IP over Satellite in Broadcast Communications. Ennes Workshop October 5, 2012
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1 IP over Satellite in Broadcast Communications Ennes Workshop October 5, 2012
2 Purpose Provide broadcast engineers with insight into the benefits, issues, and challenges associated with using Internet Protocol (IP) over satellite This discussion will cover: Brief history of space communications Introduction to satellite communications theory Introduction to IP Application of satellite IP to broadcasting
3 Brief History of Space Communications
4 Gale Crater Mars
5 Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Never Placed in Non-Equatorial Orbit Orbital Plane Clark Belt Degrees of Longitude Equator 22,240 miles (35,790 km) 2 o Spacing 916 miles (1,475 km) Station Keeping Orbital Circumference: Orbital Velocity: 164,870 miles 265,490 km 6,870 mph 11,060 kph Geosynchronous 0 o Latitude, directly over the Equator Therefore, orbital position is reported in degrees of Longitude Typical orbital period = Earth rotation, 23hr 56min 4sec Satellite orbits in a figure-eight when viewed from the ground
6 Satellite Spectrum 30 Ka Band GHz Satellite Ku Band GHz C-Band GHz 1
7 Satellite Major Communications Components Antenna: Receives composite spectrum across entire uplink Amplifier: Receive side Transponders: Typically many, with varied configurations Frequency Converter: Mixer (per transponder) Amplifier: Transmit side Antenna: Transmits downlink to receiving earth station
8 Transponder Block Diagram RX Antenna (Uplink) GHz (F1) TX Antenna (Downlink) GHz (F1-F2) Mixer Rx Band Pass Tx Band Pass Output Switching Filter Filter (OMUX) and Isolation Transponder Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) Local Oscillator (L/O) 2300 MHz (F2) High Power Amplifier (HPA) Input, or Receive Band Pass Filter Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) acts as a low power pre-amplifier Mixer, or Frequency Down Converter - Includes Local Oscillator, or L/O Output filter (OMUX) High Power Traveling Wave Tube Amplifier (HPA or TWTA) Output isolation and switching
9 Signal Polarization Signal Polarization is a property of electromagnetic waves Three dimensions of electromagnetic waves Frequency, amplitude, and phase A simple plane wave is two dimensional The plane is perpendicular to the direction the wave propagates The electric vector can be decomposed into two orthogonal components (electric and magnetic) Referred to horizontal and vertical Simple harmonic (or carrier) wave, where the amplitude of the electric vector varies in a sinusoidal manner, these two components have EXACTLY the same frequency
10 Signal Polarization These two components have other defining characteristics that can differ: Two vector components may not have the same amplitude Two vector components may not have the same phase, that is they may not reach their maxima and minima at the same time in the fixed plane
11 Linear Signal Polarization Electric Field Magnetic Field Electric Field Linear Polarization occurs where the two vector components are in phase Direction of the electric vector in the plane, which is determined by the vector sum of the two orthogonal components, will always fall on a single line in the plane The direction depends on the relative amplitude of these two vector components Linear polarization can be in any angle in the plane, but once set, it never varies
12 Circular Signal Polarization Circular Polarization i occurs where the two orthogonal components are exactly 90 degrees out of phase Both components have exactly the same amplitude One component is at zero (reference) when the other component isat maximum or minimum amplitude There are two possible phase relationships that satisfy this requirement: The x component can be 90 degrees ahead of the y component The x component can be 90 degrees behind the y component
13 Circular Signal Polarization In this case, the electric vector in the plane formed by summing, the two components will rotate in a circle The direction of rotation will depend on which of the two phase relationships exists Depending on which way the electric vector rotates, there are two alternatives Right hand circular polarization Left hand circular polarization
14 Satellite Link Budget Link Budget Analysis The process of correctly sizing uplink and downlink paths Designedfor a specified availability Must take into account: Established satellite performance Path Loss (22,300 miles in space) Atmospheric effects (weather, ion storms, sunspots, etc.) Frequency bands used (Ku, C, Ka) Hub uplink antenna and amplifier performance Downlink antenna size and receiver noise figure Assigns transponder uplink and downlink frequencies Link Budgets must account for any Mesh TDMA carrier requirements Remote site levels and commissioning process more critical than ever (Mesh)
15 Carrier Types There are a wide variety of carrier types Each has its own advantages The most common are: SCPC Single Channel per Carrier TDMA Time Division Multiple Access D TDMA Deterministic Time Division Multiple Access DVB S Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite DVB S2 Digital Video Broadcasting 2 nd Generation
16 Single Channel per Carrier SCPC Term SCPC comes from older analog transmission technology, when a single satellite carrier could carry only one data channel Used for economical distribution of broadcast data, digital audio and video, as well as for full duplex or two way data, audio/video communications User data is transmitted to the satellite continuously on a single satellite carrier The satellite signal carrier may be received at Single location, indicates a point to point link (SCPC SCPC) Many locations in a broadcast mode, provides connectivity among multiple, geographically dispersed, point to multipoint sites (SCPC TDMA) SCPC can be referred to as TDM, or Time Division Multiplexed Carrier Multiple, co located baseband input sources are multiplexed together using Time as a controlling factor for a common output carrier
17 Time Division Multiple Access TDMA TDMA is a mechanism for sharing a satellite uplink channel among multiple remotes Users have access to the whole channel bandwidth for small periods of time known as a time slots All users contend for available bandwidth based on QoS settings and other related priority control parameters Demand is requested by the remote site and is assigned by the network hub when bandwidth is available No mechanism to control time slot requests from remotes
18 Deterministic Time Division Multiple Access D TDMA Prevents collisions that can occur when multiple remotes transmit simultaneously Network timing provided by synchronized burst time plan Time slot assignments provide guaranteed delivery Improves throughput and reduces latency by reducing/eliminating retransmissions
19 Digital Video Broadcasting DVB S2 Enhanced DVB S Standard Introduced IP transport including MPEG 4 audio/video Optimizes bandwidth utilization by dynamically changing transmission parameters Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM) Variable Coding and Modulation (VCM) Improved Forward Error Correction (FEC) Increases carrier performance around 30% over DVB S
20 Internet Protocol IP IP is a Connectionless Protocol Specifies only Best Effort ; provides unreliable packet delivery No retransmission of IP packets Packets discarded if network resources are insufficient Source and destination IP facilities do not handshake Specifies the format of all data IP software performs the routing function Packets are treated independently Packets may take different paths through the network IP provides packet delivery service to Transport Layer protocols IP provides common, consistent, universal addressing technique IP defines set of rules that embody packet transmission and delivery Specifies how routers should process packets kt (routing, TS ToS, precedence, fragmentation) Specifies when and how to generate error messages (ICMP) Specifies conditions that govern discard and/or duplication of packets (multicast)
21 Transmission Control Protocol TCP TCP is a Connection Oriented Protocol Source and destination MUST agree to the transmission and reception of information PRIOR to the transfer of user traffic Destination must agree to receive the information All transmissions are acknowledged Dictates procedures to agree when transfer is complete Specifies the format of information Specifies acknowledgements that information was received Specifies method to ensure information was received correctly Responsible for Flow Control Determines how a machine distinguishes between multiple destinations Provides guaranteed end to end delivery Provides recovery from errors, lost, and duplicated packets Retransmission is REQUIRED if acknowledgement is not received TCP and IP operate over dial up, LAN, Optic, high and low speed WANs Latency must be overcome for TCP to be practical on satellite links
22 Transmission Control Protocol TCP TCP Multiplexes and Demultiplexes data to/from applications Must distinguish data flows between destinations Uses Port IDs and destination IP address to distinguish flow A TCP Port is a queue into which TCP places data grams Employees connection o abstractions act ssuch as: Source/Destination Port(s) Host Address:Port and/or Source Address:Port pairings Source ( :100) Destination ( :200) Source and destination pairing ii to identify a dt data flow Requires only one local port to accommodate many data flows for many local applications Encapsulates data traffic (IP Packet) IP Packets are the payload IP Packets are the single packets that traverse the network In a routed network OSI Layer 3 packets live only point to point Ethernet packets live only between adjacent ports
23 User Datagram Protocol UDP UDP is a Connectionless Service Best Effort packet delivery service Source sends information without t respect to agreement by any destination to receive the information No acknowledgements provided by recipient No guarantee of dl delivery If not received, missing packets are never resent Appropriate for real time applications such as voice/video
24 DVB S or DVB S 2 Linear Delivery Block Diagram
25 DVB S or DVB S 2 HD/SD Linear System Block Diagram
26 Pro Audio System Diagram
27 Pro Video System Diagram
28 Summary Aspects of delivering IP connectivity to a transmitter Geosynchronous satellite orbit Communications satellite components Polarized signals theory Carrier types IP/TCP/UDP IP in broadcast components
29 Thank you
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