Content Based Image Search. Mark Desnoyer

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1 Content Based Image Search Mark Desnoyer

2 Text Search - Bag of Words Gnome walks him walked house internet Gnome moon grass caught him shuttle walks PC Nord

3 Text Search - TF-IDF

4 Text Search - Query

5 Current Image Search On the web uses context around image Words around it Words in the alt tag Those words are treated as a document Same as normal text search But we want pictures, not text! Query: Horse

6 Searching With Pictures How about searching with pictures instead

7 Using Visual Words For Search Use visual words paradigm we've seen before Can use all the text search machinery we already have But, we're searching with pictures now

8 The Players O. Chum et al., Total recall: Automatic query expansion with a generative feature model for object retrieval, in Proc. ICCV, vol. 2, N. Snavely, S. M. Seitz, and R. Szeliski, Photo tourism: exploring photo collections in 3D, in International Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques (ACM New York, NY, USA, 2006), D. Nister and H. Stewenius, Scalable recognition with a vocabulary tree, in Proc. CVPR, vol. 5, 2006.

9 SIFT Features Succinct descriptors Scale invariant Robust to changes in lighting, viewpoint, blur etc. Therefore, normally used in this search context

10 Bag of Words First Step - Build a Dictionary Must be big to be expressive enough to differentiate objects So, cluster SIFT features Each cluster is a word in the dictionary But K-means clustering 10M+ descriptors is O(NK) Hierarchical K-means (Nister) Approximate K-means (Chum)

11 Vocabulary Tree (Nister) Vocabulary Tree Copyright David Nistér, Henrik Stewénius

12 Vocabulary Tree (Nister) Vocabulary Tree Copyright David Nistér, Henrik Stewénius

13 Vocabulary Tree (Nister) Vocabulary Tree Copyright David Nistér, Henrik Stewénius

14 Vocabulary Tree (Nister) Copyright David Nistér, Henrik Stewénius

15 Vocabulary Tree (Nister) Copyright David Nistér, Henrik Stewénius

16 Approximate Nearest Neighbour (Chum) Most of the time in K-Means is spent doing Nearest Neighbour Nearest Neighbour can be approximated using kd-trees O(N logk) vs. O(NK)

17 Another Problem - Synonyms Visual Polysemy. Single visual word occurring on different (but locally similar) parts on different object categories. Visual Synonyms. Two different visual words representing a similar part of an object (wheel of a motorbike).

18 Video Google Search for recurring objects in a movie Synonyms suppressed by enforcing consistency in time Stop list used to throw out words that are too common

19 Photo Tourism Overview Scene reconstruction Photo Explorer Input photographs Relative camera positions and orientations Point cloud Sparse correspondence Copyright Noah Snavely

20 Photo Tourism Scene Recontruction Automatically estimate position, orientation, and focal length of cameras 3D positions of feature points Feature detection Pairwise feature matching Correspondence estimation Copyright Noah Snavely Incremental structure from motion

21 Photo Tourism Demo

22 Photo Tourism Limitations Matching is only performed between pairs of images Does not scale to large datasets

23 Chum et al. Experiment 5K labeled images of sights at Oxford 1M Flickr images from popular tags (distractors) Dictionary built from Oxford Images 16M descriptions -> 1M word dictionary Query for landmarks and calculate PR curve using different forms of query expansion

24 Copyright James Philbin

25 Copyright James Philbin

26 Copyright James Philbin

27 Copyright James Philbin

28 Copyright James Philbin

29 Copyright James Philbin

30 Copyright James Philbin

31 Copyright James Philbin

32 Text Query Expansion In text search, some words are similar, but they are different in the dictionary e.g. gray and grey Improve results by expanding the query to include similar words e.g. "grey goose" -> "grey goose gray" Similar words are found by clustering on document data At query time, relevant clusters are found and pulled in False positives add a lot of noise to the results

33 Image Query Expansion - Baseline

34 Transitive Closure

35 Average Query Expansion

36 Recursive Average Query Expansion

37 Multiple Image Resolution Expansion

38 Copyright James Philbin

39 Demo id=oxc1_hertford_000011

40 Results - PR Curves Before & After Expansion

41 Results - Effect Of Distractors My distractors: 9K images from searches like "building", "cathedral", "library", "historic", "spire" etc.

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