TEXAS DWI 12 HR. EDUCATION PART 4

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1 TEXAS DWI 12 HR. EDUCATION PART 4 DRIVING & DRINKING cgregora

2 DISCLAIMER: LiquorLaws.Net HAS SUPPLIED THE INFORMATION ON THIS WEBSITE FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. THE INFORMATION ON THIS WEBSITE MAY NOT BE 100% ACCURATE AND SHOULD NOT BE INTENDED AS LEGAL ADVICE. THE USE OF THIS WEBSITE DOES NOT CREATE A LAWYER-CLIENT RELATIONSHIP.HIRING A DUI ATTORNEY IS A VERY IMPORTANT DECISION. BEFORE HIRING AN ATTORNEY IT IS IMPORTANT TO ASK FOR WRITTEN AND VERIFIED INFORMATION ABOUT THE ATTORNEYS QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE. cgregora

3 CHECK-UP FOR YOU Do you have a drinking problem? You may have a drinking problem if you... Feel guilty or ashamed about your drinking. Lie to others or hide your drinking habits. Have friends or family members who are worried about your drinking. Need to drink in order to relax or feel better. Black out or forget what you did while you were drinking. Regularly drink more than you intended to. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 2 cgregora

4 DISCLAIMER Disclaimer: All content within this site is provided for general information only. It should not be treated as a substitute for the medical advice of your own doctor or health care professional. The owners of this site are not responsible or liable for any diagnosis made by a user based on the content of the evagregorycounselingonline website. The owner is not liable for the contents of any external internet sites listed, nor does it endorse any commercial product or service mentioned or advised on in this or any linked site. Always consult your own Doctor if you are concerned about your health. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP cgregora

5 NOTICE THIS IS A 12 HOUR CLASS USING THE SAME MATERIAL THAT IS USED IN THE TEXAS DWI 12 HOUR CLASS FOR THE STATE SEAL CERTIFICATE FOR REINSTATING YOUR TEXAS DRIVER S LICENSE WITH THE TEXAS DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC SAFETY. THE CERTIFICATE YOU RECEIVE FROM US ONLY CERTIFIES THAT YOU HAVE COMPLETED 12 HOURS OF TEXAS DWI EDUCATION UNDER A TEXAS LICENSED LCDC COUNSELOR. THE CERTIFICATE IS A TEXAS FACILITY CERTIFICATE. IT CANNOT BE USED TO REINSTATE YOUR DRIVER S LICENSE. ASK YOUR JUDGE AND OR PROBATION OFFICER IF YOU CAN SUBMIT A CERTIFICATE WITHOUT A TEXAS STATE SEAL FOR VALIDATION OF COMPLETING 12 DWI EDUCATIONAL HOURS AND IT BE APPROVED BY YOUR COURT SYSTEM. THIS IS YOUR RESPONSIBILITY. ONCE THE CLASS IS PAID FOR THERE IS NO REFUND. cgregora

6 WHEN DID DRUNK DRIVING START? cgregora

7 PLEASE COMPLETE THIS SURVEY AND SEND YOUR ANSWERS IN AN TO eva _ gregory@ymail.com. YOUR SELF-IMAGE REPORT. 1. How long you have been driving? 2. What kind of cars can YOU drive (gear shift or automatic)? 3. How does driving affects YOUR everyday life (its costs, dangers, frustrations, stress)? 4. What images have you project as a driver (power, status, lifestyle)? 5. Whether you consider yourself to be a good or bad driver? 6. Whether you like yourself as a driver? 7. How do you react to common driving situations such as a driver in front of you going too slow; or what if a person cuts you off? 8. How much control do you have over your driving and your emotions? 9. How does your mood changes as a result of driving episodes? Do you yell at the other person? Why don t you take that car back? Can t you drive that car? 10. How aware are you of your driving or of the driving conditions? 11. Can you explain How the traffic went on a particular trip? Can you express in detail in writing? 12. How is your driving record (traffic tickets, accidents, near misses)? 13. Have you been eating out and had two drinks in one hour? 14. How many times have you had too many and still drove your car home? cgregora

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9 Drunk driving actually began long before automobiles were invented. As soon as man climbed onto the back of another animal and began riding, there have been drunken horse, camel, and elephant riders. Drinking played a large part in seafaring as well. Until fairly recently in human history, alcohol played an important part in many civilizations for a simple reason. A constant source of clean water is harder to come by than you might think. Without modern materials and methods, stored water quickly stagnates. We turn on a faucet and drinkable water comes out. To get to our faucet, massive amounts of water are first collected, processed to make sure it is safe, and stored before piping it to our homes. The collection, processing, and distribution system for clean water was actually devised in the 20th century. Until then, safe, drinkable water even here in America, was scarce. 100 years ago, diseases like dysentery, cholera and typhoid would spread through water killing hundreds of thousands. cgregora

10 As early man abandoned nomadic lifestyles and created villages and towns, clean water supplies would not last. Invariably, the source of the water becomes tainted, perhaps by animals, or perhaps by another tribe upstream. As an alternative to water, alcohol could be stored longer and was usually safer. It wasn t fully understood then, but most of the deadly viruses and germs that lived and worked in water could not survive in alcohol. So it was that alcohol became a staple in most people s lives. It s no wonder that between killing germs and dulling pain, alcohol was also always widely used as a medicine. cgregora

11 Historians claim that slaves building the Great Pyramid at Giza drank about 1 ½ gallons of beer a day. While pyramid-building slaves did not ride animals, it shows how much beer was being produced thousands of years ago. Brewing beer was a daily task in every Egyptian household. Meanwhile, pharaohs and kings preferred wine. Many tombs (including Tut's) contained jars of wine and art depicting the making or consuming of wine. Alcohol is mentioned again and again throughout history. It is easy to presume that there were drunken chariot riders in ancient Rome and Egypt. Attila the Hun died around the year 445 on his wedding night from an alcohol overdose and a nosebleed. Seldom pictured off of a horse, Attila was most likely a heavy drinker who frequently rode inebriated. cgregora

12 No doubt many in Hannibal s army were drunk on elephant-back. In fact, most armies throughout the centuries would drink alcohol both before and after doing battle. That s a lot of drunken horsemen. There have been plenty of drunken horse-drawn carriage drivers. Bicycles were not invented until the 1800 s. But as soon as they were, drunk people undoubtedly began falling off of them. In seemingly every culture for thousands of years, there has been a consistent awareness that outright drunkenness is undesirable. Moderation had always been tolerated to a degree because alcohol had been literally more important to life than water. The fact that drunkenness is repeatedly referenced through history as being a bad thing proves that there have always been abusers of alcohol. cgregora

13 This was no less evident during the Industrial Revolution when large numbers of people would work together in ways that hadn t been practical before. Even having to be at work by a certain time was new. Workers were routinely warned by their employers not to over indulge in alcohol, as it would cause accidents. When the message exists, the problem has been clearly noticeable. Accidents related to alcohol were obviously common during the Industrial Revolution. The first actual drunk driving arrest happened in 1897 in London when George Smith crashed his cab into a building. When the automobile was first introduced in America, it was not regulated in any way. At first, cars were a curiosity for the rich and eccentric. Then, they became a new business opportunity for anybody with the tools and materials to cobble together an engine and some wheels. cgregora

14 In 1917 for example, the Division of Automobile Licensing and Registration of South Carolina was created. The division issued licenses and collected fees. But there were still no vehicle laws to follow. In 1920, the Eighteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution became law. The amendment was called the Volstead act. The nation went dry... sorta. Of course, there was widespread circumventing of the Volstead Act and organized crime flourished. As cars became more common, local governments began finding ways to tax them long before enacting laws for their use. America drove right through Prohibition without official automobile regulation. cgregora

15 Alaska had already enacted its territorial "Bone Dry" law in 1918, two years before the Volstead Act. Bootleggers thrived making their own alcohol. In the business district of Anchorage, an underground network of tunnels connected speakeasies with their suppliers and protected them from the Territorial Police. Across the country, speakeasies were essentially hidden saloons. Although nobody was being arrested for it, people were drinking and driving. It wasn t until the middle of the 1930s that regulations for using automobiles began popping up. cgregora

16 Indiana began issuing driver's licenses in There was no test. Each driver had to purchase a license for 50 cents to help pay for salaries and equipment used by the Highway Patrol. In 1939, Indiana became the first state to enact a BAC law. The Blood Alcohol Content level to determine a drunk driver was set at a.15 or nearly twice today s.08 national legal limit was the year that popular alcoholic Teddy Kennedy ( ) drove his car off of Dike Bridge which spans between Chappaquiddick Island and Martha s Vineyard. Kennedy managed to swim to safety, while his passenger, Mary Jo Kopechne died trapped in his car under the water. Kennedy suspiciously waited a few hours before alerting authorities. I personally believe he was waiting to sober up a bit before confronting police. While The Chappaquiddick Incident may have kept him out of the Whitehouse, it did not end his political career and the topic now has all but faded away. cgregora

17 The 80s were a busy decade in the world of drunk driving. MADD was established and came into prominence in the 1980 s. Court ordered ignition interlock devices began appearing in the late 1980s. In 1984 the national minimum legal drinking age was set to 21. This set stage for Zero Tolerance legislation passed in The argument was that if it was illegal for you to drink, than any amount of drinking mixed with driving equaled a worse offense than the usual drunk driving. cgregora

18 March 24, 1989 was the date of the Exxon Valdez oil spill considered to be the worst environmental disaster ever caused by a single person. Long-time alcoholic and Ship s Master, Joseph Hazelwood drunkenly ran the ship into Bligh Reef and released around 11 million gallons of crude oil into Prince William Sound. Clearly booze mixes with boats the same way it mixes with cars, disastrously. Beginning in the early 1990s, states began individually adopting.08 as the legal limit for BAC. It took until July of 2004 for the entire United States to adopt.08 as the national standard. cgregora

19 For thousands of years, alcohol has played a vital role in our existence and has been an intricate part of society. The common thread through all this time has been an acceptance of moderation and a warning of overindulgence. Our current lives in America are so vastly different from anything that could be imagined by a medieval knight, or an ancient Roman farmer. But our attitudes toward alcohol are amazingly similar. Whether operating heavy machinery in the Industrial Revolution, riding a chariot in ancient Rome, or driving a car on 'Old' Route 66 today, the problem of drunk driving has always existed in one form or another. This is continually evidenced by the same message being communicated for thousands of years. Don t over indulge if you have somewhere to go. cgregora

20 In 1910, New York became the first state to adopt drunk-driving laws was New York. California was the next state to pass driving under the influence laws, and the other 48 states soon followed suit. These early DUI laws simply stated that a driver could not operate a motor vehicle while intoxicated. However, inebriation was not clearly defined by the lawmakers and courts at this point. In the 1930s, two committees were tasked with making roads safer in the U.S. The American Medical Association created a committee to study the most common problems that lead to vehicle accidents. During this same time period, the National Safety Council set up a study to develop tests that could be used to determine intoxication. After doing research, the two groups determined that a driver with a BAC of 0.15 percent or higher could be presumed to be inebriated, while a driver with a BAC under 0.15 could not. cgregora

21 As a result of the committee s findings, 0.15 percent became the first commonly-used legal limit for blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in DUI laws and penalties began getting stricter in the 1970s. This is mainly due to groups such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Students Against Drunk Driving (SADD). Candy Lightner was also a leader in the fight for tougher DUI laws. The pressure from these groups led to many changes in DUI laws, most notably raising the legal drinking age to 21 years old in all 50 states. These groups also changed the way laws were enforced by police departments until this time, enforcing drunk-driving laws was not a priority. The legal limit was affected during this time. Originally 0.15 percent, it was later lowered to.10 percent. Due to federal pressure on all of the states, this limit was then further reduced to 0.08 percent. Zero Tolerance laws were also adopted by many states. These laws make it illegal for minors under the age of 21 to drive a vehicle with a BAC of 0.01 or 0.02 percent. Automatic license suspension laws were also passed across the nation. These laws allow for an administrative license suspension after failing a breath test or refusing to take the breath test altogether cgregora

22 DEFINITION OF INTOXICATION IN TEXAS Alcohol concentration of.08 or more. Not having normal use of mental or physical faculties because of alcohol or other drugs. cgregora A-6 9

23 ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE REVOCATION (ALR) (FAILED TEST) ARRESTED for DWI, Intoxication Assault, or Intoxication Manslaughter Test is taken and failed (.08 or greater) Adult Penalty Loss of license 90 days if no alcohol/drug contacts in last ten years 1 year if one or more alcohol/drug contacts in last ten years Officer takes possession of license Temporary license for 40 days $125 reinstatement fee cgregora A-7 10

24 IMPLIED CONSENT LAW (REFUSED TEST) Arrested operating motor vehicle or a watercraft of 50 hp or greater Refuse breath or blood test Adult Penalty - Loss of license 180 days if no alcohol/drug contact in last ten years Two years if one or more alcohol/drug contacts in last 10 years License taken at time of arrest and 40 day temporary license issued $125 reinstatement fee cgregora A-8 11

25 DWI PENALTIES IN TEXAS 1 st FINES Up to $2,000 LICENSE LOST 90 days 1 year JAIL 72 hours 180 days 2 nd Up to $4, days 2 years 30 days 1 year 3 rd + Up to $10, days 2 years 2 10 years cgregora A-9 12

26 LICENSE SURCHARGE ON DWI CONVICTIONS DWI, Intoxication Assault, Intoxication Manslaughter Conviction $1,000 per year for first conviction within a 36 month period $1,500 per year for subsequent convictions within a 36 month period $2,000 on a first or subsequent conviction if BAC was.16 or greater at time of test A-10 cgregora

27 OPEN CONTAINER LAW Vehicle on public highway (stopped or moving) Driver or passenger Knowingly possess in passenger area Open, seal broken, or contents partially removed Penalty - Class C misdemeanor - up to $500 fine EXCEPTIONS: Vehicle for hire - passenger area Motor home living quarters Locked storage area Trunk A-11 Behind last seat if no trunk cgregora

28 ? True or False?????? Alcohol is a stimulant All drugs are depressants? Alcohol/drugs decrease mental and physical abilities? There are ways to sober up quickly Alcohol/drugs affect individuals differently?? B-1 cgregora

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30 Back in 2012, Colleen Cudney was convicted for drunken driving. As part of her punishment, she was put on probation, and so on the day after St. Patrick s Day, the 22-year-old was ordered to come to her Westland, Michigan probation office for a random Breathalyzer test. She managed to pass it and celebrated the good news on Facebook. That Facebook post, as WDIV Local 4 News reports, was a pretty stupid move. Investigators told WDIV she posted, Buzz killer for me, I had to breathalyses this morning and I drank yesterday but I passed thank god lol my dumba**." There s a lot of problems with this status update. Why don t we go over them? It s buzzkill, not buzz killer. I know you meant breathalyses, but that isn t a word. OH AND YOU AREN T SUPPOSED TO BE DRINKING BECAUSE YOU WERE CONVICTED FOR DRUNK DRIVING. cgregora

31 Cudney s post gained the attention of a Westland police officer, who then notified the probation office. Did the probation office then say something like, Oh well, she got us. She wins this round? Nope. They called her up and told Colleen they wanted her to take a urine test, something that would detect whether she had had alcohol in the previous 80 hours. Colleen then hung up on the probation officer. You re not supposed to do that. Hanging up the phone on the probation official was a probation violation. And to think, her probation was set to end in a few weeks. Colleen n will be back in court on April 1 for a probation hearing and faces up to 3 months in jail. cgregora

32 DWI a felony in Texas? Any second DWI conviction is a felony in Texas. A first DWI is a felony if there is a person 15 years or younger in the car, otherwise the first DWI is a misdemeanor. A second DWI is considered a Class A misdemeanor in Texas if it happens with 10 years from the previous offense. The punishments for a second DWI in Texas can include, but are not limited to, up to one year in jail, a fine of up to $4,000, and suspension of your license for up to two years. You might also be required to install an ignition interlock device on your car, which would require you to pass a breath test before the car will start. cgregora

33 As a driver, you need to familiarize yourself generally with the laws and regulations governing the operation of a motor vehicle. These include DUI and DWI laws that are on the books in your state. You need to include an education in the similarities and differences between DUI and DWI laws. DUI stands for driving under the influence. In some states, this is the only type of driving-whileimpaired charge you face if you operate a motor vehicle while intoxicated. In nearly all states with DUI laws, if your blood-alcohol content is.08 percent or above, you are charged with DUI, or driving under the influence. DWI stands for driving while intoxicated. As is the case with DUI, in some states this is the only type of driving-while-impaired charge you run the risk of if you operate a motor vehicle while intoxicated. As with states that only maintain a DUI law, most jurisdictions require your blood alcohol content to be at.08 percent or above to be charged with DWI. cgregora

34 In some jurisdictions, both DUI and DWI laws exist. Typically, the DUI charge is the lesser offense, and DWI the greater or more serious one. You may not have a blood alcohol content that reaches the legal limit for driving while intoxicated, or DWI, yet your ability to operate a motor vehicle is impaired. In that situation, you face a DUI charge in most states with both offenses. If your blood alcohol content is.08 percent or higher, you face the prospect of a DWI charge. The laws differ from one state to another regarding what happens to your driver's license when you are charged with DUI or DWI. Even when charged for the first time for DUI or DWI, you are likely to lose your driving privileges for at least 30 days. Keep in mind that in most states, the license suspension occurs when charged, not when convicted, of DUI or DWI. Penalties associated with DUI and DWI are more severe today than ever before. If charged with either of these offenses, seek appropriate legal representation as soon as possible. With a capable lawyer, you are best able to attempt to minimize the negative impact that flows from either a DUI or DWI charge. cgregora

35 What is the bail for DWI DUI? Depends upon whether this was a first offense or not. 1st offense usually carries a bond of $200 to $1000 while multiple offenders would receive a higher amount. "The bail in these kinds of arrests is just similar to the other criminal cases. Depending on the nature of offense, some counties have a bail schedule. A number of counties free the suspects at just a personal security, without any need for posting a bail. Although a large number of counties free the accused on the personal security and few ask to post a bail. The drivers, who refuse a chemical test, with a blood or breath alcohol level of 0.20% or more, or who did an accident are always set to post a bail. The drunk drivers will be required to post a bail, which would be generally of $100,000 or even more. A bond for such a bail typically requires a 10% down payment of the amount in order to get the driver released." cgregora

36 DRIVERS REACTION TIME The impairment effects of drinking alcohol are that it will slow a drivers reaction times, it reduces a drivers coordination, a driver will lose their ability to judge speed, time, and distance, and the concentration on driving will be reduced. All of these effects will greatly reduce a drivers safety and put them and others in serious danger. Alcohol will increase the time it takes drivers to process information which effectively increases thinking and stopping distances. A drunk driver who spots a pedestrian would take extra vital moments before applying the brake. This is shown by a large increase in the thinking distance, in the real world a drunk driver may also not press the brake as hard as a sober driver, but this has not been factored into the simulator. Of course, the extra time it takes a driver to press the brake, will mean that the vehicle is travelling at a faster speed when it hits the pedestrian, causing a more severe injury. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP cgregora

37 REACTIONS Alcohol doesn't directly slow your reactions. Instead, alcohol makes it more likely you'll miss an important cue and not react at all. Or that you'll fall asleep. Research by Herbert Moskowitz in the 1970s showed that alcohol has little effect on reaction time (RT) in simple tasks, but give the person a task that requires divided attention and the odds they'll screw up and miss something goes up and up the more the person drinks. Driving is a divided attention task: you have to divide your attention between lane positioning, speed, position relative to other traffic and making sure that you follow the right route to your destination. When sober, your eyes flick from point to point 4-5 times per second as you gather information about the road and traffic. The more you drink, the fewer times per second your eyes move, so you're collecting less information about what's going on around you and you're more likely to miss something important that could keep you out of a crash. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 40 cgregora

38 The drunker you get, the more you develop a sort of "tunnel vision" where you only detect cues in the middle of your visual field and miss the cues at the edges of your field of view. Also, the more you drink, the more your eyes stop moving completely for periods longer than 1 second. It's like the lights are on and nobody's home. The famous "Grand Rapids study" in the early 1960s indicated that if your blood alcohol level is up around the legal limit, you're something like times as likely to get into a crash. cgregora

39 EXERCISE A provisional driver found guilty of driving with BAC exceeding 0.00%, would: 1. Have their license suspended. 2. Have their license cancelled. 3. Be fined without the loss of their license. Police may require a driver to undergo a preliminary test for alcohol: 1. At any time. 2. Only when the driver is unable to walk in a straight line. 3. Only after the driver causes a traffic crash. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 42 cgregora

40 EXERCISE Which of the following statements is true? 1. You should ask your doctor about how medication prescribed to you may affect your driving ability. 2. There are no medications with side-effects which will affect your driving ability. 3. Medication taken with alcohol does not increase the effect of the alcohol on your driving ability. Which of the following statements is true? 1. It is quite safe to drive after drinking alcohol as long as you do not exceed the allowable maximum blood alcohol concentration. 2. It is safest not to drive if you have drunk any alcohol at all. 3. Taking prescribed drugs can reduce the effects of alcohol on the body. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 41 cgregora

41 EXERCISE Which of the following statements is true? 1. Drugs other than alcohol do not have an effect on your driving ability. 2. It is always safe to drive after taking medications prescribed by a doctor. 3. Sedatives or tranquillizers, taken in combination with alcohol causes increased drowsiness. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 43 cgregora

42 EXAMPLE: Imagine that you are approaching an intersection where there is a stop sign. You desire to make a right turn, but you notice a vehicle approaching from the left whose right turn indicator is flashing. What do you Identify? What prediction will you make? What will you decide to do? What action (execution) will you take? c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 44 cgregora

43 Fatigue and Highway Hypnosis Stop driving when you feel drowsy. Pull off the highway at the first rest stop or service area. A cup of coffee and a bit of stretching may be enough to wake you. If you re really sleepy, get off the road and take a nap. Drowsiness is one of the greatest killers in interstate highway driving. Don t rely on stay awake drugs. They can make your driving even more dangerous. On long trips, exercise your eyes as you drive. Freeway drivers often suffer highway hypnosis drowsiness brought on by monotony and the drone of wind and tires. Keep shifting your eyes from one area of the roadway to another and focus them on various objects near and far, left and right. Even reading road signs can help you stay awake. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP cgregora

44 Starting Out Before you get into your vehicle, always look in front and back of it to see if there is a child or obstacle you might run over. Once inside, take a moment to get ready for driving. Adjust your seat and mirrors, buckle your safety belt, and check to see passengers are properly seated so they won t interfere with your driving. Develop a routine for starting your car, too. With the hand brake set, shift to park or neutral and start the engine. Holding the foot brake (and clutch if you have one), shift to the proper gear. Then release the parking brake and prepare to pull out. c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 48 cgregora

45 CITATIONS National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2009: alcohol-impaired driving. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Available at Accessed July 20, Miller WR, Munoz RF. How to control your drinking. Albuquerque, NM: University of Mexico Press; 1982: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Summary data quality report. May Available at ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/data/brfss/2010_summary_data_quality_report.pdf. Accessed August 2, Quinlan KP, Brewer RD, Siegel P, et al. Alcohol-impaired driving among U.S. adults, Am J Prev Med 2005:28;4: Sivak M, Schoettle B. Toward understanding the recent large reductions in U.S. road fatalities. Traffic Inj Prev 2010;11: Evans L. Do increases in the cost of fuel reduce traffic fatalities? October Available at Accessed August 12, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts 2009: a compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System. Early edition. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Available at Accessed July 20, c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP cgregora

46 CITATIONS Williams AF. Alcohol-impaired driving and its consequences in the United States: the past 25 years. J Safety Res 2006;37: The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Motor vehicle-related injury prevention: reducing alcohol-impaired driving. Atlanta, GA: Task Force on Community Preventive Services; Available at Accessed August 2, The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Preventing excessive alcohol consumption. Atlanta, GA: Task Force on Community Preventive Services; Available at Accessed August 2, Kahane C. Fatality reduction by safety belts for front-seat occupants of cars and light trucks, technical report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Available at Accessed August 1, Lacey J, Kelley-Baker T, Furr-Holden D, et al National roadside survey of alcohol and drug use by drivers: alcohol results. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Available at Accessed August 2, Blumberg SJ, Luke JV. Wireless substitution: early release of estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, July--December 2010, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; Available at 2010;59: Accessed August 1, Warner CDC. Vital M, Schenker signs: binge N, drinking Heinen MA, among Fingerhut high school LA. The students effects and of recall adults---united on reporting States, injury andmmwr poisoning episodes in the National Health Interview Survey. Inj Prev 2005;11: Moulton BE, Peterson A, Haddix D, Drew L. National survey of drinking and driving attitudes and behaviors: Volume II: findings report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; Available at Accessed August 1, c2009 Eva Gregory,MA, LCDC,SPA,CCJAP 63 cgregora