Ethernet Technology. Rev 1.0.
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1 Ethernet Technology Rev HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved
2 Objectives Ethernet Development Physical Layer MAC Address and Ethernet Header Layer 2 Switch Working Principles VLAN HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 2
3 Ethernet Origin Doctor Robert Metcalfe is considered as the father of Ethernet. The operating rate of the laboratory system that he developed is 2.94 Mbit/s. Early Bob Metcalfe Ethernet drafted 的以太网早期草图 by Bob Metcalfe Robert M. Metcalfe Ph.D HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page3
4 Ethernet Evolution IEEE802.3 Ethernet standard IEEE802.3u 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet standard 10GE Ethernet IEEE802.3z/ab 1000Mb/s Ethernet standard IEEE802.3ae 10GE Ethernet standard Developing GE Ethernet Ethernet LAN Switch Developed 10M Ethernet 100M FE 1970s 1980s 1990s HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page4
5 Objectives Ethernet Development Physical Layer MAC Address and Ethernet Header Layer 2 Switch Working Principles VLAN HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 5
6 Ethernet Cable Standards The following standards at the physical layer of Ethernet have been widely applied: 10BASE-2/10BASE-5/10BASE-T/10BASE-F 100BASE-T4/100BASE-TX/100BASE-FX 1000BASE-SX/1000BASE-LX/1000BASE-CX/1000BASE-TX In the preceding standards, 10, 100, and 1000 indicate the operating rate, BASE indicates that signals are transmitted in baseband mode, and the numbers after BASE indicate the maximum transmission distance or the type of transmission media. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page6
7 Ethernet Cable Standards 10M Ethernet Name Cable Maximum Transmission Distance Diagram 10BASE-5 Thick coaxial cable 500m 10BASE-2 Thin coaxial cable 200m 10BASE-T Twisted pair cable 100m 10BASE-F Optical fiber 2000m HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page7
8 Ethernet Cable Standards 100M Ethernet The 100M Ethernet is also called Fast Ethernet (FE). Compared with the 10M Ethernet, the 100M Ethernet has a higher transmission rate at the physical layer, but they have no difference at the data link layer. Name Cable Maximum Transmission Distance 100Base-T4 Four category 3 (Cat 3) twisted pairs 100Base-TX Two category 5 (Cat 5) twisted pairs 100Base-FX Single-mode or multimode optical fiber 100 m 100 m 2000 m HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page8
9 Ethernet Cable Standards 1000M Ethernet The 1000M Ethernet is an extension of the IEEE802.3 Ethernet. Based on the Ethernet protocols, the transmission rate of the FE is increased by 10 times and reaches 1000 Mbit/s. Name Cable Maximum Transmission Distance 1000Base-LX Single-mode or multi-mode optical fiber 316 m 1000Base-SX Multi-mode optical fiber 316 m 1000Base-CX Balanced shielded twisted pair 25 m 1000Base-TX Cat 5 twisted pair 100 m HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page9
10 GE Cable Standard IEEE 802.3ae defines the GE cable standard. Only optical fibers in full duplex mode are supported. The GE is being deployed and will be widely applied. Name Cable Maximum Transmission Distance 10GBase-SR/SW Multi-mode optical fiber 300 m 10GBase-LR/LW Multi-mode optical fiber 10 km 10GBase-ER/EW Single-mode optical fiber 40 km 10GBase-CX Copper coaxial cable 15 m 10GBase-T Cat 5 twisted pair 100 m HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page10
11 CSMA/CD CS: carrier sense MA: multiple access CD: conflict detection collision 10BASE - 5/10BASE - 2 IN IN Listening Listening Listening t1 t1 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page11
12 Duplex Mode of the Ethernet Based on the transmission mode, the physical layer of the Ethernet supports half and full duplex modes. Half Duplex Hub Data direction at t1 Data direction at t2 Hub Full Duplex Data direction at all times HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page12
13 Auto-Negotiation The auto-negotiation function allows interfaces on both ends of a link to select the same operating parameters by exchanging information. Information to be negotiated includes parameters such as the duplex mode, operating rate, and flow control. If the negotiation succeeds, the two interfaces work in the same duplex mode and at the same operating rate Mbit/s full duplex 1000 Mbit/s half duplex 100 Mbit/s full duplex 100 Mbit/s half duplex 10 Mbit/s full duplex 10 Mbit/s half duplex HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page13
14 Working Mode of a Hub Application Layer Presentation Layer Application Layer Presentation Layer Session Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Hub Transport Layer Network Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page14
15 Working Procedure of a Hub Out Out Out Out In All hubs work in half duplex mode. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page15
16 Objectives Ethernet Development Physical Layer MAC Address and Ethernet Header Layer 2 Switch Working Principles VLAN HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 16
17 MAC Address Unicast 24 bits 24 bits Vender Code Serial Number 00E0FC Broadcast (All bits equal 1 : 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF) Multicast (8 th bit equal 1 ): HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 17
18 The Frame Structure of Ethernet DMAC SMAC Length/Type DATA/PAD FCS Length No >1500 Yes Type Ethernet Ethernet II HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 18
19 Format of Ethernet Frames Ethernet II 6 bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 46~1500 bytes 4 bytes DMAC SMAC Type Data CRC Ethernet bytes 6 bytes 2 bytes 38~1492 bytes 4 bytes DMAC SMAC Length LLC SNAP Data CRC DSAP SSAP Control Org code Type 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 3 bytes 2 bytes HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 19
20 Objectives Ethernet Development Physical Layer MAC Address and Ethernet Header Layer 2 Switch Working Principles VLAN HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 20
21 Principle of L2 Switch Learning Flooding Forwarding Aging HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 21
22 Principle of L2 Switch Receive Frame Null Age yes Source MAC in Table? no Save MAC/Port Dest. MAC in table? yes Dest. MAC unicast? no Forward frame from corresponding port Flood frame from all port except received HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 22
23 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW3 2 B A 5 9 PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 24
24 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW3 2 B A 5 9 PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 25
25 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW3 2 B A 5 9 PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 26
26 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW B A 1 LSW PC B B A MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 27
27 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW B A 1 LSW PC B B A MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 28
28 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW A B PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 30
29 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW PC B A B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 31
30 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW PC B A B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 B 9 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 32
31 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW3 2 A B 5 9 PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 B 9 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 33
32 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW3 2 A B 5 9 PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 B 2 B 9 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 34
33 Learning, Flooding, Forwarding Destination LSW2 PC C Source PC A LSW LSW3 A B PC B MAC Port MAC Port MAC Port A 1 A 3 A 5 B 2 B 9 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 35
34 Objectives Ethernet Development Physical Layer MAC Address and Ethernet Header Layer 2 Switch Working Principles VLAN HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 37
35 Broadcast Storm broadcast HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 38
36 Divide Broadcast Domain by Router broadcast HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 39
37 Divide Broadcast Domain by VLAN Broadcast domain1 VLAN 10 Marketing Department Broadcast domain2 VLAN 20 Broadcast domain3 VLAN 30 Financial Departmen Engineering Department HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 40
38 Advantages of VLAN Compared to the traditional LAN technology, the vlan has the following advantages: Improve the bandwidth utilization rate Enhance the communication security Strengthen the network robustness. HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 41
39 Port Based VLAN Port 1 Port 2 LAN Switch Port 3 Port 4 VLAN Table Port VLAN Port 1 VLAN5 Port 2 VLAN10 Port 3 VLAN5 Port 4 VLAN10 Host A Host B Host C Host D HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 42
40 MAC Based VLAN LAN Switch MAC VLAN Table VLAN Host A Host B Host C Host D MAC A MAC B MAC C MAC D MAC A MAC B MAC C MAC D VLAN5 VLAN10 VLAN5 VLAN10 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 43
41 Protocol Based VLAN LAN Switch Protocol VLAN Table VLAN IPX Protocol IP Protocol VLAN5 VLAN10 Host A Host B Host C Host D IPX Protocol IP Protocol IPX Protocol IP Protocol HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 44
42 Subnet Based VLAN LAN Switch IP VLAN Table VLAN IP /24 VLAN5 IP /24 VLAN10 Host A Host B Host C Host D HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 45
43 Format of 802.1Q Frame DA SA Type Data CRC Standard Ethernet Frame DA SA tag Type Data CRC TCI TPID Priority CFI VLAN ID Ethernet Frame with IEEE802.IQ Flag HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 46
44 Link Type Trunk Link or Hybrid Link Access Link HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 47
45 Frame Changes in Network Communication VLAN 2 VLAN 3 Ethernet frame with tag Ethernet frame with tag Ethernet frame without tag VLAN 3 VLAN 2 HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 48
46 Trunk and VLAN VLAN 4 VLAN 5 VLAN 2 VLAN 4 VLAN 3 VLAN 2 VLAN 4 VLAN 5 VLAN 5 VLAN 2 Trunk Link Broadcast HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 49
47 Receiving Principles of VLANs (Access Port) Access Port Receive Frame + Carry VLAN tag? - Frame VLANID = PV ID - + Accept frame, add tag = PV ID Discard frame Accept frame HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 50
48 Receiving Principles of VLANs (Trunk Port) Trunk/Hybrid Port Receive Frame + Carry VLAN tag? - Add tag = PV ID - Frame VLANID allowed? + Discard frame Accept frame HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 51
49 Receiving Principles of VLANs (QinQ Port) QinQ Port Receive Frame Accept frame Add tag = PV ID HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 52
50 Sending Principles of VLANs (Access, QinQ & Trunk) Search out port using DMAC and VLANID Access/ QinQ Port Trunk Port Remove tag, Send frame + Frame VLANID = - PV ID Send frame Remove tag, Send frame HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. All rights reserved Page 53
51 Thank you
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