Understanding and Promoting a Growth Mindset. Angie Pohl, PhD & Julie Gdula, MA NASP 2013 Annual Convention February 14, 2013
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1 A few modern philosophers assert that an individual s intelligence is a fixed quantity, a quantity which cannot be increased. We must protest and react against this brutal pessimism With practice, training, and above all, method, we manage to increase our attention, our memory, our judgment, and literally to become more intelligent than we were before. Alfred Binet, 1911
2 Understanding and Promoting a Growth Mindset Angie Pohl, PhD & Julie Gdula, MA NASP 2013 Annual Convention February 14, 2013
3 Agenda Understanding Mindset Research Background Implications for School Psychologists Reflection
4 Capture Your Thoughts Throughout the presentation, add thoughts to your Capture Your Thoughts form. Consider: What are some big ideas? What are some insights or Ah-ha! moments? What are some questions you still have? What are some action steps you will take as a result of this presentation?
5 Promoting a Growth Mindset UNDERSTANDING MINDSET
6 What Kind of Mindset Do You Have? Take the mindset quiz Think about how you would have answered these questions when you were in school
7 Mindset Quiz Scoring Count the number of trues you gave for the even and odd numbered items separately Did you mark more trues for evennumbered items? You may have a growth mindset If you marked more trues for odd-numbered items, you may have a fixed mindset
8 Growth Mindset Belief that people can change their intelligence or ability through hard work, practice, effort, and using the right strategies Also called incremental or effort theory of intelligence
9 Fixed Mindset Belief that people are born with a certain amount of intelligence or talent that cannot be changed Also called entity or ability theory of intelligence
10 Mindset Quiz Discussion Think, Pair, and Share How do you think your growth or fixed mindset affected you as a student? How do you think having a different kind of mindset would have impacted your learning?
11 Impact of a Growth Mindset The belief that intelligence can be developed leads to Embracing challenges Persisting in the face of setbacks Seeing effort as the path to mastery Learning from negative feedback Finding lessons and inspiration in the success of others
12 Impact of a Fixed Mindset The belief that intelligence is static leads to Avoiding challenges Giving up easily Seeing effort as fruitless Dismissing and/or feeling attacked by useful negative feedback Feeling threatened by the success of others
13 Growth mindset: the belief that people can change their intelligence through hard work, effort, strategy use, and practice But can intelligence really change?
14 Promoting a Growth Mindset BACKGROUND RESEARCH
15 Intelligence Can Change in the Adolescent Brain 39% of teens studied showed a clear change in their VIQ 21% PIQ; 33% FSIQ Changes ranged from -20 to +23 points Ramsden et al., 2011
16 Adolescent Intelligence Changes, cont. These changes correlated with changes in grey matter density and volume VIQ changes associated with motor speech area PIQ changes associated with hand movement area Ramsden et al., 2011
17 Research on Mindsets Mindset can predict future achievement Messages from adults about ability and effort can have a strong influence on student attitudes and achievement Students can learn to adopt a growth mindset through explicit teaching Students with a growth mindset react differently to critical feedback
18 Research on Mindsets Mindset can predict future achievement Messages from adults about ability and effort can have a strong influence on student attitudes and achievement Students can learn to adopt a growth mindset through explicit teaching Students with a growth mindset react differently to critical feedback
19 Mindset Predicts Achievement 6 th grade students divided into 4 groups based on: Confidence in academic abilities (high, low) Based on their prior achievement Mindset (growth, fixed) Their 7 th grade achievement (grade points) was predicted based on their 6 th grade achievement Henderson & Dweck, 1990
20 Mindset Predicts Achievement, cont. Predicted and Actual Grade Points by Confidence and Mindset Growth High Confidence Growth Low Confidence Fixed High Confidence Predicted from 6th grade Actual 7th grade Fixed Low Confidence Adapted From Henderson & Dweck, 1990
21 Research on Mindsets Mindset can predict future achievement Messages from adults about ability and effort can have a strong influence on student attitudes and achievement Students can learn to adopt a growth mindset through explicit teaching Students with a growth mindset react differently to critical feedback
22 Messages from Adults Influence Mindset The attitudes parents, teachers, and mentors convey can: Impact students choices to take on challenging tasks (video) Impact achievement goals Proving vs. improving Affect task performance Reduce stereotype threat Adults send messages through praise or direct teaching
23 Achievement Goals What do students hope to get out of doing school work? Performance Goals: Look smart Succeed without trying Perform better than others Learning (Mastery) Goals: Learn new knowledge and skills Develop their intelligence Challenge and stretch themselves
24 They feel smart when they re working really hard on something difficult and making progress.
25 Effects of Praise on Performance Mueller & Dweck, 1998
26 Effects of Praise on Performance, cont. Proportion of children choosing performance goals based on the type of praise they were given. Performance Goals:... so I don t get many wrong... so I ll do well.... so I can show I m smart. Mueller & Dweck, 1998
27 Praise Recap Praising students for their effort leads to... Persisting for longer on tasks Better task performance Choosing more challenging tasks Endorsing goals of learning more, rather than looking smart or being right How else can adults convey to kids that they can change their ability?
28 Research on Mindsets Mindset can predict future achievement Messages from adults about ability and effort can have a strong influence on student attitudes and achievement Students can learn to adopt a growth mindset through explicit teaching Students with a growth mindset react differently to critical feedback
29 Growth Mindset and Stereotype Threat A negative stereotype is a fixed-mindset label Intervention to address negative stereotype against girls in math Mentors met with 7 th grade girls AND boys: Intelligence can grow Poor achievement in 7 th grade is temporary Good, Aronson, & Inzlicht, 2003
30 Growth Mindset and Stereotype Threat Good, Aronson, & Inzlicht, 2003
31 Teaching Mindset Improves Outcomes Mindset intervention study 8 weekly, 25 min, small group sessions Learning changes the brain by forming new connections, and students are in charge of this process Looked at changes/differences in: Theory of intelligence Classroom motivation Achievement Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck, 2007
32 Teaching Mindset Improves Outcomes, cont. Intervention Group (n = 48) Control Group (n = 43) Change in Average Growth Mindset d = 0.66 (p <.05) d = 0.07 (n.s.) Positive Motivation Change, % rated by teacher 27% 9% Change in math grades Declining pre, increasing post Decline continued after intervention Blackwell, Trzesniewski, & Dweck, 2007
33 Activity: Student Article Read You Can Grow Your Intelligence Think-pair-share Reflect on what you ve read: What reactions did you have? What stood out? What did you learn? How do you envision using this with students? Share your thoughts in pairs Share insights with the group
34 Research on Mindsets Mindset can predict future achievement Messages from adults about ability and effort can have a strong influence on student attitudes and achievement Students can learn to adopt a growth mindset through explicit teaching Students with a growth mindset react differently to critical feedback
35 Mindset Affects Reaction to Feedback Why do we give feedback?
36 Mindset Affects Reaction to Feedback Why do we give feedback? Students with fixed mindsets have the opposite reaction!
37 Mindset Affects Reaction to Feedback, cont. Undergraduate students fixed or growth mindsets EEG cap General knowledge questions Feedback: Performance-relevant (light and tone) Learning-relevant (correct answer) Surprise retest Mangels et al., 2006
38 Mindset Affects Reaction to Feedback, cont. Growth mindset students had greater knowledge gains than fixed Fixed mindset students: Had a stronger response in the brain to the negative performance feedback Focused less on the learning (correct answer) feedback Limited attention and memory resources Mangels et al., 2006
39 Mindset Research Recap A growth mindset can be learned through implicit and explicit messages from adults Students with a growth mindset... Have higher academic achievement Persist longer Choose more difficult challenges Endorse goals to learn, grow, and improve Succumb less to stereotype threat Show more motivation in the classroom Use feedback more effectively...than students with a fixed mindset
40 Promoting a Growth Mindset IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
41 Good News! Mindsets can change! School psychologists can promote a growth mindset in Themselves Students The school community
42 CHANGING YOUR MINDSET
43 Steps to Changing Your Mindset Step 1: Learn to hear your fixed mindset voice Step 2: Recognize that you have a choice Step 3: Talk back to it with a growth mindset voice Step 4: Take the growth mindset action Dweck, 2006
44 Step 1: Learn to Hear Your Fixed Mindset Voice Approaching Challenges Encountering Setbacks Receiving Criticism Are you sure you can do it? What if you fail? If you don t try, you won t embarrass yourself This would have been easy if you had talent. I told you it was a risk now you ve shown everyone you can t do it It s not my fault. It s someone else s fault. Who do they think they are criticizing me?
45 Step 2: Recognize That You Have a Choice You can choose how you interpret challenges, setbacks, and criticism Choose to listen to the fixed mindset and
46 Step 3: Talk Back to It With a Growth Mindset Voice Approaching Challenges Encountering Setbacks Receiving Criticism Fixed Mindset Are you sure you can do it? What if you fail? If you don t try, you won t embarrass yourself This would have been easy if you had talent. I told you it was a risk now you ve shown everyone you can t do it It s not my fault. It s someone else s fault. Who do they think they are criticizing me? Growth Mindset Most successful people had failures along the way If I don t try, I automatically fail. That s so wrong! Many people who have succeeded took risks and followed their passions, and had setbacks, but they learned from them. If I don t take responsibility, I can t fix it. They are trying to help me. I need to use their feedback.
47 Step 4: Take the Growth Mindset Action Take on the challenge wholeheartedly Learn from your setbacks and try again Hear the criticism and act on it
48 Activity: Scenarios In pairs or small groups, read the scenario. Consider how the person with a fixed mindset might react to this situation. What would be the fixed mindset internal monologue of the person? How would a growth mindset talk back to the fixed mindset? What would be a growth mindset action that could be taken?
49 Discussion What experiences helped to shape your mindset? What are some things you were told that impacted your mindset growing up? What purpose did having a fixed mindset serve for you? What are some things we say or do in our classrooms, communities, and homes that promote a fixed mindset?
50 PROMOTING A GROWTH MINDSET IN STUDENTS
51 Three Strategies 1. Use effort-based praise 2. Teach a growth mindset 3. Model a growth mindset
52 Discussion Recall the video with the 5 th graders doing puzzles. What type of praise was most effecnve? What were some of the consequences of intelligence- based praise? What were some of the consequences of effort- based praise? Which type of praise do you hear most frequently? Why?
53 Effects of Praise Students given a difficult task Praised for Ability Enjoyed tasks less Didn t want to take school work home Felt dumb Praised for Effort Enjoyed tasks more More apt to take school work home Thought they needed to put forth more effort
54 Praise What Students Hear What does the student hear? You learned that so quickly! You re so smart! Wow! You got an A without even studying! You re such a natural athlete!
55 Examples of Praise Wow, that s a good score. You must have worked really hard. Wow, you got an A without even studying. That picture has so many beautiful colors. Tell me about them. Your drawing is wonderful -- you're so talented. I can see that all of your effort is paying off. Keep up the good work. You re a natural! You ll be the next Peyton Manning.
56 The Problem with Ability Praise If success means you re smart, then failure means you re dumb
57 Effort- Based Praise Praise often for the growth-oriented process I like the way you tried all kinds of strategies on that math problem un7l you got it! You really studied hard for your test and your improvement shows it! I like that you took on a challenging project for your science class! You re sure going to learn a lot!
58 Effort- Based Praise (cont.) Ask quesnons about their work in a way that admires and appreciates their efforts and choices and gets them to reflect on the sansfacnon they feel from working hard. You put so much thought into that essay! How did it feel to turn it in? That picture has so many beau7ful colors tell me about them. I could tell you put in a lot of prac7ce on that piano piece. How did it feel to perform it?
59 Effort- Based Praise (cont.) For a student who worked hard but didn t do well: I liked the effort you put in, but let s work together to iden7fy some new strategies to try next 7me. We all learn things at a different pace. It may take more 7me for you to catch on to this, but if you keep working as hard as you are, you ll get it! Everyone learns in a different way. Let s keep trying to find the way that works for you.
60 Providing Feedback Instead of focusing on a student s score on a test or assignment, provide specific feedback Look at mistakes as opportunities to talk with students about strategies, effort, and their understanding Help students focus on learning as a process rather than one-time performance Provide specific feedback on what kept the student from succeeding and how he/she can improve
61 Providing Feedback (cont.) Be honest with students and then give them the tools to do better. Ex. You scored in the 15 th percentile on the reading test. Here s the intervention we re going to do together twice a week to improve your reading. Ex. You received 2 behavioral referrals for talking out in class and disrupting the learning environment. Here are some strategies for getting the teacher s attention without getting in trouble.
62 Activity: Praise Scenarios In pairs, read your situation and brainstorm examples of praise/feedback that you could give to the student in the situation that would be effort-based praise. Share your scenario and an example of a praise statement with the whole group.
63 2. Teach a Growth Mindset Explicitly teaching students about growth mindset promotes their development of one. (Blackwell, Trzesniewski, Dweck, 2007)
64 Teaching a Growth Mindset Share the You Can Grow Your Intelligence article with students. Teach students that the brain is a muscle that needs to be exercised just like other muscles Use it or Lose it!
65 Brainology: A Research-Based Intervention A blended learning program designed to teach students: How to make their brains grow To use brain-wise study strategies Achieve more in school and elsewhere Become resilient Recent RCTs with middle school students demonstrate higher reading and math scores and higher student engagement
66 Mindset Lesson Videos & Quotes Discussion Famous Failures: "I've always believed that if you put in the work, the results will come. I don't do things half-heartedly. Because I know if I do, then I can expect halfhearted results. ~Michael Jordan Mindset Survey & Scoring Discussion How can we change our intelligence? Mindset reflection Action steps Follow-up
67 3. Model a Growth Mindset Talk aloud about challenges and setbacks you ve faced and feedback or criticism you ve received Demonstrate hearing the fixed mindset voice and talking back to it Ask students for feedback when you re working with them and then demonstrate how you use that feedback to change your practice
68 Share Models of Growth Mindset Reinforce the idea of a growth mindset with students by providing examples of people with a growth mindset who are famous in a related field. Examples: Science Einstein, Edison Math Jaime Escalante English Walt Disney, JK Rowling Theater Lucille Ball Music Beatles PE Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods Social Studies Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S Grant
69 PROMOTING A GROWTH MINDSET IN YOUR SCHOOL
70 Strategies Activity: In small groups, divide a paper into two columns. In the first column, brainstorm some practices in your school that may be promoting a fixed mindset in students. In the second column, brainstorm strategies that you as an SP might use for promoting a growth mindset throughout your school. Consider how to promote a growth mindset for administration, staff, teachers, and parents.
71 Strategy Ideas
72 Resources Mindset by Carol Dweck Mindsetonline.com Mindsetworks.com Motivating Students to Learn by Jere Brophy
73 CLOSING
74 Capture Your Thoughts Take a moment to complete your Capture Your Thoughts form. What are some questions you still have? What are some insights you wrote down? What are some action steps you will take as a result of this presentation?
75 Contact Information Angie Pohl Julie Gdula
76 References Blackwell, L.S., Trzesniewski, K., & Dweck, C.S. (2007). Implicit theories of intelligence predict achievement across an adolescent transition: A longitudinal study and an intervention. Child Development, 78, Dweck, C.S. (1999). Self-theories: Their role in motivation, personality, and development. Philadelphia: Psychology Press. Dweck, C.S. (2006). Mindset. New York: Random House. Good, C., Aronson, J., & Inzlicht, M. (2003). Improving adolescents standardized test performance: An intervention to reduce the effects of stereotype threat. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24,
77 References, cont. Henderson, V. L., & Dweck, C. S. (1990). Motivation and achievement. In Shirley S. Feldman & Glen R. Elliott, (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent, (pp ). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mangels, J. A., Butterfield, B., Lamb, J., Good, C., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). Why do beliefs about intelligence influence learning success? A social cognitive neuroscience model. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, Mueller, C. M., & Dweck, C. S. (1998). Praise for intelligence can undermine children s motivation and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, Ramsden, S., Richardson, F. M., Josse, G., Thomas, M. S. C., Ellis, C., Shakeshaft, C., Seghier, M. L., & Price, C. J. (2011). Verbal and non-verbal intelligence changes in the teenage brain. Nature, 479,
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