Music Therapy in the Assessment and Rehabilitation of Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: Lessons from Research
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1 Music Therapy in the Assessment and Rehabilitation of Prolonged Disorders of Consciousness: Lessons from Research Sophie Rappich Honorary Research Clinician in Music Therapy Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability Study by Julian O Kelly PhD S Rappich 2016
2 Prolonged DOC (4 weeks+) (Royal College Physicians Guidelines, 2013) J O'Kelly 2016
3 PDOC: The Grey Areas VS 41% (of n 103) rate of misdiagnosis in specialist units unchanged for 15 yrs (Schnackers et.al 2009) Functional Locked in Syndrome (Owen et. Al 2006,Bruno et. al 2011) 35% sensory cortex & higher-order associative areas / 5% high level language processing (Celisia 2013) PET study: in 13/41 VS, 13 found to have MCS levels of activation. 9 regained consciousness within year (Stender et. al 2014) MCS J O'Kelly 2016
4 Electroencephalogram (EEG) Beta (β) Hz alert, thinking & acting consciously, anxious Cortically generated, associated with motor activity, attention and higher cortical functioning & local processing Alpha (α) 8-13 Hz relaxed, reflective, inhibitory control, creative visualisation. Important for Widespread long-range cortical functioning; level related to cortical activation, consciousness. Associated with specific perceptual, attention & memory functions Theta(θ) 4-8 Hz: Delta 0-4 Hz: If widespread: deep relaxation, meditation, drowsiness Fontal midline theta (FMT) associated with hippocampal and anterior cingulate cortex regions emotion, concentration, and memory processes, -ve correlation with anxiety [Mitchell et al., 2008; Aftanas & Golocheikine, 2001; Caplan et al., 2003; Ekstrom et al., 2005; Fachner et al., 2013; Sammler et al., 2007]. Slow waves recorded in EEG Mostly associated with sleep and anaesthesia phenomena J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
5 J O'Kelly 2016
6 Healthy frontal and temporal EEG responses to stimuli (Error bars: 95% CI) * Post Hoc F Statistics from 1-way repeated measures ANOVA S where sig 0.05 J O'Kelly 2016
7 Frontal EEG response to stimuli across cohorts Liked Music has a similar effect of increasing cortical activity for MCS patients as controls albeit with less power J O Kelly S Rappich 2016
8 Music Therapy Rehabilitation with Disorders of Consciousness: A Neurophysiological and Behavioural Study Using behavioural, EEG and ANS measures to explore potential of music therapy to support the rehabilitation process for PDOC patients and provide prognostic indicators J O'Kelly 2016
9 Music Therapy Rehabilitation with PDOC: Neurophysiological and Behavioural Study Two Weeks Tr Preferred text Pref. text J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
10 Measures Neurophysiological Behavioural EEG Respiration Heart Rate O2 saturation Coma Recovery Scale- Revised Blink Rate Arousal Level Smart Tracker S Rappich 2016
11 Allocation Enrolment Assessed for eligibility (n =36) Healthy participants (n=10) Excluded (n = 25) Randomized ( n = 11) Not meeting inclusion criteria (n=11) Declined to participate ( n = 3) No response ( n = 4) No initial assessment ( n = 5) Early discharge ( n = 2) MCS ( n= 4 ) Allocated intervention 1 n= 2 Allocated intervention 1 n= 2 VS ( n = 5 ) Allocated intervention 1 n= 3 Allocated intervention 2 n = 2 Borderline ( n= 2 ) Allocated intervention 1 n= 1 Allocated intervention 2 n = 1 MCS ( n= 4 ) Ax1- Ax6 n= 3 Ax1- Ax4 n= 1 VS ( n = 5 ) Ax1- Ax6 n= 3 Ax1- Ax4 n= 2 Borderline ( n= 2 ) Ax1- Ax5 n= 1 Ax1- Ax4 n= 1 S Rappich 2016
12 S Rappich 2016
13 MCS Delta MCS Baseline Changes: Delta MCS Frontal Delta Conditions Compared Assessment Baseline Assessment after MT Assessment after Txt Global L Temp R Temp All Front 0 Assessment Baseline Assessment after MT Assessment after Txt BSL LM TXT J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
14 VS Delta VS Baseline Changes: Delta VS Frontal Delta Conditions Compared BSL LM TXT 0 Baseline After MT After TXT Global L Temp R Temp All Front 0 Assesment Baseline Assessment after MT Assessment after TXT J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
15 MCS Theta Global Theta Baseline Changes MCS Frontal Midline Theta Conditions Compared Assesment Baseline Assessment after MT Assessment after TXT BSL LM TXT Baseline After MT After TXT J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
16 VS Theta Global Theta Baseline Changes VS Pooled Frontal Midline Theta BSL LM TXT 0 All 0 Assesment Baseline Assessment after MT Assessment after TXT Baseline After MT Tx After TXT J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
17 MCS/VS Respiration MCS/VS Rep Rate Compared VS/MCS Compared Resp Variance (SDNN) MCS Baseline Music Therapy Text VS MCS VS Baseline Music Therapy Text J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
18 Coma Recovery Scale Scores VS CRS MCS CRS Before TXT After TXT Before Music After MT 3 months follow up 6 months follow up 0 Before TXT After TXT Before Music After MT 3 months follow up 6 months follow up VS1 VS2 VS3 VS4 VS5 MCS1 MCS2 MCS3 MCS4 MCS5 MCS6 J O Kelly, S Rappich 2016
19 Blinks per 10 sec Blink Rate: MCS & VS Compared **Sig < What does this mean? a basic arousal response where blink rate increases (VS Music), OR *Sig 0.52 decreased spontaneous blink rate characterizes the early stages of conscious recovery (MCS overall & in favour of Text? Or more relaxed MCS for Music?). (Bonfiglio et al. 2005) MCS VS J O Kelly 2016
20 Behavioural Data: MCS During Music During Text Narration Mean 3.14 SD Mean 2.9 SD SD Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: Music Arousal Level Significantly higher (z:-10 sig (2 tailed: < )
21 Behavioural Data: VS Mean 3.15 SD During Music During Text Narration Mean SD SD 0.8 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test: Text Arousal Level Significantly higher (z:-6.76 sig (2 tailed: < )
22 Case Study MCS Male patient, late 20s Traumatic brain injury following road traffic accident Admitted 3 months post injury Entered study approx. 4mths post injury SMART - MCS MATADOC borderline VS/ MCS CRS-R initial score 5 (indicative of MCS due to high score in visual scale) S Rappich 2016
23 Mean Arousal Level Correlation over time: Music / Time r=0.621 sig tailed Text/time r= non sig Session Number J O'Kelly S Rappich 2016
24 Normalised EEG Power Changes after MT Treatment Block J O'Kelly 2016 Baseline Silence Preferred Text Preferred Music Theta Alpha Hz Alpha Hz
25 Case study: Coma Recovery Scale Scores CRS-R Scoring 10 8 Most Responsive Domain Visual Scale Before Preferred Text After Preferred Text Before Liked Music After Liked Music 3 Months Follow Up Highest Score After Music Therapy Treatment (9) Due to Higher Score in Motor Function Scale S Rappich 2016
26 Conclusions & Implications Preliminary findings support hypothesis that Music Therapy has advantages as a non verbal, salient stimuli capable of optimising arousal to support the rehabilitation process More data needed to support hypothesis of a link between music therapy < neuroplasticity correlating with clinical improvements J O'Kelly 2016
27 This presentation is a combined effort of Julian O Kelly, PhD and S Rappich
28 References Magee, W. L., Siegert, R. J., Daveson, B. A., Lenton-Smith, G., & Taylor, S. M. (2014). Music Therapy Assessment Tool for Awareness in Disorders of Consciousness (MATADOC): Standardisation of the principal subscale to assess awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness. Neuropsychological rehabilitation, 24(1), Magee, W. and O'Kelly, J. (2015). Music therapy with disorders of consciousness: current evidence and emergent evidence-based practice. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1337(1), pp O Kelly, J., James, L., Palaniappan, R., Taborin, J., Fachner, J., & Magee, W. L. (2013) Neurophysiological and behavioral responses to music therapy in vegetative and minimally conscious states. Frontiers in human neuroscience.[online] 7 (884). Available from: O'Kelly, J., & Magee WL (a), Music therapy with disorders of consciousness and neuroscience: the need for dialogue. Nordic Journal of Music Therapy, 22(2), Niedermeyer, Ernst, and Lopes H. Da Silva F. Electroencephalography: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Related Fields. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Print. Rappich, S., O'Kelly, J., Palaniappan, R., James, L., Cusak, C., Lietor, M. (In progress). Music Therapy Rehabilitation with Disorders of Consciousness: A Neurophysiological and Behavioural Study. Unpublished study in progress, Royal Hospital for Neuro-disability Särkämö, T., Ripollés, P., Vepsäläinen, H., Autti, T., Silvennoinen, H. M., Salli, E.,... & Rodríguez-Fornells, A. (2014). Structural changes induced by daily music listening in the recovering brain after middle cerebral artery stroke: a voxel-based morphometry study. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 8 Wilson,S.L.,Brock,D.,Powell,G.E.,Thwaites,H.,and Elliott,K.(1996a).Constructing arousal profiles for vegetative state patients a preliminary report. BrainInj. 10, doi: / J O'Kelly 2016
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