The Effectiveness of Different Antibacterials on Killing Bacteria
|
|
- Gregory Walsh
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Effectiveness of Different Antibacterials on Killing Bacteria Angelica Cervantes UC Davis Chapter Mentor: Miguel Macias Gonzalez
2 Abstract In everyday life, people use antibacterial products to sanitize their homes. Some of the common active ingredients in household cleaning products are thymol, lactic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol (e.g. active ingredient in some hand sanitizers). The purpose of our experiment was to determine if antibacterial products lost effectiveness in killing common bacteria in everyday environments after repeated use. This is an important environmental issue because if these products are losing effectiveness, then our common living areas are not being properly sanitized and this could lead to more illnesses caused by the bacteria. The hypothesis in this study is that thymol will lose its effectiveness to kill bacteria after repeated treatments because it originates from natural herbal compounds that are constantly exposed to bacteria; therefore some bacteria may already have some tolerance to it. Bacteria from our hands were cultivated in a nutrient rich media and treated with four different antibacterial products, which include the active ingredients of thymol, lactic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol (e.g. hand sanitizer), respectively. The treatments were applied by soaking a stack of ten circular filter papers with a seven millimeter diameter on a recently inoculated plate. The repeated measures were made by cultivating bacteria from the previously treated plate into a new plate and treating it with the same active ingredient, from which it originated. The kill zone was measured after allowing the bacteria to grow for 48 hours. After two repeated treatments, our results showed that some antibacterial products kill zones decreased. Thymol s kill zone showed a higher decreasing trend than the other antibacterial products. The experiment is still in progress, two more repeated measures of the kill zone will be taken. So far, the results
3 indicate that there are differences in the effectiveness of killing bacteria after repeated treatments between the active ingredients. The reasons for these differences between the active ingredients could be due to their mode of action, which has been supported by the data so far. To prevent the buildup of tolerance it is suggested to change the cleaning product with a different active ingredient after a period of time. Introduction In everyday life, people use antibacterial products to sanitize their homes. Some of the common active ingredients in household cleaning products are thymol, lactic acid, sodium hypochlorite, and ethanol (e.g. active ingredient in some hand sanitizers). These active ingredients are used to target common household bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Bacillus spp., and E. coli. The project studies the effectiveness of different antibacterial products after repeated use. This is an important environmental issue because if these products are losing effectiveness, then our common living areas are not being properly sanitized and this could lead to more illnesses caused by the bacteria. In the project, it will be studied if the repeated use of antibacterial products lose their effectiveness on killing bacteria after constant use. This project consists of testing the efficiencies of different antibacterial products after repeated use. It will be interesting to compare different antibacterial with different active ingredients (
4 the chemicals that creates the effect of the product), and try to see if it makes a difference to change products every once in a while. If an antibacterial is used repeatedly, then its effectiveness will decrease. Experimental Method The following are the materials used:16 Petridishes with rich media for bacteria culture, disposable inoculation loops, 65% ethyl alcohol, Thymol, Lactic Acid, and 10% Bleach, Circles of filter paper and a hole punch, Latex gloves and q-tips, A horizontal laminar flow hood. Procedures: Note: Wear latex gloves while working with bacteria. 1) Take a humid q-tip and rub it against the area where the bacteria will be harvested from. 2) With the same q-tip rub it on a petridish with the rich media. 3) Put the petridish in the dark in room temperature for three days. 4) Once the colony of bacteria has grown use a disposable inoculation loop to harvest bacteria from a single colony and spread it to a new petridish, and repeat step 3. 5) Number three new petridishes 1 to 3 and trace the area where the bacteria will be applied, label each traced segment with the treatment that will be applied in that segment. 6) Stack 10 filter papers and hole punch them to create small circles of 10 stacked filter papers. 7) Dip the small stacks of filter paper in step 6 and dip them in the desired anti-bacterial product for 10 seconds. 8) Place the soaked small stack of filter paper and plate it in the respective area of the petridish with applied bacteria, avoid keeping the petridish open once the treatment is applied to prevent the filter paper from drying out before it has an effect on the bacteria.
5 9) Do step 7 through 8 for all treatments. 10) Allow the closed petridishes to stand still for 10 minutes to allow the antibacterial to spread. 11) Invert the petridishes up-side-down and place them in a dark place at room temperature for one day or two. 12) Measure the kill zone and record data. 13) Repeat the procedures from 5 to 12 three more times, but plate bacteria from petridish one to the new petridish one. Transfer bacteria from treatment 1 to the new treatment 1 (e.g. use bacteria treated with bleach form petridish one to transfer to the new petridish one in the new bleach treatment). For the last treatment use four petridishes and label with one antibacterial treatment. 14)Trace an area in each petridish which will be plated with bacteria and label each area with the treatment that will be applied. 15)Take bacteria from petridishes 1 to 3 from one treatment to transfer onto its respective petridish from step )Follow steps 6 to 12.
6 Results & Analysis This is the graph that shows the results of the first 4 trials. This graph shows the result of the 5 th trial
7 The data in figure 1 demonstrates that as the treatments are repeated the kill zone decreases. The treatment with the largest kill zone is 10% bleach followed by Lysol, 7 th Generation and 62% ethanol (active ingredient in some hand sanitizers). The data in figure 2 demonstrates the effect of the antibacterial products on bacteria that has been repeatedly treated with one antibacterial. Bacteria that have been repeatedly treated with 10% bleach have the largest kill zone with 10% bleach, but its kill zone has decreased from the previous treatment (compare kill zone value between figure 1 and 2). Bacteria that have been repeatedly treated with Lysol showed the largest kill zone with Lysol. Bacteria that have been repeatedly treated with 7 th Generation have no kill zone with 7 th Generation but do have a kill zone with any other antibacterial. The bacteria that have been repeatedly treated with 62% ethanol have the smallest kill zone with the 62% ethanol treatment
8 Discussion & Conclusion The project was of great interest because it was very fascinating to think about how, in everyday life, we use these antibacterial products. We use these products to sanitize our homes and our surroundings and it sparked our interest to find out if these products really do kill the 99.9% of the bacteria they say they do or if after some time, the products would become less efficient at killing the bacteria. Some of the questions that came up were that maybe the antibacterial product was not provided enough time to spread well on the petridishes. It is probable that our results were what they were because some antibacterial products could act faster than others. A solution to this would be to allow the antibacterial to spread for a longer period of time and then measure its kill zone. A complication that came up during the project was that at first, the kill zone was not visible. The problem was that the antibacterial products dried out too quickly. To fix this, instead of only using one filter paper, we stacked ten filter papers and then soaked it in the solution. This way the antibacterial didn t dry too fast and we were able to see results after 24 hours. This research shows which antibacterial product is the most effective at creating a kill zone and it shows how after repeated use, there is a decreasing trend of efficiency in effect. After doing repeated treatments on bacteria that is commonly found in our environment, the results show differences in the effectiveness of killing bacteria after repeated treatments between the active ingredients. The data demonstrates that the antibacterial
9 product with the most efficiency was 10% Bleach (whose active ingredient is sodium hypochlorite), followed by Lysol (whose active ingredient is lactic acid), then 7th generation (whose active ingredient is thymol), and the antibacterial with the least efficiency in killing bacteria was 62% ethanol (which is the active ingredient in most common hand sanitizers). One of the reasons why 10% bleach was the most efficient at creating a kill zone was that it may act faster than the rest, and due to its mode of action. The active ingredient in bleach is known to denature proteins which makes them lose their function Thymol was one of the products with the least efficiency in killing bacteria,. Thymol is known to prevent bacterial growth by interrupting glucose uptake and lactate production meaning that it may target specific enzymes that could acquire resistance by simple mutations. To prevent the buildup of tolerance, we changed the cleaning product with a different active ingredient after a period of time and our results showed the 7th Generation bacteria had a zero kill zone for 7th generation but had a kill zone for 62% ethanol which was not a very strong antibacterial in throughout the whole experiment and that in the 62% ethanol bacteria the 7th Generation had a good size kill zone which also did not had such large kill zones throughout the experiment. This shows that it is good to change antibacterial once in a while to prevent the build up of tolerance. There was not always clear results, however, and the reason for this could have been human error and it is possible that there are experimental errors such as not allowing enough time for the antibacterial to spread. If I were to do this experiment again, I would let the antibacterial spread for a longer period of time and record my results. I would check that if by allowing more time for the antibacterial to spread, if there would be more noticeable results in the kill zone of each bacteria.
10 Acknowledgements Special thanks to Dr. Richard W. Michelmore for providing the lab space and material, and to Keri Cavanaugh and Manjula Govindarajulu helping in preparing the petridishes. I would also like to thank my mentor, Miguel, for all the patience and assistance in getting the project completed. Appendices Raw data for both graphs: % Bleach Lysol th generation % EtOH % bleach Lysol 7th Generation 62% EtOH 10% bleach Lysol th Generation % EtOH
11
NNIN Nanotechnology Education
NNIN Nanotechnology Education How Quickly Do Bacteria Grow? Teacher s Guide Purpose: Students will relate real-world applications to mathematical concepts by monitoring bacterial growth over one week and
More informationDisc Diffusion Susceptibility Methods
Disc Diffusion Susceptibility Methods Introduction When a filter paper disc impregnated with a chemical is placed on agar the chemical will diffuse from the disc into the agar. This diffusion will place
More informationGreen Fluorescent Protein (GFP): Genetic Transformation, Synthesis and Purification of the Recombinant Protein
Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP): Genetic Transformation, Synthesis and Purification of the Recombinant Protein INTRODUCTION Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) is a novel protein produced by the bioluminescent
More informationBiology 3A Laboratory: Enzyme Function
Biology 3A Laboratory: Enzyme Function Objectives To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate the effect
More informationProtocol for Disinfection of Cell Culture and Tissue Culture in Media:
Protocol for Disinfection of Cell Culture and Tissue Culture in Media: Location: Hickory Hall 001 Director: Dr. Guido Verbeck DECONTAMINATION OF CELL CULTURE WASTE Cell culture has become a common laboratory
More informationPotato Microbiology. Sarah Follenweider, The English High School 2009 Summer Research Internship Program
Potato Microbiology Sarah Follenweider, The English High School 2009 Summer Research Internship Program Introduction: A number of microorganisms thrive on the nutrients that can be found in a potato. My
More informationTransformation of the bacterium E. coli. using a gene for Green Fluorescent Protein
Transformation of the bacterium E. coli using a gene for Green Fluorescent Protein Background In molecular biology, transformation refers to a form of genetic exchange in which the genetic material carried
More informationCRITICAL REVIEW ESSAY SENIOR EXIT PROJECT COSMETOLOGY
CRITICAL REVIEW ESSAY SENIOR EXIT PROJECT COSMETOLOGY Objective: To write a critical review essay and Reference List (using standard APA style) from multiple sources. Assignment: Read the three articles:
More informationBiological Sciences Initiative
Biological Sciences Initiative HHMI Student Activities Measuring Antibiotic Resistance Introduction: You might be aware that antibiotics were once thought of as a magic bullet; a nearly perfect drug for
More informationLab Exercise 3: Media, incubation, and aseptic technique
Lab Exercise 3: Media, incubation, and aseptic technique Objectives 1. Compare the different types of media. 2. Describe the different formats of media, plate, tube etc. 3. Explain how to sterilize it,
More informationEnzyme Activity Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration
6 Measuring the Effect of Enzyme Concentration Enzymes are proteins that serve as biological catalysts in a wide variety of life sustaining chemical reactions that take place in cells. As catalysts, enzymes
More informationBacterial Transformation with Green Fluorescent Protein. Table of Contents Fall 2012
Bacterial Transformation with Green Fluorescent Protein pglo Version Table of Contents Bacterial Transformation Introduction..1 Laboratory Exercise...3 Important Laboratory Practices 3 Protocol...... 4
More informationChapter 7 Equipment and Utensil Cleaning and Sanitization
Chapter 7 Equipment and Utensil Cleaning and Sanitization The importance of proper cleaning can be appreciated when one realizes that contaminated equipment (equipment and utensils which are not clean)
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity Experiment 6A Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities
More informationLAB 4. Cultivation of Bacteria INTRODUCTION
LAB 4. Cultivation of Bacteria Protocols for use of cultivation of bacteria, use of general growth, enriched, selective and differential media, plate pouring, determination of temperature range for growth
More informationLab 10: Bacterial Transformation, part 2, DNA plasmid preps, Determining DNA Concentration and Purity
Lab 10: Bacterial Transformation, part 2, DNA plasmid preps, Determining DNA Concentration and Purity Today you analyze the results of your bacterial transformation from last week and determine the efficiency
More informationTransformation Protocol
To make Glycerol Stocks of Plasmids ** To be done in the hood and use RNase/DNase free tips** 1. In a 10 ml sterile tube add 3 ml autoclaved LB broth and 1.5 ul antibiotic (@ 100 ug/ul) or 3 ul antibiotic
More informationEnvironmental Management of Staph and MRSA in Community Settings July 2008
Page 1 of 7 Environmental Management of Staph and MRSA in Community Settings July 2008 Questions addressed on this page What are Staph and MRSA? How is Staph and MRSA spread? What is the role of the environment
More informationCleaning. By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Introduction. Definitions. Chapter 9
Chapter 9 By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: l Define the terms cleaning, decontamination, disinfection l List the factors that affect disinfection l Describe the aims of a cleaning schedule
More informationCatalytic Activity of Enzymes
Catalytic Activity of Enzymes Introduction Enzymes are biological molecules that catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions. You could call enzymes the Builders and Do-ers in the cell; without them, life could
More informationTHE ACTIVITY OF LACTASE
THE ACTIVITY OF LACTASE Lab VIS-8 From Juniata College Science in Motion Enzymes are protein molecules which act to catalyze the chemical reactions in living things. These chemical reactions make up the
More informationEnzymes: Amylase Activity in Starch-degrading Soil Isolates
Enzymes: Amylase Activity in Starch-degrading Soil Isolates Introduction This week you will continue our theme of industrial microbiologist by characterizing the enzyme activity we selected for (starch
More informationQuantifying Bacterial Concentration using a Calibrated Growth Curve
BTEC 4200 Lab 2. Quantifying Bacterial Concentration using a Calibrated Growth Curve Background and References Bacterial concentration can be measured by several methods, all of which you have studied
More informationAFDO 2010, Norfolk, VA James Marsden Regents Distinguished Professor Jasdeep Saini Kansas State University
Strategies for Control of Listeria monocytogenes AFDO 2010, Norfolk, VA James Marsden Regents Distinguished Professor Jasdeep Saini Kansas State University Listeria monocytogenes Small Gram + rod, facultative
More informationPaper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations
Paper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations Objectives Known and unknown solutions of the metal ions Ag +, Fe 3+, Co 2+, Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ will be analyzed using paper chromatography.
More informationOxivir Tb and Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP) Frequently Asked Questions
Oxivir Tb and Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP) Frequently Asked Questions What is Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (AHP)? AHP is a patented synergistic blend of commonly used, safe ingredients that when
More informationSample Liver Enzyme Lab
Sample Liver Enzyme Lab Design Aspect 1: Research Question This lab will be driven by the research question, Do changes in temperature have an effect on the activity of the enzyme catalase? Pearson Baccalaureate:
More informationHow clean is your kitchen?
Learning Objectives - There can be harmful microbes found on raw food, especially raw meat - The best way to destroy harmful microbes on meat is to cook thoroughly - Always wash your hands after touching
More informationChapter 1 Student Reading
Chapter 1 Student Reading Chemistry is the study of matter You could say that chemistry is the science that studies all the stuff in the entire world. A more scientific term for stuff is matter. So chemistry
More informationEffects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth and Protein Synthesis: Student Laboratory Manual
Effects of Antibiotics on Bacterial Growth and Protein Synthesis: Student Laboratory Manual I. Purpose...1 II. Introduction...1 III. Inhibition of Bacterial Growth Protocol...2 IV. Inhibition of in vitro
More informationCoursework B. Sample Investigation Title
Coursework B Sample Investigation Title Qualitatively investigate the effectiveness of three methods of preventing an object containing iron from corrosion 1 Report Preparation Worksheet 1. Introduction
More informationActivity Sheets Enzymes and Their Functions
Name: Date: Activity Sheets Enzymes and Their Functions amylase What are Enzymes? starch glucose Enzymes are compounds that assist chemical reactions by increasing the rate at which they occur. For example,
More informationBACTERIAL ENUMERATION
BACTERIAL ENUMERATION In the study of microbiology, there are numerous occasions when it is necessary to either estimate or determine the number of bacterial cells in a broth culture or liquid medium.
More informationLab: Graphing Activities TOTTEN
Name: Class: Date Completed: Lab Minutes: Lab: Graphing Activities TOTTEN SCIENCE Introduction Graphing is used by scientists to display the data that is collected during a controlled experiment. A line
More informationFactors Affecting Enzyme Activity
INTRODUCTION Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity The chemical reactions occurring in living things are controlled by enzymes. An enzyme is a protein in the cell which lowers the activation energy of a catalyzed
More informationTransformation Kit BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION: GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN. Partnership for Biotechnology and Genomics Education
Transformation Kit BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION: GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN Partnership for Biotechnology and Genomics Education Barbara Soots Linda Curro Education Coordinator University of California Davis
More informationDose/Response Experiments on Lettuce Seeds
Dose/Response Experiments on Lettuce Seeds Name: Date: Lab# Bioassays: Background Information on Dose/Response Experiments A bioassay involves use of a biological organism to test for chemical toxicity.
More informationHOW TO SELECT A SCIENCE FAIR TOPIC
HOW TO SELECT A SCIENCE FAIR TOPIC STEP #1 List five things you are interested in. Examples: Music, Football, Rock-Climbing, Computers, Horses, or Shopping STEP #2 Pick one of the items you listed and
More informationFigure 5. Energy of activation with and without an enzyme.
Biology 20 Laboratory ENZYMES & CELLULAR RESPIRATION OBJECTIVE To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate
More informationLAB 16 Rapid Colony Transformation of E. coli with Plasmid DNA
LAB 16 Rapid Colony Transformation of E. coli with Plasmid DNA Objective: In this laboratory investigation, plasmids containing fragments of foreign DNA will be used to transform Escherichia coli cells,
More informationChemical reaction (slow): Enzyme-catalyzed reaction (much faster):
1 Enzymes Introduction Enzymes are Biological Catalysts Recall that a catalyst is an agent which speeds up a chemical reaction without actually being consumed or changed by the reaction. Enzymes are proteins
More informationBiology for Science Majors
Biology for Science Majors Lab 10 AP BIOLOGY Concepts covered Respirometers Metabolism Glycolysis Respiration Anaerobic vs. aerobic respiration Fermentation Lab 5: Cellular Respiration ATP is the energy
More informationb. Alkalinity make your life easier and get the alkalinity between 80 and 120 PPM. c. ph from 7.2 and 7.8 so that the other chemicals work properly
1. Adding Chemicals to your water: Chemicals should be added slowly over a period of time. Pool owner/operators need to remember that all chemicals added will have an effect beyond their intended purpose.
More informationC. difficile Infections
C. difficile Infections Introduction C. difficile is a type of bacteria that can cause diarrhea and infection of the colon. This bacterium is more likely to infect patients at hospitals and other healthcare
More informationcare & cleaning guide
guide guide Everything Sterling puts its name on is painstakingly designed and precisionengineered to ensure excellence. With proper care and cleaning, your high-quality product will stand the test of
More informationGENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA WITH THE GENE FOR GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP)
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF BACTERIA WITH THE GENE FOR GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) LAB BAC3 Adapted from "Biotechnology Explorer pglo Bacterial Transformation Kit Instruction Manual". (Catalog No. 166-0003-EDU)
More informationEnzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity
Enzyme Action: Testing Catalase Activity Experiment 6A Many organisms can decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) enzymatically. Enzymes are globular proteins, responsible for most of the chemical activities
More informationStandard 5: Students will understand that microorganisms range from simple to complex, are found almost everywhere, and are both helpful and harmful.
Name Grade 6 Standard 5: Students will understand that microorganisms range from simple to complex, are found almost everywhere, and are both helpful and harmful. Objective 2: Demonstrate the skills needed
More informationIn order to be useful, a smear must have the following qualities:
Smear Preparation and Simple Stain Objectives: Make bacterial smear slides (usually called smears) Distinguish cells on these slides using a simple stain procedure Unstained microbial cells are nearly
More informationTest Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces
Test Method for the Continuous Reduction of Bacterial Contamination on Copper Alloy Surfaces Test Organisms: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) Enterobacter aerogenes (ATCC 13048) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
More informationExperimental Analysis
Experimental Analysis Instructors: If your institution does not have the Fish Farm computer simulation, contact the project directors for information on obtaining it free of charge. The ESA21 project team
More informationPACUC Guidelines. Rodent Survival Surgery
PACUC Guidelines Rodent Survival Surgery Guidelines for rodent survival surgery are based on the National Research Council Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8 th edition and the Animal Welfare
More informationLAB TOPIC 4: ENZYMES. Enzyme catalyzed reactions can be expressed in the following way:
LAB TOPIC 4: ENZYMES Objectives Define enzyme and describe the activity of enzymes in cells. Discuss the effects of varying enzyme concentrations on the rate of enzyme activity. Discuss the effects of
More information10-ml Graduated cylinder 40 ml 3% Hydrogen peroxide solution (found in stores) Straight-edged razor blade Scissors and Forceps (tweezers)
Name: Class: Date: Objectives * Measure the effects of changes in temperature, ph, and enzyme concentration on reaction rates of an enzyme catalyzed reaction in a controlled experiment. * Explain how environmental
More informationANTIBIOTIC INHIBITION OF BACTERIA
ANTIBIOTIC INHIBITION OF BACTERIA STANDARDS 3.2.10B, 3.2.12B Apply process knowledge and evaluate experimental information 3.3.10B, 3.3.12B Chemical and structural basis of living organisms Westminster
More informationGROWING BACTERIA INTRODUCTION
GROWING BACTERIA INTRODUCTION E. coli is a normal part of the bacterial flora of the human gut. It is not generally considered pathogenic, although some strains are highly toxic (recent food poisonings
More informationExperiment 13H THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1
Experiment 13H FV 1/25/2011(2-run) THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1 PROBLEM: Determine the rate law for the chemical reaction between FD&C Red Dye #3 and sodium hypochlorite. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
More informationLaboratory Exercise # 11: Differentiation of the Species Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
Laboratory Exercise # 11: Differentiation of the Species Staphylococcus and Streptococcus Purpose: The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to explore the differences between Staphylococcal species and
More informationAnn.wellhouse@TouchStoneScience.net 1. Enzyme Function
Ann.wellhouse@TouchStoneScience.net 1 Enzyme Function National Science Standards Science as Inquiry: Content Standard A: As a result of activities in grades 9-12, all students should develop: Abilities
More informationLab 6: Paper Chromatography. Pages145-154 Pre-lab page 151 No Post lab Chromatogram must be turned in attached to lab report
Lab 6: Paper Chromatography Pages145-154 Pre-lab page 151 No Post lab Chromatogram must be turned in attached to lab report Chromatography Chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate the
More informationSample Pharmacy CLEANING AND SANITIZING PROCEDURE P-304.1
P-304.1 1.0 Definition and Purpose: To standardize and define the process by which the controlled Cleanroom environments (ISO Class 5, 7, and 8) and the general pharmacy prep area is cleaned, disinfected,
More informationRESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES. Bio 171 Week 6
RESPIRATION AND FERMENTATION: AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Bio 171 Week 6 Procedure Label test tubes well, including group name 1) Add solutions listed to small test tubes 2) For
More informationINTRODUCTION. Such chemical substances which are added to food materials to prevent their spoilage are known as chemical preservatives.
INTRODUCTION Growth of microorganisms in a food material can be inhibited by adding certain chemical substances. However the chemical substances should not be harmful to the human beings. Such chemical
More informationHow to write a formal lab report correctly. This is based off a lab done in AP biology and all examples are taken from student lab write-ups.
How to write a formal lab report correctly. This is based off a lab done in AP biology and all examples are taken from student lab write-ups. Title: Potato Catalase Enzyme Lab (1 point). * Objective, variables,
More informationFOOD POISONING. Information Leaflet. Your Health. Our Priority. Infection Prevention Stepping Hill Hospital
FOOD POISONING Information Leaflet Your Health. Our Priority. Page 2 of 5 What is Food Poisoning? Food poisoning is an illness that occurs after eating or drinking anything that is contaminated. Usually
More information1. 4. 1: Biochemistry of macromolecules and metabolic pathways
1. 4 Investigating enzymes Many factors affect the activity of enzymes and it is very easy to investigate these factors using common enzymes. Enzymes work at their optimum temperature and ph. Any changes
More informationSurface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Teacher Version
Surface Tension: Liquids Stick Together Teacher Version In this lab you will learn about properties of liquids, specifically cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension. These principles will be demonstrated
More informationOA4-13 Rounding on a Number Line Pages 80 81
OA4-13 Rounding on a Number Line Pages 80 81 STANDARDS 3.NBT.A.1, 4.NBT.A.3 Goals Students will round to the closest ten, except when the number is exactly halfway between a multiple of ten. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
More informationA Guideline for Cleaning Up After Flood or Sewer Back-up
A Guideline for Cleaning Up After Flood or Sewer Back-up Revised 2010-03 INDEX PAGE Index 2 Personal Protection 3 Procedure for Cleaning Up 3 Safety 4 Initial Clean-up 5 Clean-up and Disinfection 5 Disinfectants
More informationCLEAN UP FOR VOMITING & DIARRHEAL EVENT IN RETAIL FOOD FACILITIES
CLEAN UP FOR VOMITING & DIARRHEAL EVENT IN RETAIL FOOD FACILITIES GENERAL INFORMATION Noroviruses are a group of viruses that cause gastroenteritis [gas-trō-en-ter-ī-tis] in people. Gastroenteritis is
More informationAcid Base Titrations
Acid Base Titrations Introduction A common question chemists have to answer is how much of something is present in a sample or a product. If the product contains an acid or base, this question is usually
More informationHome Food Safety Myths and Facts for Consumers. The Partnership for Food Safety Education
10 Home Food Safety Myths and Facts for Consumers The Partnership for Food Safety Education 2014 For more Home Food Safety Mythbusters go to www.fightbac.org Myth #1 Freezing foods kills harmful bacteria
More informationTHE BLUE WASHING BOOK
Resources For other booklets and resources visit the Grampians Region Health Collaborative Website Infection Control at: http://www.grhc.org.au/infection-control A LITTLE YELLOW INFECTION CONTROL BOOK
More informationParents Guide to Science Projects
Time Management Parents Guide to Science Projects Break up your child s project into smaller pieces to make the project more manageable. You are given months to do this project so can take it in parts
More informationMoving to a hospital or skilled nursing facility
H Moving to a hospital or skilled nursing facility What to expect when you have MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) A booklet for patients, residents, family members, and caregivers About
More informationPREPARATION FOR CHEMISTRY LAB: COMBUSTION
1 Name: Lab Instructor: PREPARATION FOR CHEMISTRY LAB: COMBUSTION 1. What is a hydrocarbon? 2. What products form in the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon? 3. Combustion is an exothermic reaction. What
More informationRadius Compensation G40, G41, & G42 (cutter radius compensation for machining centers, tool nose radius compensation for turning centers)
Radius Compensation G40, G41, & G42 (cutter radius compensation for machining centers, tool nose radius compensation for turning centers) These features are commonly well covered in most basic CNC courses.
More informationCONTROLLING CROSS INFECTION IN THE DENTAL LABORATORY. Best Practice Guide
CONTROLLING CROSS INFECTION IN THE DENTAL LABORATORY Best Practice Guide Preparing to Work A separate work area shall be set aside in the laboratory to receive all incoming work. This should ideally be
More informationIf you accidentally get battery acid on your skin, flush it with lots of water
RV Battery Savvy To properly maintain and extend the life of your RV batteries you need to have a basic understanding of what a battery is and how it works. Batteries used in RVs are lead acid batteries.
More informationHazardous Waste Procedures
Hazardous Waste Procedures Hazardous waste is defined as a waste, or combination of wastes, which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical or chemical characteristics may pose a substantial
More informationQuestions/Analysis: 1: Were the minerals evenly distributed throughout the cookie mines? Explain how this relates to real mining.
APES- Cookie Mining Lab Activity Questions/Analysis: 1: Were the minerals evenly distributed throughout the cookie mines? Explain how this relates to real mining. 2: Were you able to reclaim the land after
More informationFigure 1. Basic structure of the leaf, with a close up of the leaf surface showing Stomata and Guard cells.
BIOL100 Laboratory Assignment 3: Analysis of Stomata Name: Stomata (singular=stoma) are the respiratory control structures in plants (see Figure 1 below). They are essentially small holes in the surface
More information01 - Plastic Pipe Cements and Primers
01 - Plastic Pipe Cements and Primers Q - What is the shelf life of the cement and primers? PVC & ABS Cements / Primers and Cleaners have 3 year shelf life from date of manufacture, and CPVC has 2 year
More informationEnvironmental Monitoring
Chapter 10 Environmental Monitoring By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: l List the types of environmental testing l Name three types of checks that are carried out to ensure the isolator is
More informationInduction of Enzyme Activity in Bacteria:The Lac Operon. Preparation for Laboratory: Web Tutorial - Lac Operon - submit questions
Induction of Enzyme Activity in Bacteria:The Lac Operon Preparation for Laboratory: Web Tutorial - Lac Operon - submit questions I. Background: For the last week you explored the functioning of the enzyme
More informationFood Surface Sanitizing
Module 14 Overview: Food Surface Sanitizing TRAINER: Read this page ahead of time to prepare for teaching the module. PARTICIPANTS WILL: 1. Understand the importance of food surface CLEANING and SANITIZING.
More informationGCSE BITESIZE Examinations
GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education AQA SCIENCE A Unit Biology B1a AQA BIOLOGY Unit Biology B1a BLY1A (Human Biology) (Human Biology) FOUNDATION TIER Specimen Paper Time
More informationBiogas. Biology Teams of 2 or 3. Grade 10-12 LEARNING OUTCOMES DESCRIPTION MATERIALS READINESS ACTIVITIES. Science
Science Grade 10-12 Lab Teams of 2 or 3 DESCRIPTION Biogas is a fuel which is produced from the breakdown of organic matter. Students will have an opportunity to create their own biogas generators. At
More informationBacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2
Bacteria: The good, the bad, and the ugly. SEPA BioScience Montana Module 2 Introduction: The following reading will give you a basic introduction to bacteria and their role in illness. It will explore
More informationAcknowledgements. Developing collaborative lab experiments across disciplines through the identification of bacteria
Acknowledgements Developing collaborative lab experiments across disciplines through the identification of bacteria Joanna Huxster, Ph.D. Sarah Moss, MS 15 Emily Bilyk, BS 16 Brian M. Forster, Ph.D. Lab
More informationPhotosynthesis (Life from Light)
Photosynthesis Photosynthesis (Life from Light) Energy needs of life All life needs a constant input of energy o Heterotrophs (consumers) Animals, fungi, most bacteria Get their energy from other organisms
More informationSolvent Cementing Instructions For Plastic Pipe & Fittings
Solvent Cementing Instructions For Plastic Pipe & Fittings Description Solvent cementing is the process of fusing plastic pipe and fittings by the use of an adhesive containing a suitable active solvent
More informationNeutralizing an Acid and a Base
Balancing Act Teacher Information Objectives In this activity, students neutralize a base with an acid. Students determine the point of neutralization of an acid mixed with a base while they: Recognize
More informationShampoo Properties Evaluation General Science
/ 10 Shampoo Properties Evaluation General Science Name It is difficult to obtain exact information on the formulation of commercial shampoos. These facts are held by the manufacturer to protect their
More informationSelecting an Appropriate Sanitizer or Disinfectant
Selecting an Appropriate Sanitizer or Disinfectant One of the most important steps in reducing the spread of infectious diseases in child care settings is cleaning, sanitizing or disinfecting surfaces
More informationThe Good and Bad of Microorganisms
Science Benchmark: 06 : 05 Microorganisms are those living things that are visible as individual organisms only with the aid of magnification. Microorganisms are components of every ecosystem on Earth.
More informationProtection for hand eczema
Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust Department of Dermatology Protection for hand eczema Information for patients What can I do to help my hand eczema? Hand eczema (the same as hand dermatitis) is normally
More informationBiopharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Unit 2 Student Handout. DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes
DNA Biotechnology and Enzymes 35 Background Unit 2~ Lesson 1 The Biotechnology Industry Biotechnology is a process (or a technology) that is used to create products like medicines by using micro-organisms,
More informationEXPERIMENT #1: MICROSCOPY
EXPERIMENT #1: MICROSCOPY Brightfield Compound Light Microscope The light microscope is an important tool in the study of microorganisms. The compound light microscope uses visible light to directly illuminate
More informationSAMPLE. Bacterial Transformation. Lab 8 BACKGROUND INFORMATION. Neo/SCI Student s Guide Name... Teacher/Section...
1431489 REV 001 Neo/SCI Lab 8 Bacterial Transformation BACKGROUND INFORMATION What Is Biotechnology? Before you start doing biotechnology laboratory exercises, it is important to know exactly what biotechnology
More information