC-CAREERS project Country breakdown of DOC-CAREERS cases by type of participant Innovation profile of interviewed companies Sales volume (2007) of interviewed enterprises University-industry collaborations: Roles of partners and timeframe Pre-conditions and conditions for collaborative doctoral projects Main role of the doctoral candidate as a link between university and industry in collaborative programmes Synoptic view of career options for doctorate holders Enterprise strategies contributing to Innovation Approaches to recruitment of doctorate holders Trends in doctorate careers paths in DOC-CAREERS interviewed companies Practices to continued university-industry cooperation DOC-CAREERS company case studies: Average rating of the importance attributed to skills of doctorate holders at the time of recruitment Dynamic skill requirements of doctorate holders associated with different career options Tables Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Table Summary of DOC-CAREERS university case studies Summary of DOC-CAREERS tracking case studies Collaborative doctoral thesis - general points Outline of initiatives in collaborative doctoral programmes and their main characteristics Summary of motivations, benefits and challenges identified through DOC-CAREERS cases Confidentiality/disclosure agreements and IP rights Main components of collaborative doctoral programmes and their different elements. Collaborative Doctoral Project Schemes Synopsis of enterprises views on doctorate holders in their first employment in industry at the time of recruitment Transferable skills for doctorate holders listed by universities Technological and non-technological innovation factors and clusters Scheme of the set of data for the final selection of the companies 2 List of tables and figures DOC-Careers

5 Table of Contents Foreword 4 Acknowledgements 5 Executive Summary 6 1. Introduction The Project and its European Dimension Objectives, General Approaches and Methodologies The Universities and Other Stakeholders Case Studies The Enterprise Case Studies Doctoral Programmes in Cooperation with Industry: Contexts, Trends and Strategies Collaborative Doctoral Programmes in the Context of University-Industry Cooperation Objectives of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes and the Basic Conditions for Success Setting up University-Industry Collaborative Doctoral Programmes Types of Initiatives, Drivers and Funding Sources Motivations and Benefits Challenges Characteristics of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes Main Components of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes DOC-CAREERS Collaborative Doctoral Programmes Commonalities and Particularities Structural Conditions in Relation to Disciplinary Areas The Doctoral Candidate as a Link between University and Industry Recruitment and Conditions The Collaborative Doctoral Experience Views of Doctoral Candidates and Holders Recommendations from Stakeholders Monitoring, Impact and Sustainability of Collaborative Doctoral Programmes Employability Perspectives, Mobility and Skill Requirements Employability and Mobility: General Trends Employability and Mobility: Companies Views Strategies for Innovation Approaches to the Recruitment of Doctorate Holders Mobility Mobility within Industry Mobility between Industry and Academia Skill Requirements for Enhanced Employability of Doctorate Holders Companies Views Universities Views and Dialogue with Industry Tracking of Doctorate Holder Careers by Universities (by Janet Metcalfe, Vitae, UK) Conclusions and Recommendations Annexes Annex 1: List of Organisations, Participants and Contributions Annex 2: Members of Project Committees Annex 3: About the Questionnaires Annex 4: Employment Destinations of Doctorate Holders Annex 5: Methodology for the Estimation of the Innovation Index of Companies 118 Literature References 121 DOC-Careers Table of Contents 3

6 Foreword Professor Jean-Marc Rapp EUA President Europe s universities are increasingly developing partnerships in their research and innovation missions and embracing the open innovation model of university/business cooperation. They are also seeking to embed this in sound project management and improved intellectual property management reflecting respective interests. In support of this, the European University Association has been working actively to achieve a sound dialogue with the main actors, public and private, research funding bodies and industry partners to improve the research environment and grant/contract conditions to enhance the contribution of Europe s universities, as strong and autonomous research institutions, to the creation of a globally competitive European Research Area. An important aspect of EUA s activities in forwarding these goals has been its extensive work on doctoral education through gathering empirical evidence on the rapid development of doctoral programmes and schools seeking to offer greater critical mass, enhanced supervision and widened employment opportunities for doctorate holders in both public and private sectors. The core messages of EUA s work are that doctoral education is the bridge linking the European Higher Education Area and the European Research Area, and that, as the first stage of a research career, excellent conditions for doctoral level work will be crucial in determining the attractiveness of the choice of staying in and coming to Europe. In this context, the DOC-CAREERS project places a timely focus on the development and characteristics of collaborative doctoral programmes established between universities and industry, whether government, university or industry-led. It examines the perspectives, expectations and experiences of the partners from university and industry and, not least, the doctoral candidates themselves. With over 50% of doctorate holders in Europe moving into careers beyond the academic sector, the importance of such collaborative programmes is evident. The value of the promotion and dissemination of good practices in such collaborative doctoral programmes, in particular on the inter-sectoral mobility achieved, the transferable skill components developed and the wider employment horizons opened, cannot be over-estimated in strengthening universities innovative capacity. Indeed, to borrow the language of the current policy debate, collaborative doctoral programmes can be seen as working models of the knowledge triangle whereby education, research and innovation are brought together in a common framework of high skills and knowledge development by university and industry partners. In its recent Prague Declaration 2009, EUA has identified 10 Success Factors for European Universities in the Next Decade one of these being universities abilities in developing partnerships to help strengthen their missions in teaching, research and innovation activities. In identifying and analysing the main trends and features of good practices in collaborative doctoral programmes, the DOC-CAREERS project offers encouragement to Europe s universities on ways and means to meet this success factor. For its part, EUA will take this work forward through further dissemination activities and in the context of the work programme of the new EUA Council for Doctoral Education (CDE). Jean-Marc Rapp EUA President 4 Foreword DOC Careers Project

7 Acknowledgements EUA is deeply grateful to the many persons in universities, companies and other organisations who agreed to participate in the DOC-CAREERS project and provided clear and frank views on their experiences in university-industry cooperation. Their informed contributions have allowed us to reflect accurately the values, opportunities and challenges of university-industry dialogue in doctoral education and the widened prospects of employment offered to doctorate holders in Europe. We are indebted particularly to: Members of the Steering Committee who provided their guidance and insights throughout the project, University academic and administrative staff who responded enthusiastically to questionnaires and contributed to the workshops, Company CEOs who agreed to be interviewed by telephone or personal visits and those who, in addition, participated in the workshops, thus contributing to high-level and lively dialogues between academia and business, Members of the working group on institutional tracking methodologies of doctorate holders, Companies Siemens (Munich-Perlach) and Schlumberger (Paris-Clamart) for hosting workshops. For their special commitment to the project, we would like to thank the following individuals: Andrew Dearing, Secretary General of EIRMA, the European Industrial Research Management Association, for his enthusiasm and unconditional support to the project from its beginning. He facilitated access to EIRMA membership and provided valuable input from the business point of view on collaborative doctoral education, Edwige Chassagneux, EIRMA, CIFRE doctorate candidate, who worked on the questionnaire for companies, conducted part of the interviews and preliminary analysis, Janet Metcalfe, Chair and Head of Vitae (UK), for chairing the working group on institutional tracking methodologies of doctorate holders, developing the questionnaire and analysing the outcomes, Maj-Britt Hedvall, Director of the Hanken Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration (Finland), for coordinating consultation with EDAMBA members, the Network of European Doctoral Programmes in Business Administration, Gemma Jackson, EUA Executive Assistant, for her high quality administrative and organisational support throughout the project. At the heart of the DOC-CAREERS project, as its coordinator and author of this report, Lidia Borrell-Damian, EUA Senior Programme Manager, has had the principal responsibility for working with all the partners, analysing the evidence and bringing forward its results and recommendations. She has worked in a thorough and dedicated manner to ensure the success of the project as a truly collaborative research effort. Finally, we would like to acknowledge the financial support of the European Commission Directorate-General for Research through a Specific Support Action within the FP6 action on Human Resources and Mobility Structuring the European Research Area. John H Smith EUA Deputy Secretary-General EUA acknowledges valuable contributions of EIRMA and Vitae to the project. DOC Careers Project Acknowledgements 5

8 Executive Summary Doctoral studies are among the most advanced and specialised forms of education and training available in modern societies. Their purpose can be defined in terms of providing society with the capacity for carrying out high quality research, and of producing highly-qualified graduates with options to engage in their chosen careers with the skills acquired during education and training through research. In both respects, societal and individual requirements are changing. Collaborative doctoral education is of growing importance in Europe given the increased focus on innovation through R&D in order to advance towards a more knowledgebased economy and the reality that a majority of doctorate graduates are destined for careers outside academia in both research and nonresearch positions. Today transdisciplinarity is also recognised to be essential for innovation and universities are unique environments where high academic standards and a vast range of disciplines meet and flourish, and R&D oriented business are becoming more aware of its potential. The European University Association (EUA) in this report, Collaborative Doctoral Education: University-Industry Partnerships for Enhancing Knowledge Exchange presents the findings of the project DOC-CAREERS: From Innovative Doctoral Education to Enhanced Career Opportunities, which was conducted with the financial support from the European Commission Directorate-General for Research. The report draws upon also upon the knowledge and experience accumulated by EUA on doctoral programme reform through several projects in the framework of the Third Cycle of the Bologna Process, and on university-industry cooperation through the Responsible Partnering Guidelines initiative. The European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA), as one of the partners of the latter initiative, has been also a key partner in the conduct of this present study by facilitating the consultation with the business sector. Set in the context of the current European research and higher education policy debate, and its emphasis on the need for more creative partnerships to foster innovation, the DOC-CAREERS project established a major dialogue with the main stakeholders with experience of collaborative doctoral programmes and doctorate holders careers. A total of 82 organisations from more than 20 European countries and different sectors contributed to the project: 33 universities, 31 companies and 18 other stakeholders including university and professional networks, government bodies, university-industry interface organisations and other higher education organisations. Three distinctive areas were selected for special study: Science, Engineering and Technology (SET), Biotechnology, Medical and Life Sciences (BML), Economics and Social Sciences (ESS). The DOC-CAREERS project examined a range of doctoral projects and programmes named Collaborative Doctoral Projects, or Programmes, respectively, involving interaction between a university, a doctoral candidate and a company. A distinctive characteristic of these is that industry experts take part in the supervisory committee, either officially or informally, and this is what distinguishes the cooperation from other types of collaborative contract research. Indeed, this role of industry is officially recognised and encouraged in some of the initiatives which have existed for some time such as the CIFRE, CASE and Danish Industrial PhD Programmes and Marie Curie Actions. The analyses and findings are put forward to encourage discussion of the different approaches to collaborative doctoral education (and to doctoral education in general) and to highlight good practices, the common problems and some solutions towards solving them. Specifically, the report addresses: i) the objectives and conditions for the setting-up of collaborative doctoral programmes, ii) the motivations, benefits and challenges of the three partners university, industry and doctoral candidate; iii) the main characteristics of collaborative doctoral programmes; iv) the unique position of the doctoral candidate as a link between university and industry, and recruitment 6 Executive Summary DOC Careers Project

9 procedures operated; v) recommendations from stakeholders to other stakeholders; and vi) the impact of these types of programmes as measured and perceived by stakeholders. Particular attention is given to employability perspectives of doctorate holders outside academia and its relationship to mobility, both inter-sectoral (between academia and industry) and intra-sectoral (within academia or within industry), and to their acquired skills, including those described as transferable skills. The study takes account also of methodologies that universities are using to track doctorate holder careers and how such tracking can be beneficial to institutional development and profiling of the institution. The main conclusions and recommendations can be summarised as follows: General remarks Clear common patterns emerged concerning the setting up of collaborative doctoral projects/programmes and issues related to the skills of doctorate holders valued in academic and non-academic doctoral careers. The evidence provided by the case studies submitted within DOC-CAREERS demonstrates that, despite the frequency with which some concerns are expressed, the concerns can all be overcome in an efficient manner with appropriate management processes and attitudes by all parties. Dialogue between university and industry on collaborative research is reaching a level of maturity that provides opportunities for effective action to promote durable relations between the academic and business worlds. There are distinctive European ways of responding to university-industry collaboration challenges which need further development and may offer a different approach to that practiced in North America and other regions of the world. At the policy dialogue level several important European initiatives are already developing to respond to the challenges. These include the European Commission Communication on Better Careers and More Mobility: a European Partnership for Researchers, Marie Curie Actions, the European Commission Recommendation on the Management of Intellectual Property in Knowledge Transfer Activities and Code of Practice for Universities and Other Public Research Organisations, the Responsible Partnering Guidelines and the EUA Council for Doctoral Education (EUA-CDE). DOC-CAREERS outcomes will feed into the policy dialogue and they are the basis for further work by EUA and other interested organisations. Employability and Mobility of Doctorate Holders The DOC-CAREERS case studies support the general statement that 50% of current doctoral holders are employed outside academia, in businesses, governments, service sector and other education sectors, holding both research and non-research positions. Career paths of doctorate holders are extremely diverse, hence it is very difficult to talk about typologies of doctoral careers and it is more appropriate to talk broadly about the career or employment opportunities that are open to people who have been highly trained in the methods of research. In addition to the skills naturally acquired through research, there is a group of competencies common to all fields that are likely to make a doctorate holder more employable outside an academic context. Some of them relate to communication, negotiation and management skills. However, potential employers may be less aware of other skills acquired during the doctoral process, such as adaptability, the capacity to deal with complex problems and to engage in multidisciplinary work and, often, the experience of working in international environments. In this regard, both inter-sectoral and intra-sectoral mobility play an important role. Transferable Skills The discussion on transferable skills proved to be the most controversial aspect of the DOC-CAREERS university-industry dialogue. DOC Careers Project Executive Summary 7

10 Executive Summary While there was a general agreement that such skills are important, there was less consensus on the extent to which they should be a structural element of doctoral education. SMEs placed a higher value in doctorate holders with the soft skills to complement their research capabilities at the moment of being employed, while for large R&D companies, the value of hiring a doctorate holder usually lies, in the first instance, in a deep knowledge of a relevant subject and broader competencies that are likely to equip the person to handle subsequent career challenges. Collaborative Doctoral Programmes The examples illustrated by the DOC- CAREERS case studies confirmed excellence in research as a hallmark of success. A common pattern emerged from the different formulae of collaborative doctoral programmes identified, characterised by seven main components: strategic level of engagement in the parent organisations, role of industrial partner, selection of the doctoral research topic, additional admission requirements, formal agreement (including Intellectual Property Rights), and legal status of the doctoral candidate. Practitioners in all sectors and fields agreed that, independently of how well-organised a collaborative programme may be in formal terms, success also depends upon the quality of the personal component, including the ability to team up to solve problems, achieve excellent performance, and establish good levels of mutual trust between the stakeholders. Next to the necessary role of the external partner as part of the supervisory team, placements in industry facilities are seen as one of the most important contributions that an industry can offer to the training of a doctoral candidate wishing to obtain insight into the business world (e.g. from using business labs and participating in business meetings to having lunch in the canteen). Views of Stakeholders DOC-CAREERS university case studies highlighted a number of benefits from collaborative doctoral programmes such as promoting innovation, entrepreneurship and social responsibility, incorporating industry input to university research, gaining awareness of industry s technological challenges and contributing to sustainable funding for research. In analysing the impact of collaborative doctoral education, DOC-CAREERS university case studies reported tangible and intangible benefits for the persons directly involved in the project, doctoral candidate, university and industry supervisors, to the institutional and organisational benefits and to a broader positive impact on the city/region. For example, when looking for employment, doctorate holders take with them the reputation of a good collaborative scheme that funded the research and the names of the university and company involved. The doctoral candidates and holders that participated in DOC-CAREERS reported several main challenges compared to their peers in more traditional doctoral programmes (e.g. balancing their time properly between university and industry activities, having to draft multiple reports with the same research outcomes, possible constraints of pre-established boundaries of the research). However, in general, doctoral candidates valued the expanding range of employment opportunities outside academic environments and agreed that, as in any other kind of employment, different positions may require different sets of skills. Despite their coverage of different industrial sectors and innovation profiles, the general views offered by companies on what they expected from doctorate holders were quite uniform, as were their perceptions of the strengths and weaknesses of doctorate holders in their first time in an industry environment. In general, companies were very satisfied with the acquired knowledge and research skills of doctorate holders educated in Europe, but also pointed to the need for greater communication skills, and the limited awareness of intellectual property issues and understanding of how businesses operate. 8 Executive Summary DOC Careers Project

11 Data Tracking The project s work on data tracking of doctoral careers reported on the paucity of examples of institutional data tracking. The many benefits of career tracking and the information gathered include further exploration of the skills and competencies that doctorate graduates require to inform programme curricula development and hence attracting future doctoral candidates. Main challenges include the need for coverage of academic and non-academic career paths, and the difficulty of comparing data outcomes collected from different institutions according to their individual needs. While new (soft) tools are required to address some of these challenges (e.g. making more use of alumni networks), considerable progress can be made simply by adopting existing good practices and taking advantage of technological developments in software. Enhanced Dialogue and the Role of Government The enhanced dialogue required to achieve more effective university-industry cooperation can be promoted at many levels. Investing in developing the soft part of the relationship proximity for easy opportunities of meeting, one-toone dialogue, etc. is essential and such platforms for dialogue should be developed: between university and industry but also within university disciplines and industrial sectors to favour trans-disciplinary and trans-sectoral exchange. structure and help to enhance quality. In general, this structure results in better joint supervision and placements that prove to be satisfactory for all parties: university, industry and doctoral candidates. Public support is, furthermore, much more important for SMEs than for large R&D intensive companies that have the resources to manage on-going collaborations. The evidence collected during DOC-CAREERS has demonstrated that universities and enterprises share many views on the opportunities, challenges and barriers associated with university-industry cooperation. In this sense, the diagnosis of the situation is sound and the common barriers in Europe are well identified. Nonetheless, the DOC-CAREERS case studies also confirmed that these barriers can be overcome. There are no one-size-fits-all solutions and successful approaches tend to incorporate local or regional cultural specificities as captured in the phrase the way we do things here. However, all successful approaches are based on mutual trust and understanding, and not on an expectation that one party should contribute to another s objectives. In order to assess the true importance of this diversity, follow-up actions are required which look more specifically at how universities work with their regional partners in doctoral education. The committed support of governments is also essential, as facilitators of universityindustry collaboration, specifically in doctoral education, and should include initiatives to address structural issues that are outside the capacity of the individual research actors. Many DOC-CAREERS case studies demonstrated that collaborative programmes require for their sustainability the continued support from governments and funding bodies. Government funding support and its necessary accountability requirements provide organisational DOC Careers Project Executive Summary 9

12 Introduction DOC-CAREERS in EUA and EU Policy contexts The era of the knowledge-based economy has brought into focus the dynamics of the relationship between universities as catalysts of knowledge production and the economy and society as users and adaptors of knowledge for products and services and civic purposes. Universities are seen increasingly as playing a pivotal role in strengthening the economic competitiveness of Europe as a global region, based on the knowledge and skills these institutions generate. One outcome of the current political and policy debate on this central challenge of competitiveness in a knowledge-based economy has been to place greater emphasis on the main responsibilities of universities as suppliers of trained researchers capable of anticipating and meeting the demand in competitive sectors such as information and communication technology, energy technology, biotechnology, life sciences, medicine and health services, etc. Furthermore, the policy narrative looks to universities as institutions to foster a stronger entrepreneurial culture amongst university graduates to innovate and create their own enterprises. The European University Association (EUA) has been a prominent independent partner in the Third Cycle of the Bologna Process focusing on doctoral education. EUA has sought to bring forward European universities current experiences and new perspectives on needs and requirements into the process of intergovernmental cooperation on policy development in higher education reform. In 2005, EUA published its first project report entitled Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society 1 which undertook a broad overview of doctoral education in Europe with particular focus on the growing trend towards the development of structured doctoral programmes in the place of the traditional individual study programmes. With the participation of 48 universities from across Europe, the project established an evidence-based dialogue reflecting on the present landscape of doctoral education, current practices and innovations, and issues for reform. The emphasis of this dialogue between university partners and higher education policy makers and practitioners has been on how doctoral programmes, through their pursuance of original research combined with transferable skills development, were widening options for doctoral candidates research careers in academia, government and the private sector and increasing generally the supply of highly-skilled professionals needed in the competitive labour markets of the new knowledge economy. Creating and maintaining this open dialogue as a key innovative feature has been a major priority for EUA s work in examining doctoral education reform in Europe s universities. The results of the first project were instrumental in establishing the Bologna Process Salzburg Conference (February 2005) Ten Basic Principles 2 for the future development of doctoral education which were built subsequently into the recommendations adopted by the Conference of European Ministers for Higher Education held in Bergen, Norway, in May Following-up these recommendations, EUA conducted further work within three clusters of issues relating to: the quality of doctoral programmes - access, supervision, monitoring and assessment, and transferable skills development and its relationship to employability; the development of structured programmes, critical massbuilding through doctoral schools promoting internationalisation and mobility; and the funding of doctoral education in the various national and legal regulatory frameworks. In 2007, the results of this further work were published in the report Doctoral Programmes in Europe s Universities: Achievements and Challenges 3. Its overall conclusions were presented subsequently to the Conference of European Ministers for Higher Education held in London, United Kingdom, in May 2007 and published simultaneously as EUA s Contribution to the Bologna Ministerial meeting, London Bologna Seminar on Doctoral Programmes for the European Knowledge Society, 2005, Conclusions pdf Introduction DOC Careers Project

13 An important aspect of EUA s work has been to highlight the range of collaborative doctoral programmes that exist between universities and external partners in both the private and public sectors - some are already well-established, while others have developed as an innovative response to the demands of evolving labour markets requiring specialised research and professional skills. These collaborative doctoral programmes merit particular attention in terms of the prospects they offer to doctoral candidates of widening the horizons of their research careers outside academia, and to universities of establishing new external partnerships for broadening and developing their research missions. Hence the new project entitled DOC- CAREERS: From Innovative Doctoral Education to Enhanced Career Opportunities 5 was devised and its findings are the subject of this report. A key partner in the conduct of this study has been the European Industrial Research Management Association (EIRMA). Since 2005, when EUA, together with EIRMA, the European Association of Research and Technology Organisations (EARTO), and Proton Europe (the European Association of knowledge transfer offices) published Responsible Partnering: A guide to better practices for collaborative research and knowledge transfer between science and industry 6, this groundwork has established mutual trust and sound cooperation between university and industry partners through several conferences and workshops validating good practice and providing examples of take-up by universities and businesses both large and small. The Responsible Partnering Guidelines cover core areas that are crucial to university/industry collaboration, including aligning interests, professional training and skills, consortiabuilding, intellectual property rights and patents, and finally and most importantly, building lasting relationships in collaborative research. The guidelines have been recognised as a pioneering European initiative in European Commission Communications and Recommendations on improving knowledge transfer and the management of intellectual property rights and were strongly recommended for further implementation by the Aho Report on Creating an Innovative Europe 7. The guidelines have provided a focused and practice-orientated basis for discussion and exchange with industry at key events such as the European Business Summit and the University-Business Forum. Building upon the framework of the Responsible Partnering collaboration and with the support of the European Commission, DG Research, the DOC-CAREERS project has examined a range of collaborative doctoral programmes across Europe, which are conducted jointly by universities and industry/business partners. In this report, the approaches and characteristics of these collaborative doctoral programmes are explored, whether government, university or industry-led, and the perspectives, expectations and experiences of the partners from university and industry and not least the doctoral candidates themselves are examined. With over 50% of doctorate holders moving into careers outside the academic sector, the importance of such collaborative programmes is evident. The value of the promotion and dissemination of good practices in such collaborative doctoral programmes, the achievement of inter-sectoral mobility, the development of transferable skill components and the broadening of employment horizons cannot be over-estimated, considering the objectives of strengthening universities and researchers capacity to contribute towards more competitive European economies and a stronger European Research Area. EUA sees the results of this project, therefore, as bringing important empirical evidence to the European policy debate on the Modernisation Agenda for Europe s Universities The guidelines were fully endorsed by the Aho group in the Report Creating an Innovative Europe and were acknowledged as European good practice in the European Commission Communication (COM(2007) 182 final) on Improving knowledge transfer between research institutions and industry across Europe: embracing open innovation. The guidelines were reviewed at a recent conference held in Lisbon (December 2007) convened by EUA with the support of EC DG Research. and DOC Careers Project Introduction 11

14 Introduction This agenda has emphasised the need for universities to work more extensively with external partners in all aspects of their mission, referred to in current policy language as the knowledge triangle encompassing education, research and innovation. In addressing this agenda, it links also to EUA s project work on how to achieve financially sustainable universities through increasing partnerships and diversifying income streams and the parallel need for universities to have greater autonomy in defining and pursuing their missions 9. The report aims also to contribute to the European policy debate surrounding the Barcelona target, by highlighting ways to increase the number of highly skilled researchers capable of supporting the goal of global leadership in knowledge production and innovation. It illustrates a growing number of innovative approaches in establishing collaborative doctoral programmes, initiated by universities themselves and by industry partners, and types of stimulus and financial support provided by government funding agencies. These exemplar research programmes offer a range of good practices that could be further taken up across Europe. A few key figures for research in EU-27 The Community Innovation Survey 10 indicated that between 2002 and 2004, only 9% of innovative European companies had established collaborations with universities and only 6% with governments and research institutes. These figures have been confirmed by a recent OECD study 11, which includes extensive information on the type of collaborations with both large industry and SMEs. These reports highlight also that large companies are four times more likely than SMEs to collaborate on innovation. The recent European Commission report A more research-intensive and integrated European Research Area 12 gives an overview of trends in research and innovation in Europe and in comparison with other areas in the world 13. Amongst the extensive data that is presented, the following can be highlighted as relevant background to the present report: The number of full-time equivalent (FTE) researchers in the EU-27 increased by about 15% between 2000 and 2006 (1,300,900 FTE in 2006). The number of FTE researchers employed in the business sector increased by between 2% and 5.5% per annum during the same period. In 2005, the EU-27 produced some 100,000 doctoral graduates, compared to 53,000 in the US and 15,000 in Japan in the same year. (The EU-27 awards approximately 15% more doctorate degrees per capita than US and 23% more per capita than Japan). Total R&D investment increased from 2000 to 2006 by 14.8%, while GDP increased 13.7%. This indicates that there has been no structural change in R&D intensity in the EU economy over the period in relation to targets of 1% and 2% of private and public investment, respectively. Between 2000 and 2005 there has been an average annual growth on the number of doctoral graduates of 5% in EU-27, 3.3% in US and 4,6% in Japan. A recent OECD report 14 includes statistics on trends in numbers of doctorates and percentage of doctorates in science and technology. While the absolute number of doctorates increased by a few percentages in most reported countries during the period , the proportion of doctorates in science and technolgoy declined in every reported OECD country except Korea. In relation to international mobility of doctorate holders, another OECD report 15 provides varied percentage of doctorate holders from Europe having lived abroad, from 3.5% in Lithuania to 32% in Cyprus. There are, of course, many differences across EU countries and regions, but this snapshot of EU figures indicates both the steady growth in research employment in recent years and the significant number of people who are gaining doctoral qualifications. Nevertheless, Europe has difficulties in moving towards a more researchintensive economy, which is considered key to Fourth Community Innovation Survey (February 2007) L; Community Innovation Survey (March 2009) comminn0406.pdf 11. Open Innovation in Global Networks, OECD Detailed data available in OECD and Eurostat reports. 14. OECD 2008 Encouraging Student Interest in Science and Technology Studies 15. OECD 2008 Data Collection on Careers of Doctorate Holders: State of the Art and Prospects 12 Introduction DOC Careers Project

15 Europe s future competitiveness in relation to the US, Japan and the emerging economies of China, India and Latin America. An increasing need for partnerships Innovative activity and capabilities are essential for economic growth and development. Today, market competitiveness is based on the capacity of innovation rather than just on the reduction of costs. R&D is a main component of innovation activities and for R&D-intensive companies, both large and SME, internationalisation of R&D is crucial 16. It has been demonstrated that firms are well able to increase their innovative capabilities by the use of strategic technology alliances, being the most important external sources of technology for industry involving universities, consortia, licensing, customers and suppliers, acquisitions, joint ventures and commercial research organisations 17. University-industry research relationships are not a new phenomenon. Science historians have traced the collaborations that have been established between European companies and university researchers since the 1800s, and shown the importance attached to these collaborations as important sources of knowledge and as an easy way to carry out research. However, from 1910s until 1960s the externalisation of R&D decreased steadily from about 20% to 3% 18 as central corporate R&D laboratories became more widespread. Since then, the externalisation of R&D has again grown and is estimated to have reached 18% in A diverse set of developments underlies these trends but the main difference between the 20th century and today is an evolution from strict outsourcing of R&D with limited or non-existent strategies 19 to the development of coherent networks of partnerships with suppliers, competitors and also with universities, within the framework of a global corporate strategy for R&D 20 in which the mixture of internal resources and external partnerships is seen to offer the best means to support innovation within the company. In , Henry Chesbrough termed this phenomenon Open Innovation. The paradigm emphasises the advantages of using external as well as internal ideas and developments, and has been adopted, interpreted and developed in many different ways by companies, generating a diversity of approaches to R&D and innovation 22. Cooperation with universities is an important part, including joint scientific projects, scientific exchanges, sabbaticals, international flows of students, joint ventures for specific projects firms, production agreements with exchange of technical information and/or equipment. A first structured programme designed to nurture university-industry collaboration was set up in 1948 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the Industrial Liaison Program (ILP), and remains in place today 23. In Europe, the expression European Paradox was popularised by the first European Report on Science and Technology Indicators (European Commission, 1994), suggesting that Europe played a leading world role in terms of scientific excellence and the provision of highly skilled human capital, while largely failing to convert science-based findings and inventions into wealth-generating innovations. Believing that this weakness reflected (at least in part) an inadequate flow of knowledge between the worlds of academia and industry, from the 1980 s many European governments gave increasing priority to designing and implementing structured initiatives to support university-industry relations to increase competitiveness at national level, and at the EU level through the development of the European Commission Research Framework Programme and its range of instruments. Today, the European Institute of Innovation and Technology initiative is a prominent example of the new instruments being designed for this purpose. These national and European programmes are today clear drivers, alongside corporate and institutional strategies, in fostering university-industry partnerships. Drivers for partnerships include of course the need for technological developments, and shortening their time-to-market, but non- 16. World Investment Report, 2005, chapter III. 17. Narula and Duysters, TNO/Roland Berger, Arnoud de Meyer & Atsuo Mizushima, R&D Management, No. 19(2), Henry Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology, Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003, ISBN: Open Innovation in Global Networks, OECD DOC Careers Project Introduction 13

16 Introduction technological developments are also essential 24. The economic and social sciences also play a crucial part in assisting industry to adapt their strategies and organisational systems to the changing global frameworks 25 and in assisting society to digest the fast pace of technological progress. Doctorate graduates are natural and principal transmittors of the solid background knowledge required to support innovation and hence they do not only find employment in academia and business enterprise. Doctorate graduates are prominent increasingly in other sectors of the labour market - e.g. governments, private non-profit organisations, consultancies, other education sectors, and the service sector - as statistics demonstrate 26,27, and as several universities participating in this study confirmed with their own data on employment outcomes of their doctoral graduates. University-industry partnerships directed towards doctoral education have also existed for some time in Europe, with greater or lesser degrees of formality and with more or less involvement from industry. Large structured initiatives, such as the Industrial Research Programme in Denmark, started in the 1970s. In early 1989, this programme was changed to a three-year PhD course under the Danish Council for the Promotion of Industrial Development and in 2000 responsibility was transferred to the Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation 28. In France, the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research created the CIFRE Programme (Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche) in 1981 as a national effort to improve the professional integration of doctorate holders in companies. In the United Kingdom, the Research Councils have offered industrial CASE awards (Cooperative Awards in Science and Engineering) for many years to provide doctoral training in a partnership between an academic institution and a cooperating company. In 1994 CASE award opportunities were extended beyond science and engineering fields to include the social sciences, and in 2004 to the arts and humanities. At the European level, the Marie Curie Actions with their recent emphasis on Academia-Industry partnerships in research training networks and the use of the European Social Funds for doctoral research linked to regional social and economic development play an increasingly important role in building collaboration. The DOC-CAREERS project has collected practices and experiences from universities participating in the types of established programmes mentioned above. It has also, importantly, gathered evidence from universities at different stages of development of their university-industry relations, and taken account of their different national and regional contexts. The project aims to contribute to fostering university-industry partnerships in general, with a particular focus on the effectiveness of collaborative doctoral programmes. The clear benefits expressed widely by the main three groups of practitioners, universities, industries, doctorate candidates and holders, indicate that collaborative doctoral programmes are indeed an excellent vehicle, both to foster innovation and also to sustain long-term fruitful relationships while maintaining the core values and missions of each partner. The project focuses on the processes involved in setting up and taking forward collaborative doctoral programmes and on the main added value of these programmes concerning the exposure of the doctoral candidate to industry environments. The analysis does not focus on specific disciplines but, taking account of different disciplinary contexts and cultures, addresses three broad areas of knowledge, namely Science, Engineering and Technology (SET), Biotechnology, Medical and Life Sciences (BML) and Economics and Social Sciences (ESS). Based on 33 European university case studies, 31 European R&D-based company case studies and several case studies supplied by other stakeholders, the project identifies main trends in collaborative doctoral programmes in these three broad areas of knowledge in an attempt to promote the transferability of lessons learned across disciplines and to reflect upon the different perspectives from industry, university and doctoral candidate and hence to encourage future collaborations. 24. OECD, Indicators of Non-Technological Innovation, 2007 OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators, 2005, p. 18, OECD Handbook on Economic Globalisation Indicators, 2005, p. 18, OECD Data Collection on Careers of Doctorate Holders, UK GRAD Programme; What do PhDs do?, 2004 & The UK Grad Programme.; Recruiting PhDs: What works?, The Industrial PhD - An effective tool for innovation and knowledge sharing, Introduction DOC Careers Project