B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc.

Transcription

1 Final Sessions: Where is the Water Table? Locating the Water Table & Field Applications Presented by: Mr. Brian Oram, PG, PASEO, Soil Scientist B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. 15 Hillcrest Drive Dallas, PA B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. Professional Consulting Services in the areas of water quality, soils, stormwater, geology, aquifer analysis, and land-development. Baseline Chain-of-Custody Expert Testimony Water Treatment Process/ Product Development Online Training Courses for Professionals 1

2 Water-Research Center Education and Outreach Program funded by B.F. Environmental Consultants Inc. Outreach Programs Environmental and Professional Education and Training for Citizens and Local Municipalities Water Quality Help Guides Information Library Community and Business Outreach Programs Low Cost Informational Water Testing Program with National Laboratory Citizen Monitoring Programs- Online Water Quality Index Calculator Know Your H20 Phone Apps Website: /06/15 3 PACleanwater.org Keystone Clean Water Team Private Well Owner Education Source Water Protection Issues Alternative, Renewable, and Homegrown Energy Issues Training Young Adults and Children about Energy and The Environment Citizen Groundwater and Surfacewater Database Natural Gas and Baseline Water Testing Training Professionals 2

3 Would be great if it was always like this? Real World Water Rock Ledge Sinkhole When excavated pit dry, seepage at 6 feet overnight water rose to within 24 inches. (Where is the water table?) When excavated slight seepage at 3 feet associated with Bt horizon. After 24 hours, pit is dry. 3

4 Where is the Water Table? Here? Why is this Workshop Important? Regulations state that specific activities must occur a specific distance from the water table. Depth to the water table aids in evaluating environment risk and fate/transport. Information is needed to conduct assessments and monitoring programs. Going to focus on a soils based approach, but will also show when a hydrogeologic approach is needed. 4

5 Presentation Basic Safety and Excavations Quick Review Are we all on the same page? We might be, but is PADEP?. The POT Method My Approach (POT is GOOD!) Step 1 Preparation (P) Step 3 Field Observations (O) Step 3 Translating (T) Common Problems Use a Different Approach and When We Miss the Clues Applications in Pennsylvania On-site Septic and Land-Based Disposal Oil and Gas Operations Solid Waste Regulations Stormwater Management Others? (Any others?) 5

6 Why We Can NOT Enter This TEST PIT? Old Gas Line Unstable Fill/ Subsidence Collapsed Storm Drainage Pipe Call Before You Dig-Drill- Blast! The PA ONE Call Pennsylvania One Call System is a non-profit Pennsylvania corporation created to protect the underground facilities of members through communication with any person (s) planning To disturb the earth. Identifies utility right-of-ways! (Gas, Electric, Telephone, Pipeline, Water, Cable TV, Fiber Optics/ Telecommunications, and Local Governments. Remember: Please call 3 working days before digging. It s the law, and the safest thing to do. Phone: Irwin Run Rd., Pittsburgh, PA

7 Guidance for Pennsylvania In PADEP Meet with Department of Labor and Industry and Occupation Safety & Hazard Agency to develop a PA state-wide policy on soil test probes. The general policy- 2 choices: Excavate the deepest point up to 7 feet first, create a level shelf at 4 feet for a distance of 6 feet. Minimum width of 3 feet. Excavate a 10 to 12 foot long trench with a maximum depth of 4 feet and then excavate the deeper portion to a depth of 7 feet. Spill pile 3 feet from downslope side of the pit. Gradual ramp to 4 feet and gradual ramp to 7 feet When test pits occupied excavator is turned office. 10 to 12 feet 3 feet up to 7 feet 4 feet 6 feet Pennsylvania Option 2 3 feet < 4 feet 3 feet 2 to 3 feet Downslope 3 feet 7 to 9 feet 7 feet 2 feet Source: Chester County Health Department (Document downloaded 2014) 7

8 Normal Standard Sloping and Benching OK To Steep Soil Stockpile 2 feet What is the Correct Angle? Soil Type Angle Slope Ratio Type A to 1 Type B 45 1 to 1 Type C to 1 Excavation Type of Soil Type A- cohesive soils clay, clay loam, sandy clay, and silty clay. Type B cohesive soils silt, silt loam, loam, and sandy loam. Type C- non-cohesive soils sand and loamy sand. 8

9 Getting on the Same Page! What is a soil? Soil Properties of Importance Redoximorphic Features Water Tables The Types or Better the Varies Conditions. Soils Defined Natural Body that Occurs on the Land Surface that are Characterized by One or More of the Following: Consists of Distinct Horizons or Layers The Ability to Support Rooted Plants in a Natural Environment Upper Limit is Air or Shallow Water Lower Limit is Bedrock or Limit of Biological Activity Classification based on a typical depth of 2 m or approximately 6.0 feet 9

10 Soil Horizons Image Source: University of Texas, 2002 Layer of Soil Parallel to Surface Properties a function of climate, landscape setting, parent material, biological activity, and other soil forming processes. Horizons (A, E, B, C, R, etc) What is Our Landscape Position? Discharge Zone Recharge Zone 10

11 Landscape and Relief (Drainage) Water Movement Soil Drainage Landscape Configuration (Convex, Concave) Elevation Water Movement Image Source: NJ NRCS, 2002 Diagnostic Horizons that Provide Clues Epipedon near surface horizons such as histic epipedons (hydric soil/ wetland) or surface redoximorphic conditions associated with flooding. Subsurface Diagnostic Horizons such as Densic (Bd), Fragipan, (Bx) and Argillic (Bt) horizons epipedons. 11

12 Soil Horizons: Bx and Bt Horizons Bx: B horizon with fragipan, a compact, slowly permeable subsurface horizon that is brittle when moist and hard when dry. Prismatic soil structure, mineral coatings and high bulk density Area of Highest Permeability along Prism Contact Horizons Indicate Reduced Infiltration Capacity and Permeability Bt: Clay accumulation is indicated by finer soil textures and by clay coating peds and lining pores Soil Structure Controls Water Movement Permeability and Infiltration Rate Tend to Decrease 12

13 Water Stable Aggregates I Aggregates on left are more water stable, i.e., aggregate stays together and do not separate into the its components, i.e., three soil separates. Water Stable Aggregates More Typical of the A and Bw horizons More Typical of a BC or C Horizon Soil Color Munsell Notations In the Munsell system of notation, color characteristics are designated by three axes: Hue (the name of the color) Value (the darkness or lightness of the color) Chroma (the intensity, or strength of the color) For example, 10YR4/3 Hue (10YR), Value (4), Chroma (3) Color: brown In PA - The primary hues are typically 10YR and 7.5YR. 13

14 What Was the Difference? Associated with alternating periods of unsaturated and saturation conditions with alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Associated with alternating periods of unsaturated and saturation conditions, variation in moisture, textural variation, but under aerobic conditions. Where is the Color? Think of the soil ped as an M&M. An M&M has a hard outer shell and then a chocolate center. Ok Well the uncoated soil separates (sand, silt, and clay) are gray and the minerals (Fe, Mn, Silicates, Carbonates, and Organics) create the outer shell or coating. Under Reducing Conditions Brown Soil Coating Fe Fe+2 in Matrix, Less Fe+3 Gray Low Chroma Soil Iron Leached from Matrix 14

15 Color Patterns-Mottling Matrix color is the dominant color in the soil. Mottling is spots or blotches of color in the soil that differ from the matrix color. The pattern may relate to the aeration or drainage of the soil. Gleyed colors are low chroma matrix colors with or without mottles. If the soil is gleyed it is likely to be reduced and wet for much of the year. Mottling associated with periods of saturation and anaerobic conditions are known as redoximorphic features. Note the soil moisture condition when describing. Soils that contain reduced iron may appear light in place, but become darker as the reduce iron begins to oxidize. Influence Soil Colors Oxidation and Reduction Reactions Control and Influence the amount of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Iron, Manganese, Sulfate, and Carbon in the soil. Responsible for denitrification, formation of sulfur or rotten egg odors, and creation of methane gas. Formation of features we can use to estimate the depth to saturated and anaerobic conditions and a rough estimate the depth to the water table. 15

16 Formation of Redoximorphic Features To form redoximorphic features we needed all of the following: Decomposable organic material is present. Bacteria are active (Proper temperature and environment- above biological zero- > 42 F). Soil is saturated. Soil is Anaerobic stagnant water or water with a low flow. If one of these factors or conditions are not present No Redoximorphic Features Form. The reactions we are going to discuss are oxidation and reduction reactions. Microsites The reactions between organic material and bacteria occurs at the micro-level in microsites. The reaction occurs along structural boundaries were there are roots, old root channels, soluble organic material and decomposing plant material. The reductions reactions do not occur at the same time in the profile, unless that soil is saturated for a long period of time and there is a lot of decomposable carbon. Opinion: This is the primary reason soil scientists or geologist are involved with evaluating soil conditions when the limiting condition is less than 20 inches. 16

17 Describing Soil Color- For a Redoximorphic Feature Describe the Matrix Color 50% or more of the soil. Describe the color for the Zone of Reduction This will typically be the zone with a low chroma. Describe the color and Zone of Accumulation This will likely be an area with a high chroma. When describing the color, include notation to include the amount of the surface that is represented by the color. This becomes most critical in determining hydric features and in some states siting land-based wastewater disposal systems. Use the following terminology to describe abundance. Look for: Gleyed Colors, Gleyed Horizons < 2% - few 2-20 % - common > 20% - many Redoximorphic Feature along Prismatic Boundary Redoximorphic feature along Platy Boundary 17

18 What the Data Means or Suggests. Saturated Aerobic Monitoring Shows Saturated Conditions Extend To this Zone. NO Redoximorphis features! Redoximorphic Features Observed Saturated and Anaerobic Observed Saturated Conditions During Testing 18

19 Options Monitor Not sure you can monitor water level for a year or more. Review historic data. Use Soil Morphological Analysis Using the POT Method Classical Hydrogeological Characterization Using POT- I did not say on pot. BAD PR and Environmental Concerns! The POT Process Prepare Research - Mapping Organic or Mineral? Observe Landscape Position? Observable Properties? POT = Happiness Translate Horizonation? Diagnostic Horizons Where is the LZ (s)? 19

20 Break Break Why? Step 1: Prepare Answer these Questions? Research/ Background Why are we doing this? What? What is the proposed activity? What are the regulatory requirements? What is the current and proposed state of the site? What is known? Where? Where are we? 20

21 The Research Websoils Online Mapping Tool Look at a Topographic Map Any clues? Database of Soil Series Reviewing Wetland Maps or Hydric Soils Directories Location of seepages, wetlands, and springs EsB BkB Wa Ernest 12 to 30 inches, Bt and Btx horizons Brinkerton Gleyed Soil at 8 inches with Bt and Btx horizons Wayland Gleyed Soil at 6 inches 21

22 What Other Preparation? Review Wetland Mapping Check out PA Streamstats Review Engineering Conceptual Design More? Log Drilling Logs Static and Phreatic Water Level Data USGS Water Table Monitoring Data Prepare The POT Process Research - Mapping Completed Observe Organic or Mineral? Landscape Position? Observable Properties? Translate Horizonation? Diagnostic Horizons Where is the LZ (s)? 22

23 Step 2: Observe Your Goal is Get the Data! The next step in the process is to make observations and get the clues from the site. Important to Conduct a Complete Soil Morphological Description. The following are some of the biggest problems during this step. Color Not looking at Moist Soil Evaluating Color of Sample that is not fresh Evaluating Color Sample used for textural analysis Sun glasses on, Sun is too low, Sun not at your back Not using a Standardize Chart or Proper Notation (Munsell Please) Making up Colors Dry Moist 23

24 Colors should be moist colors. If soil color is between color chips, do not use decimals use a (+). For example, color between a chroma of 3 and 4 use 3+ Colors Moist Dry Describing Soil Color Three Components Hue 10YR Value What is this color? 3 6 Chroma 10YR3/6 dark yellowish brown 24

25 Contrast This represents the degree of difference between the matrix and the mottled pattern. Faint Distinct Prominent Contrast should be determined as well as abundance. Degree of Contrast 25

26 Using Eh and ph Data Organic Matter Begins to accumulate under anaerobic conditions, i.e., slower rate of oxidation. Gleyed Soils Rotten Egg Odors Gleyed Matrix All colors found on gleyed pages with value 4. The range of colors for the gleyed matrix is value 4 or more on either of the two color charts. 26

27 Depleted Matrix The range of colors for the depleted matrix is value 4 or more and chroma 1 or 2; however, colors of value 4 and chroma 1 or 2 and value 5 and chroma 2 must have redox concentrations. Suitable Sources of Organic Material Dead and decomposing roots Soluble organic material Plant debris Plant and root cells lost at root tip. As we know, carbon is not uniformly distributed in the soil and more abundant in the upper soil horizons and near roots and old root channels. This typically becomes more of a problem at the base of the test pit. 27

28 Redoximorphic Features Associated with Roots Zone of Depletion Roots Zone of Accumulation Site is on a slope Redoximorphic Feature is elongated in the direction of the slope of the horizon and ground surface and along platy structure. Redoximorphic Feature (Roots and Structural Boundaries) 28

29 Photo 1 X Y Z Prismatic Structure Symbol pr or PR Typically associated with fragipan and other similar horizons. These are prismlike Structural units where the length and width is significantly Less than the depth. (Vertical Structures) These structures have flat tops or caps. Water movement tends to be associated with movement along the vertical contact between units. Photo 2 A soil with a prismatic structure may also have secondary structural units Photo 2 has a platy secondary structure. Importance of Recharge Events and Observation Period If water seepages are observed, is this interflow, episaturation, or endostaturation. It is important that you are present when test pits are dug and they should be left open for 8 to 24 hours. Do not make observations less than 72 hours after a rainfall event. Site may be actively draining. Within the soil, the water flow must be stagnant or very slow for redoximorphic features to form. May not forward or be less distinct on steep slopes or areas with high permeability. If water is moving to fast, the microsite may aerate and not become anaerobic. Flowing water may reduce concentration of organic material. 29

30 Monitoring Design is Critical Where is the Seasonal High Water Table? Based on the presence of 2.0 ft Redoximorphic features (f1f) Depth to Water Table = 2 feet 1.75 ft Based on Monitoring SHWT was Only 1.5 feet below grade. What? Why is it 0.5 feet higher? Possible Answer- The water is not Anaerobic from 1.5 to 2.0 feet Pore Water Anaerobic at > 2.0 feet Direct Observation Methods of Determining Wetness Method Number of States Mottles (any color) 13 Monitoring Only 6 Mottles < 2 chroma 6 Redoximorphic 5 Soil Drainage Class 1 Soil Color 3 Soil Evaluation 1 In PA direct observation and redoximorphic features good for sewage work, but for stormwater and other work I would rely more gleyed soils, gleyed matrix, and possibly monitoring along with a soil morphological approach. Compiled by: Dr. Mike Vepraskas, NC State University 30

31 Compare Four Methods Variegated Colors- May or may not be Redox related. SHWT at 1.0 feet Monitoring One Year Monitoring 1.75 feet Pennsylvania (Redoximorphic Features (f1f) SHWT at 2 feet PA SHWT Seasonal High Water Table at 3 feet (many and prominent). North Carolina and Others (low chroma > 50% of matrix ) SHWT at 4 feet Redoximorphic Features (f1f) Depletions chroma > 2 (m2p) Redoximorphic Features (m2p) Depletions chroma < 2 Observation Stage Ended Prepare a classical soil morphological description. This includes: Color Texture, Rock modifier Structure Consistency Redoximorphic Features other 31

32 Observation Stage End Final Product Site Grassland Area (Farm Field) 0 10 inches 7.5YR3/3, gravelly silt loam, mod fine granular, v. friable, non-sticky many worm holes inches 7.5YR4/4, gravelly loam, wk m sbk, friable, sl. sticky when wet many worm holes inches 7.5YR5/4, channery loam, wk m sbk, sl. sticky to sticky when wet, clay films many worm holes inches 7.5YR5/3, v. channery sandy clay loam, wk c sbk, clay films, Mn staining, redox (c2d) many worm holes, broken tile drain inches 5YR4/3, v. channery heavy loam, massive, clay films, Mn staining, redox (c2d) inches 5YR4/2, v. channery heavy loam, massive, clay films, Mn staining, redox (m2p) No observed seepage. Seasonal high water table at 30 inches, standing water at 80 inches. Most Roots end at 80 inches, but few fine roots end to 89 inches. Questions Save this For Translation A? Master Horizons? O? EB? Histosols? Soil Horizon? Aquitard E? CR? Confining Layers? Mucky Mineral? Aquifer 32

33 Prepare Observe The POT Process Research - Mapping Organic or Mineral? Landscape Position? Observable Properties? Completed Completed Translate Horizonation? Diagnostic Horizons Where is the LZ (s)? I LOVE Geology! Time for a Break Before we get started, why does this well contain water? 33

34 Now it is Time to Translate This is where you put together the field data and attempt to tell the story for the site. Step 1 Attempt to understand the hydrological system for the site. Step 2- Interpret the description and add horizonation and diagnostic features. Step 3 Determine the location of critical water tables that may influence or impact the project. Where are we and what is going on? Discharge Zone Recharge Zone What is going to happen when the site is developed? How might the hydrology change? We seem to forget this in the process? 34

35 Upslope Downslope Someone Tried an Infiltration Test 5 feet from the Edge. Groundwater Moves Which Way? Soil Becomes Saturated (Initially Aerobic) Soil Soil Unsaturated- Becomes and Saturated 0 2 reduced (Initially Air to H 2 0in Aerobic) Soil Air/Water Contact Some Reaeration Aerated Water H20 H20 Therefore, soil does not become anaerobic because re-aeration is occurring. H20 H20 Aerated Water Direction of Groundwater Flow 35

36 Soil Saturated (Initially Aerobic) Soils Drains and 0 and 2 reduced Zones of to Depletion, H 2 0 Microsites Are Saturated and Anaerobic Nitrogen Reduced, Zones Manganese of Accumulation Reduced, Visible and Iron Reduced N2 Air/Water Contact Some Re-Aeration Aerated Water H20 Fe2 H20 Fe2 Fe2 H20 Mn2 H20 H20 Fe2 Mn2 H20 H20 Fe2 Fe2 H20 H20 H20 H20 Mn2 Direction of Groundwater Flow (gradient lower) Fe2 Fe2 Aerated Water Anaerobic Water Soil Saturated (Initially Aerobic) Microsites Are Saturated and Anaerobic and 0 2 reduced to H 2 0 Soils Drains and Zones of Depletion and Nitrogen Reduced, Zones Manganese of Accumulation Reduced, Visible and Iron Reduced N2 Air/Water Contact Some Re-Aeration Fe2 H20 Mn2 Fe2 H20 H20 Mn2 H20 H20 Fe2 36

37 Episaturation Episaturation-soil is saturated in a horizon that overlies an unsaturated horizon, where the unsaturated horizon lies within a depth of 2 m from the surface May be associated with lithic contract, restrictive horizon, compacted layer, clay pan, and fragipan. Water movement may be controlled by matric forces and gravity. Endosaturation Endosaturation-soil is saturated in all horizons that lie between the upper boundary of saturation and a depth of 2 meters. A horizon is saturated when the soil water pressure is zero or positive. Once saturated the soil will begin to drain by gravity. This may still not be the regional water table (Location, Location, Location does it make sense?) Water table, also called Groundwater Table, upper level of an underground surface in which the soil or rocks are permanently saturated with water. (These are typically not the same!) 37

38 Episaturation Bx BC Endosaturation But what happens if the BC is Confined? Anthric saturation Controlled Flooding or Flooding Typically Human Induced Flooding May be associated with hydric soils and/or wetland areas. Will proposed site modifications eliminate man-made issues or historic drainage problems? (Not suggesting we dig up or fill wetlands.) 38

39 Observation Stage End Final Product Site Grassland Area (Farm Field) 0 10 inches 7.5YR3/3, gravelly silt loam, mod fine granular, v. friable, non-sticky many worm holes (Ap) inches 7.5YR4/4, gravelly loam, wk m sbk, friable, sl. sticky when wet many worm holes (Bw1) inches 7.5YR5/4, channery loam, wk m sbk, sl. sticky to sticky when wet, clay films many worm holes (Bw2) inches 7.5YR5/3, v. channery sandy clay loam, wk c sbk, clay films, Mn staining, redox (f2d) many worm holes, broken tile drain (Bt1) Probably Episaturation inches 5YR4/3, v. channery heavy loam, wk thick platy, clay films, Mn staining, redox (c2f) (Bt2) Probably Episaturation inches 5YR4/2, v. channery heavy loam, massive, clay films, Mn staining, redox (m2p) (BC2) Probably Endosaturation also gleyed matrix. No observed seepage. Seasonal high water table at 30 inches, standing water at 80 inches. Most Roots end at 80 inches, but few fine roots end to 89 inches. On-lot Septic Limiting Zone (SHWT)- 30 inches; Stormwater (SWHT) 80 inches. Another Example Test Pit # A (Forested Site) -3 0 inches Organic, leaf litter, fibric 0 5 inches 7.5YR3/3, channery silt loam, wk fine granular, v. friable 5 12 inches 7.5YR4/4 channery silt loam, wk m sbk, friable inches7.5yr5/3, channery loam, wk m sbk, friable inches 7.5YR5/3, channery sandy loam, wk thick platy, sl. firm, redox (c2d), seepage at 23 inches inches 7.5YR5/2, channery sandy loam, wk coarse prismatic, firm, redox (m2d), vertical seepage at 68 inches After 24 hours, the standing water level rose to 36 inches, but on the downslope side of the test pit water was flowing out. 39

40 Test Pit # 4 (Forested Site) Interpreation -3 0 inches Organic, leaf litter, fibric Oi 0 5 inches 7.5YR3/3, channery silt loam, wk fine granular, v. friable A 5 12 inches 7.5YR4/4 channery silt loam, wk m sbk, friable Bw inches7.5yr5/3, channery loam, wk m sbk, friable Bw inches 7.5YR5/3, channery sandy loam, wk thick platy, sl. firm, redox (c2d), seepage at 23 inches (Probably Episaturation) Bd inches 7.5YR5/2, channery sandy loam, wk coarse prismatic, firm, redox (m2d) Vertical seepage at 68 inches Bx (Probably Endosaturation at 68 inches, but it is a leaky confined layer ) After 24 hours, the standing water level rose to 36 inches, but on the downslope side of the test pit water was flowing out Water Divide Ponded water along roadway. Road (Anthric Saturation) TP-D 1400 (Episaturation) TP-C 1395 TP-B Seepage Observed only When Test Pit Open Clearly - the ponded water near the road is a primary water source for the interflow. When TP-A was excavated - water was flowing out the downslope side. If this ponded stormwater was removed, it is likely the source of the interflow would discontinue, but the subsurface flow out the base of the Bx horizon may continue.. Subsurface flow beneath Bx horizon, partially confined (Endosaturation) TP-A TP Q Ground Surface Base Water Level Bd/BX 40

41 Using the Presence of Redoximorphic Features Has Limitations 1. May have a saturated zone or the top of the water table is NOT anaerobic? 2. You may have anaerobic conditions, but very little or no organic material. 3. The area may not be completely saturated. 4. May have features, but associated with textural differences and not really a water table condition or a relic feature. 5. Conditions may not be appropriate maybe a biostatic or toxic interfering with decomposition. 6. Lots and lots of nitrate. 7. Water table is in sand and gravel or bedrock. In sand and gravel, you may see iron/manganese banding at the upper contact or masses. Test Pit # 1 (Cleared Site) The Quarry Example Is the regional water table at 26 inches? -2 0 inches Organic, leaf litter, fibric Oi 0 6 inches 7.5YR3/3, v channery loam, wk fine granular, v. friable A 6 10 inches 7.5YR5/4 v. channery sandy loam, wk m sbk, v. friable Bw inches 7.5YR5/3, ext channery loam, wk f sbk, friable Bw inches variegated, ext flaggy loam, massive, sl. sticky, redox (c1d) BC inches Rippable Bedrock- grayish brown, sandstone R Where is the water table? Depends On-lot Wastewater Disposal 26 inches; Stormwater > 42 inches; Oil and Gas > 42 inches. BIG NO! 41

42 For the record this is one of my favorite photos! Geologists are Strange People! The Project Site 42

43 Where is the Water Table? Base of Quarry Operation, must be 15 feet above the Water Table. My Vehicle Soil Morphology and Redoximorphic Features are not always the Solution. You Need to Put on YOUR Hydrogeologist Hat or Call One. The best tool to estimate the water table depth before drilling was the elevation of the downgradient wetland complex and then assuming a 1% gradient. Remember it is about Location, Location, Location within the system. Never Leave Your Client Alone with the Well Driller. Initial Comment from Regulator Water Table must be where the ice is located. Thank God he did not see the puddle under my vehicle. When we miss the clues! Infiltration basin that will not infiltrate. Infiltrating water migrates horizontally and directly recharges well water in a pit. Result Dirty Well Water. Bigger Problems Lawsuit, Fines, PR, etc. 43

44 Prepare Observe The POT Process Research - Mapping Organic or Mineral? Landscape Position? Observable Properties? Completed Completed POT = Happiness Translate Diagnostic Horizons Horizonation? Completed Where is the LZ (s)? Redoximorphic Feature Variation in soil color that is NOT related to textural difference, mineralogy, weathering, or simple moisture content. Condition directly associated and caused by the transformations and translocation of material associated with conditions where the soil becomes saturated and anaerobic. 44

45 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions The Order of Reactions As the soil becomes saturated, oxygen is the first ion to be reduced. After the soil is saturated and anaerobic, the order of reduction is as follows: Nitrates Manganese (Mn02) Order of Transformations Iron (Fe2O3) Sulfate Organic Acids to methane Therefore a saturated soil with reduced iron indicates the oxygen, nitrate, and manganese has been reduced, but the sulfate and carbon dioxide is style in an oxidized state. Describing Soil Color- For a Redoximorphic Feature Describe the Matrix Color 50% or more of the soil. Describe the color for the Zone of Reduction This will typically be the zone with a low chroma. Describe the color and Zone of Accumulation This will likely be an area with a high chroma. When describing the color, include notation to include the amount of the surface that is represented by the color. This becomes most critical in determining hydric features and in some states siting land-based wastewater disposal systems. Use the following terminology to describe abundance. < 2% - few 2-20 % - common > 20% - many 45

46 Hope YOU Enjoyed! The POT Approach! Prepare Observe Translate 46