Monitoring Wetland Hydrology
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1 Monitoring Wetland Hydrology BWSR Academy October 26, 2011 Eric Mohring
2 Monitoring Wetland Hydrology What is Monitoring? Why Monitor? What s the question?
3 What is Monitoring? Evaluation over a period of time of one or more of : Indicators Ground Water levels: Surface Water levels: Water Budget Inputs & Outputs saturation depths piezometric head or potential ponding flooding precipitation surface water inflow & outflow ground water inflow & outflow
4 Why Monitor Hydrology? Beyond delineation Verify site wetness (depth, duration, frequency) Verify delineations, resolve disputes Determine water movement Restoration/replacement success Wetland creation potential Functional assessments Calcareous fen determination
5 Monitoring Wetland Hydrology VERY Important to agree on the QUESTION before monitoring.
6 Wetland determination Is wetland hydrology present? What are the wetland types present? Wetland delineation & boundary determination Is wetland hydrology present? Where is the wetland/nonwetland hydrology boundary?
7 Functional assessment: depth, duration, frequency, timing of wetness. Depth of water table? Duration, frequency of saturation? Seasonality? Functional assessment: Determine Inputs & outputs How does wetland interact with ground water (recharge or discharge)? How does water flow into or out of the wetland?
8 Potential for wetland restoration or creation Evaluate hydrologic alteration What is the lateral effect of a drain or ditch? What depth is the water table? What are the hydrologic inputs and outputs? What is the lateral effect of a drain or ditch? Has a wetland been effectively drained? Or partially drained? How well is drain tile functioning?
9 Success of wetland restoration or replacement How much has water table depth changed since drain was removed? Has wetland hydrology been restored? Is restored hydrology adequate to support planned plant communities Calcareous fen? What is the direction of ground water flow? Does ground water discharge to the wetland? If so, is the discharging ground water alkaline?
10 Increasing Effort Levels of Hydrologic Monitoring Observation of Wetland Hydrology Indicators Water level measurements in boreholes Manual surface water level measurements (in ponds, water control structures, culverts, ) Surface water level measurements staff gauges Monitoring Wells manual measurements Automated surface water level measurements (water level data loggers) Automated monitoring well measurements (water level data loggers)
11 Wetland Hydrology Indicators
12 Regional Supplements
13 Wetland Hydrology Indicators Indicators in the 87 Manual are gone (10 indicators ). Replaced by Chapter 4 of the regional supplements (25 to 29 indicators).
14 Water level measurements in boreholes Allow time to equilibrate Watch out for smearing
15 Surface Water Levels
16 Staff Gauges
17 Stilling Well
18 Water Control Structure
19 Measuring Ground Water Levels Water Table Monitoring Wells Piezometers
20 Terminology & Semantics
21 Shallow water table monitoring well
22 Piezometer
23 Piezometers: do not (necessarily) measure saturation levels monitor head (pressure) differences water enters entire length water movement water enters ends only Water table monitoring wells: measure saturation
24 Well & Piezometer Comparison Unsaturated Soil Duration Frequency Depth Saturated Soil Static Water
25 Well & Piezometer Comparison Unsaturated Soil Saturated Soil? Aquitard (Unsaturated) Substratum (Unsaturated)
26 Well Piezometers Unsaturated Soil
27 Well Piezometers Rising Water Level - Discharge
28 Well Piezometers Rising Water Level - Discharge
29 Well Piezometers Rising Water Level - Discharge
30 Well Piezometers Rising Water Level - Discharge Endosaturation
31 Well Piezometers Static Water Level no vertical flow stagnant or flow-through
32 Well Piezometers Falling Water Level - Recharge
33 Well Piezometers Falling Water Level - Recharge Episaturation
34 Wetland hydrology monitoring Planning Documentation Maintenance
35 Hydrologic Monitoring Where to Monitor?
36 Hydrologic Monitoring Monitoring locations should: Answer the question(s) being asked Use appropriate equipment Represent the site/area
37
38 Planning: How many locations? objectives of the study wetland size site complexity soil type(s) vegetative communities wetland type topographic relief
39 Boundary determination Need data from both sides of suspected boundary Transect(s) perpendicular to suspected boundary Only as accurate as the distance between the wells.
40 Hydrologic Monitoring - Site upland boundary boundary wetland
41 Hydrologic Monitoring How Deep?
42 Hydrologic Monitoring Depths of Measurements Question: Does the depth and timing of saturation at a location meet the technical criterion for wetland hydrology? 15 inch deep well (technical standard) Additional deeper well? deep (or top of perching horizon)?
43 Additional deeper wells? Provide additional info about the water table. Usually installed deep enough to remain in contact with the water table year-round Data from a deeper well can alert those taking measurements to rising water table.
44 Hydrologic Monitoring - Site Depressional Wetland Topographic Gradient Wetland Hydrology Boundary Question: Where is wetland hydrology boundary?
45 Hydrologic Monitoring - Site Fig. 3: Wetland monitoring project site
46 Hydrologic Monitoring Site Altered Hydrology Objective: Determine lateral effect of drainage ditch.
47
48 Hydrologic Monitoring Site Ground Water Input/output?
49 Construction & Installation
50 Construction & Installation
51
52 USDA NRCS National Soil Survey Center Lincoln, Nebraska
53 1-2 diameter PVC pipe Commercial well screen 0.01 inch wide screen clean sand Construction
54 I like 1 ¼ inch PVC well screen
55 Filter Fabric Filter Socks Not necessary with sand pack Used in mucky or peat soil or where permanently saturated
56 Construction Riser Solid 1 st 6 below ground surface Extend 12 above ground surface, unless site requires more/less Well Cap Prevent rainfall contamination
57 Installation of a Well Cap (bentonite and native soil) Mound Native Soil Backfill Sand +2 Well Bentonite Clay Seal (2-3 ) Well Installation Cap with vent Hole at bottom Sand +2 Sand (3-4 )
58 Standard 15-inch monitoring well installed by augering. From: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Technical Standard for Water-Table Monitoring of Potential Wetland Sites
59 Standard 15-inch monitoring well installed by driving. From: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Technical Standard for Water-Table Monitoring of Potential Wetland Sites
60 Installation of a Piezometer Mound Piezometer Piezometer Installation Soil Backfill Bentonite Clay Seal Sand
61 Installation Equipment Auger with extensions Coloring book/water soil description Well/piezometers pre-made lengths or supplies to build in field Tamper Scarifier Bentonite Sand Tape measure Perm. markers to label equipment Installation data sheet(s)
62 Dutch Auger at the ready.
63 Logging the boring Checking depth
64 Scarify
65 Adding Sand Here Comes the Sand Tamping
66 Adding Bentonite Seal Almost Done
67 Construction - Protection Protection Needed? Depends on: Potential for vandalism Animals Planned burning Possibilities Steel riser Protection post Outer casing, cover, shelter Locking well cap
68 Equipment Maintenance Check for clogging Fine textures Pump and wait for equilibrium (saturated) Add water and time to drain (unsaturated) Verify instrument elevations Freeze/thaw, wet/dry cycles move equipment Annual spring tradition Vandalism protection Hide instruments, armor ID with signs
69 Documentation Location of wells site map Well construction details Soil/ geology log
70 Documentation of well installation details and soil characteristics is essential for valid interpretation of monitoring well data!
71
72 Measuring Water Levels
73 Steel Tape and Chalk
74 Electric water-level meters..
75 Pressure transducers & data loggers
76 Documentation of well installation details and soil characteristics is essential for valid interpretation of monitoring well data!
77 Interpreting the data.
78
79
80
81
82 Monitoring Wetland Hydrology Planning Agree on objective, question to answer. Use appropriate method. Use professional judgment, landscape, topography. Documentation Locations, construction details Maintenance Check elevations, function
83 Eric Mohring
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