Introduction to LAN/WAN. Medium Access Sublayer (Part II)
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1 Introduction to LAN/WAN Medium Access Sublayer (Part II)
2 Now,Where Were We? Introduction Multiple Access Protocols IEEE 802 Standard Ethernet (802.3) Wireless LAN Protocols Misc
3 Ethernet Performance Mean frame transmission time, P sec Probability that a frame transmits, A (complicated stuff skipped) Channel Efficiency = P P + 2τ/A The longer the cable, the longer the contention period This is why Ethernet specifies maximum cable length (i.e. put limit on 2τ) Longest allowed path is 2.5km + 4 repeaters 50 μsecs Minimum frame must allow for at least this At 10 Mbps is 512 or 64 bytes, shortest frame 1 Gbps Ethernet is even longer! (or shorter cable)
4 Ethernet Performance (cont.) Convert previous formula to: Frame length F Network bandwidth B Cable len L Cable propagation speed c (complicated stuff skipped) Channel Efficiency = BLe/cF Increasing B x L reduces efficiency But everyone wants high-bandwidth, WAN! Then they better not use Ethernet
5 Ethernet Performance and Frame Size
6 Ethernet Perf Final Thoughts... Lots of theoretical work on Ethernet perf all assumes traffic is Poisson Turns out, traffic is self-similar averaging over long-periods of time does not smooth out traffic (same variance each time interval) bi-modal (packets are either big or small) Take models with grain of salt
7 Saturated LAN Net saturated? Add bandwidth good idea? Expensive to replace cards Efficiency Instead Switched LANs Switch with high-speed backplane with connected cards (typically, 1 Gbps) 4 to 32 plug-in cards Each plug in card can support 1 to 8 connectors (computers) Can reduce or eliminate contention
8 Switched LANs When receives frame, sees if destined for another on same line, forwards as needed different than hub or repeater Run classic ethernet on same card Proprietary protocol between cards
9 Fast Ethernet As 10 Mbps proved too slow, two proposal: FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) Fibre Channel (uses crossbar switch) FDDI Two fiber rings, one in each direction Token-based protocols (token bus, token ring) Several tokens (packets) in the ring. Station must grab 1 token to transmit Priority tokens based on timers
10 Fast Ethernet FDDI, Fibre channel too complicated, didn t become LAN Used as backbones, no widespread success Made committee think tank (in 1992) keep Ethernet, make faster (winner, 802.3u) make new LAN, call Ethernet (802.12) (loser:flopped!!) Reasons won: Backwards compatible New protocol = new unforseen problems Quicker deployment
11 Fast Ethernet Change bit time from 100 nsec to 10 nsec all must use hubs shorter wire-length to hub Wiring changes Mostly copper (10BaseT) (successful) The original fast Ethernet cabling.
12 Gigabit Ethernet Even faster ethernet!! 802.3z (z indicates the end of the road) Design goals: make Ethernet 10 times as fast but backwards compatible (again??) Offer unacknowledged datagram service Same 48-bit addressing scheme All configurations are point-to-point
13 Two modes: Full-duplex Half-duplex Gigabit Ethernet Full duplex used when a switch is used (b) No contention since line is FD, so no CSMA/CD (a) A two-station Ethernet. (b) A multistation Ethernet.
14 Gigabit Ethernet Half-duplex used when a hub is used instead of a switch Hub cannot buffer packets, switch can Collisions are possible so CSMA/CD Higher bandwidth means shorter longest distance Solutions: Carrier extention: stations pad min. frames to 512 bytes Frame bursting: concatenate multiple outgoing streams Result: extends network radius to 200 meters
15 Gigabit Ethernet (2) Supports both copper and Fiber Manchester encoding at 1Gbps would require 2Gbaud signal. New encoding used on fiber New encoding scheme used: 8B/10B Basically encodes an 8-bit byte as 10 bits on fiber Gigabit Ethernet cabling.
16 IEEE 802.2: Logical Link Control So far Ethernet and MAC protocols offer no reliable service (e.g. stop-and-wait, etc) IEEE defined LLC to run above MAC to provide these services Closely based on HDLC (a) Position of LLC. (b) Protocol formats.
17 Ethernet Retrospective Been around for over 20 years Few technologies make it that long (operating system, architecture, etc) Ethernet pros: popular, simple, reliable, flexible, cheap cons: non-deterministic, no priorities, min frame size
18 Now, Where are We? Introduction Multiple Access Protocols contention collision-free Ethernet Wireless LAN Protocols Bridges Misc (brief) High-Speed LANs Satellite Networks
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