Automatic, multi-grained elasticity-provisioning for the Cloud. User Requirements and System Architecture V1. Deliverable no.: D1.
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1 Automatic, multi-grained elasticity-provisioning for the Cloud User Requirements and System Architecture V1 Deliverable no.: D1.1 Date: CELAR is funded by the European Commission DG-INFSO Seventh Framework Programme, Contract no.:
2 Table of Contents 1 Introduction The Vision of CELAR CELAR Expected Outcome Purpose of this Document Document Structure Application Requirements Analysis Translational Cancer Detection pipeline (SCAN) EverythingHere Application Application-driven Use cases Actors Use Cases Functional Requirements Non-Functional Requirements CELAR Approach and Architecture Current Approach to Scaling CELAR Architecture CELAR Components Application Management Platform Elasticity Platform Cloud Information and Performance Monitor CELAR Workflows Application Description-Submission Workflows Application Deployment Workflow Profiling Workflow Monitoring Workflow Decision-making Workflow Conclusions Citations and References List of Figures Figure 1: Active vs. Idle Resources in an Over-provisioning Scenario [Feroldi2009]... 6 Figure 2: Dataflow of the SCAN Pipeline Figure 3: Architectural Overview of the Web-based Policy Game Developed Figure 4: CELAR Actors Figure 5: CELAR Application Lifecycle Figure 6: CELAR Use-case UML Diagram Figure 7: Standard Layering of Cloud-based Applications D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 2
3 Figure 8: CELAR System Architecture Figure 9: Decision Module overview Figure 10: CELAR Deployment Overview Figure 11: Application Description and Submission Workflows Figure 12: Monitoring Workflow Figure 13: Decision-making Workflow List of Tables Table 1: Use Cases for the Application User Actor Table 2: Use Cases for the CELAR Expert Actor Table 3: Use Cases for the IaaS/Application Platform Table 4: Default Monitoring System Metrics List of Abbreviations AMI API DB GUI IaaS ICR IS MS NGS PaaS UML VM WP Amazon Machine Image Application Programming Interface DataBase Graphical User Interface Infrastructure as a Service Institute of Cancer Research Information System Monitoring System Next Generation Sequencing Platform as a Service Unified Modeling Language Virtual Machine Work Package D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 3
4 Deliverable Title User Requirements and System Architecture V1 Deliverable no D1.1 Filename CELAR_D1.1_finalrelease.docx Author(s) Dimitrios Tsoumakos, Ioannis Konstantinou, Nikolaos Papailiou, Ioannis Giannakopoulos, Demetris Trihinas, Nicholas Loulloudes, Stalo Sofokleous, Georgiana Copil, Daniel Moldovan, Wei Xing, Kam Star Date Start of the project: Duration: 36 months Project coordinator organization: ATHENA RESEARCH AND INNOVATION CENTER IN INFORMATION COMMUNICATION & KNOWLEDGE TECHNOLOGIES (ATHENA) Due date of deliverable: Actual submission date: Dissemination Level X PU Public PP Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services) RE Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services) CO Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services) Deliverable status version control Version Date Author Dimitrios Tsoumakos, Ioannis Giannakopoulos, Nikos Papailiou, Dimitrios Tsoumakos Ioannis Giannakopoulos, Nikos Papailiou, Wei Xing Dimitrios Tsoumakos, Ioannis Giannakopoulos Dimitrios Tsoumakos Demetris Trihinas, Stalo Sofokleous, Georgiana Copil, Daniel Moldovan Dimitrios Tsoumakos, Ioannis Giannakopoulos, Nikos Papailiou Demetris Trihinas, Nicholas D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 4
5 Loulloudes Georgiana Copil Nikos Papailiou, Ioannis Giannakopoulos, Wei Xing, Kam Star Dimitrios Tsoumakos Abstract The aim of this document is to gather the use cases, compile the user requirements and present the detailed CELAR system architecture. Collecting the use cases relevant to the CELAR applications from the user partners enables a thorough registration of requirements and functionality which leads to the specification of the overall CELAR system architecture. Additionally, module functionality and basic workflows are defined in this document. Keywords CELAR System Architecture, Automated Elasticity Provisioning, Resource Allocation, Use Cases, System Requirements, Cloud Monitoring, c-eclipse, Application Management Platform, Elasticity Platform, Cloud Computing, Workflows D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 5
6 1 Introduction 1.1 The Vision of CELAR Cloud computing refers to the notion of delivering computing as a service rather than a product. Through Cloud computing, on-demand, ubiquitous network access to a shared pool of configurable and often virtualized computing resources is achieved in a metered by use, costefficient manner, i.e., with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. All these features make cloud computing an ideal paradigm for the modern business, with a predicted global market growth from $40.7 billion this year to more than $241 billion in 2020 [forester]. Figure 1: Active vs. Idle Resources in an Over-provisioning Scenario [Feroldi2009] One of the most appealing (albeit challenging) characteristics of cloud computing is the ability to support elastic computing. Elasticity refers to the ability of the infrastructure (IaaS), platform (PaaS) or software (SaaS) to expand or contract dedicated resources in order to meet the exact demand at runtime. Optimal resource allocation is of great importance in the realm of cloud infrastructure provisioning. Businesses, organizations and simple users alike witness wide variations in the load of their respective applications inside a time-span of a year, month, day or even a few minutes. Under-provisioning runs the risk of costly service denials at peak-hours (e.g., the recent Amazon Cloud Outage [Cloudoutage] or the Foursquare outage [Horowitz2010]). The standard model of provisioning for the expected peak load (see Figure 1) depicts how static resource provisioning incurs increased costs: The majority of commissioned resources remain idle during off-peak hours. Cloud elasticity using simple yet customizable rules can be provided so that application performance can be throttled in a multi-grained, controlled manner, bringing profits for both parties. From the cloud provider perspective, on-demand (elastic) provisioning allows for increased flexibility and performance gains for the customers. However, cloud consumers need not deal with exact provisioning of resources according to expected demand. All cloud consumers care about is cost and quality; thus, elastic resource provisioning should be performed by the provider [Dustdar2011]. On one hand, consumers of cloud services minimize the execution time of their submitted tasks without exceeding a given budget and on the other, cloud providers are keen on maximizing their financial gain while keeping their customers satisfied. In order for cloud applications and their users as well as cloud providers to harvest the benefits of elastic provisioning, it is imperative that is performed in an automated, fully customizable manner. Autoscaling of resources has been identified as one of the top obstacles and opportunities for Cloud Computing [Armbrust2009]. CELAR plans to fill this gap and deliver a fully automated and highly customizable system that performs elastic resource provisioning to cloud computing applications. The vision of the CELAR D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 6
7 (Cloud ELAsticity provisining) project is to provide a complete software stack that efficiently programs and manages resource allocation to cloud applications in the same way an operating system manages processes: When an application requires more resources to reach a required quality (in the same way, for instance, a process requires more memory), our system will automatically expand the application s virtual hardware at runtime. On the other hand, when the cloud application can achieve its performance goals with fewer resources, an automatic contraction (at runtime) will free virtual resources for other applications. The software stack adaptively regulates the efficient allocation of these resources to applications according to predefined consumer s elastic constraints or application descriptions in a multi-grained manner. To achieve that, dynamic resource and quality performance information is collected both at the platform and the application side of the Cloud infrastructure, evaluated cost-wise and exposed to the users. Our proposal covers the three layers required by an application to operate over the Cloud: The infrastructure layer (deployment over the ~Okeanos IaaS and the Flexiscale IaaS), the monitoring/optimization middleware (automatic elasticity provisioning over cloud platforms) and the programming development environment (i.e., c-eclipse, a distributed tool to enable developers, administrators and users to define the characteristics of their applications, launch them, submit jobs and monitor performance). The outcome of the proposed project is a modular, completely open-source system that offers elastic programmability for the user and automatic elasticity at the platform level. This outcome will be provided in a way that allows simple installation of any application alongside with its automated resource provisioning over a Cloud IaaS. The proposed system specifically targets: Infrastructure providers: Our elasticity provisioning subsystem will be modular in both design and implementation and deployable with minimum effort across various commercial and open-source platforms. As a proof of concept, our system will be deployed over three infrastructures: ~Okeanos ( a public IaaS cloud service developed and hosted by GRNET, the FlexiScale public platform ( hosted by BlueSquare Data servers) and Flexiant's in-house data-centre with increased API and platform customization capabilities. Cloud Application Users/developers: The system will enable a wide range of applications and their respective developers/expert users to easily utilize the resources of the underlying infrastructure through an intuitive programming development environment plug-in. Specifically, users will be able to define the application characteristics, including cost and quality and their trade-offs, for optimal resource allocation at design-time and runtime and will submit their applications without having to manually perform resource mappings and bindings. Search capabilities for making Cloud resources easily accessible to end-users will be provided. To circumvent the burdensome installation and integration process, our project offers a unique cloudification feature that allows click-and-go installation of the application over the CELAR system. To showcase the great potential of our modules and methods, two novel applications, one in the area of large-scale internet gaming and one in the area of scientific computing will be deployed over our prototype system. Cloud administrators: the prototype will enable administrators to manage and monitor the available resources (storage, processing and networking). A Cloud resource description framework will be introduced, which will be used for conceptual description of Cloud resources and will support visualization and search. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 7
8 1.2 CELAR Expected Outcome The goal of the proposed project is to develop methods and tools for applying and controlling multi-grained automatic elasticity at the application level over Cloud infrastructures. The main expected outcome of the project is a complete set of methods materializing into open-source tools that will allow the enhancement of a platform towards intelligent and automatic, multigrained resource provisioning according to the needs of user applications. Specifically: i. The elasticity provisioning subsystem, which manages platform resources. ii. The cloud-eclipse(c-eclipse) framework (adapted and extended from the g-eclipse official Eclipse project) so as to provide plug-ins for accessing and managing Cloud resources on iii. the envisioned platform. A scalable, multi-layer Cloud Monitoring tool that gathers a rich set of platform, infrastructure and application-side metrics and evaluates them in a composite fashion. Our modules will be both generic and open-source, in order to allow for maximum utilization and ease of adaptation with existing commercial, academic and community systems. Providing added value and greatly simplifying application deployment over CELAR, the project will develop a framework for the cloudification of any elasticity-demanding cloud application with the CELAR system, offering this integration into a single installable software package. In more detail, the expected outcome of CELAR is on two levels: the level on innovative methods and technologies and on the level of tools and applications. On the methods and technology level, novel methods in order to automatically decide the exact amount and type of resources that need to be commissioned or freed on a per-application level will be designed and developed. These will be tightly coupled with the idea of exposing cloud and application performance metrics to the user and enabling both qualitative and quantitative characterization of the application s performance. The integrated technology will enable fast, hustle-free development and submission of simple and highly demanding applications that take full advantage of the Cloud resources according to both demand and user requirements. Moreover, a unique integration framework will provide a roadmap for one-step, click-and-go installation of applications on virtually any cloud provider. On the tools and applications level, the outcome of the CELAR project will be a set of open-source tools that can be used both separately and as an integrated system in order to provide real-time, multi-grained elasticity and control over applications running over the Cloud. Two exemplary applications that showcase and validate the aforementioned technology will be developed, providing a clear path towards the adoption of the CELAR rationale and increasing the visibility and impact of the project results. The first application will showcase the use of CELAR technology for massive data management and large-scale collaboration required in the on-line gaming realm. This will be driven by a leading games development company that designs, develops and delivers Games, Applications and Simulations across industry sectors. The second application will target the area of scientific computing, with an application that requires computeand storage-intensive genome computations of varying difficulty in order to analyse cancer Workflows. This will be driven by one of the world s foremost independent cancer research organisations specializing in prevention, diagnosis and methods of treatment of cancer. In the next Section, more details about the two use-case applications as well as their envisioned functionality and requirements are given. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 8
9 1.3 Purpose of this Document The aim of this document is to present the CELAR use cases as these were initially documented by the intended users in Milestone 1 (MS1) of the project and describe the first version of the CELAR architecture. Use cases are used to define requirements, which drive the design of the first version of the CELAR system architecture. Factors influencing the detailed architecture of the CELAR system can be grouped, according to their characteristics, into categories: Functional requirements: (What the system will be capable of doing). The goals that users want to reach and the tasks they intend to perform with the new software must be determined. By recognizing the Functional Requirements, we understand the tasks that involve the abstraction of why the user performs certain activities, what their constraints and preferences are, etc. The important point to note is that WHAT is wanted is specified, and not HOW it will be delivered. Infrastructure requirements: Special or already existing hardware / software systems that must be used in the project fall into this category. Non-functional requirements (The restrictions on the types of solutions that will meet the functional requirements). Specification of non-functional requirements includes the description of user characteristics such as prior knowledge and experiences, the special needs of professional (i.e., developers, cloud experts, etc.) and personal users (Application Experts), subjective preferences, and the description of the environment in which the product or service will be used. As such, performance, usability and scalability requirements are also an issue. 1.4 Document Structure The structure of the rest of this document is as follows: In Section 2 we present a semantic overview of the CELAR applications, derive the basic actors and use cases and compile the CELAR functional and non-functional requirements. In Section 3 we define the overall system architecture. This section outlines the difference between current elastic application management and CELAR, present the system architecture and describe its components. Finally, we define the basic Workflows based on the CELAR use-cases and functionality. We conclude this document in Section 4. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 9
10 2 Application Requirements Analysis In this section, we provide an overview of the two applications that will use the CELAR infrastructure. While a more detailed description will be available in the corresponding application deliverables (D7.1 and D8.1), we now provide an overview description of the scenarios that motivate the applications as well as their envisioned architecture/modules. 2.1 Translational Cancer Detection pipeline (SCAN) The identification of genes that are mutated and hence drive oncogenesis has been a central aim of cancer research since the advent of recombinant DNA technology. ICR has developed several pipelines to capture and analyze genomic, proteomic and clinical information by using several biology tools such as BWA, GATK, The Global Proteome Machine, MaxQuant, CellProfiler and Cytoscape. Details of the SCAN pipeline can be shown in Figure 2: Figure 2: Dataflow of the SCAN Pipeline Below, we briefly describe the tools mentioned above as well as the respective platforms/software licences under which they operate: Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA): an efficient program that aligns relatively short nucleotide sequences against a long reference sequence such as the human genome. It is a CPU intensive application implemented in the C language, running under Linux. Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK): a structured programming framework designed to ease the development of efficient and robust analysis tools for next-generation DNA sequencers using the functional programming philosophy of MapReduce [Dean2004]. It is a java application using the Java JDK for Linux platforms. Global Proteome Machine: a powerful search engine which uses mass spectrometry data to identify proteins from primary sequence databases. MaxQuant: a quantitative proteomics software package designed for analyzing large massspectrometric data sets. It is specifically aimed at high-resolution Mass Spectometry data. Several labelling techniques as well as label-free quantification are supported. It runs over a Windows platform. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 10
11 CellProfiler Analyst: open-source software in Python for exploring and analyzing large, highdimensional image-derived data. It includes machine learning tools for identifying complex and subtle phenotypes. It runs over Linux platforms. Cytoscape: an open source software platform for visualizing complex networks and integrating these with any type of attribute data. It is a java application. The SCAN pipeline comprises four processes: A) NGS data process with Linux system; B) Mass Spectrometry sample data process with Windows system; C) Cell Image data process with Linux Web server; D) Integrative network analysis with Linux system. The resources required for the four processes are very different, such as Linux, Windows, Web services, etc. Currently, ICR has to prepare the different systems (hardware and software) with various run-time environments in advance in order to run the whole pipeline in five steps. However, this approach is unproductive and highly inefficient. For example, a dedicated windows system for the protein discovery application is required but only used for about 30 minutes in a total of 90 h of the whole pipeline execution. Furthermore, over-provisioning the required systems with maximum hardware capability is currently mandatory for few special cases (e.g., the analysis of some very complicate and very large patient data sets), although they are not necessary for most of the cases. CELAR can provision system resources automatically to the heterogeneous applications of the SCAN analytic pipeline in a just enough, just on time manner. It will allow the SCAN pipeline to terminate smoothly without interruption. In particular, CELAR will be able to monitor the state of execution of the various SCAN steps, so that it can dynamically allocate the required resources for each step of the pipeline when needed. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 11
12 2.2 EverythingHere Application EverythingHere is a web based policy game, developed by Playgen, which will utilize Big-Data from the government website pulling in historical and real time information in order to model and simulate the infrastructure of London as games challenges. Players will be put in the shoes of policy makers and progress through the game by slicing and analysing data. In order to complete game challenges they must discover emerging stories within the data sets (Correspondence analysis). The game will encourage players to use its inbuilt data tools to do sentiment analysis and deep data mining to complete their objectives and progress further. The game will allow multiple concurrent users to access it ubiquitously. The game will be deployed and run over the CELAR system in order to demonstrate the capability of CELAR for elastic processing of huge volumes of highly volatile social data produced and updated during a cloud social game as well as accommodating a large varying number of concurrent user accesses. EverythingHere's architecture is shown in Figure 3. The game consists of three separate tiers: Data Aggregation modules, Data Analysis modules and Data Presentation/Manipulation modules. Figure 3: Architectural Overview of the Web-based Policy Game Developed Each module of the architecture is responsible for a set of functionalities, provided to the system. Specifically: Data agents represent that will provide data. Data receivers are specific applications responsible for interacting with Data agents and pulling data. The data receiver will store the data pulled by data agents into the Data Stores, which are implemented using Cassandra [Cassandra], a NoSQL data store. The Analyser Engine will analyse data according to defined analytic queries. Data analysis involves reading data from data stores, updating them and storing them back to the data stores. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 12
13 An interactive User Interface is responsible for showing queries of analysed data to the user. If the analyzed data is not available, then the Data Receiver will request it from Data Agents. For the above modules, CELAR must provide the necessary resources so that CPU- and I/Ointensive applications like Data Analysis can operate adequately and execute queries at the shortest time possible. CELAR must also monitor the application executed on the CELAR platform and keep appropriate metrics so that overloading is avoided and dynamic addition or removal of resources will help achieving a scalable application performance. 2.3 Application-driven Use cases In this section, we present the use cases for the CELAR platform. We first provide a description of the actors (or user roles) that will interact with the system; we then describe the functionalities each wants to access as perceived by the CELAR actors. Figure 4 gives an overview of all the CELAR actors as well as their hierarchy. Application User «extends» «extends» CELAR Expert «extends» «extends» Application Owner Application Expert/Developer IaaS/Application platform CELAR Admin CELAR Engineer Figure 4: CELAR Actors Actors The CELAR system accepts as input an application and its corresponding descriptions, gets resources and metrics from the underlying provider and eventually performs elastic and automatic application resource management. To that extent, CELAR users may be both physical entities (relating to the CELAR platform and the application that runs over it) and another system (e.g., IaaS monitoring infrastructure). The identified actors are: Application User The Application User is a person that is knowledgeable about the application currently executed over the CELAR platform. His goal is to describe, deploy and monitor the application over CELAR. This general user is a generalization of the Application Owner and the Application Expert/Developer that are described in the respective sections. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 13
14 Application Owner The owner is a user responsible to define the cost and performance policies that govern the elastic decisions made by the CELAR platform. The user can define or update the optimization criteria under which elastic actions will be taken. Moreover, this user will be able to monitor the application s performance and costs and terminate the application execution under CELAR Application Expert/Developer The Application Expert is a person aware of the application structure, its modules, its execution environment and history, etc. This actor can provide CELAR with any available information relative to the description of the application and various submission details. Additionally, this actor will be monitoring the application s performance. CELAR Expert A CELAR Expert is a person who has knowledge of the CELAR system internals; it can be either a CELAR Admin or a CELAR Engineer. CELAR Admin The CELAR Admin is responsible to setup and maintain the CELAR platform. He deploys the platform inside the IaaS infrastructure and is responsible to maintain it in cases of hardware or software faults. The CELAR Admin is experienced with the internal components and architecture of the platform. CELAR Engineer A CELAR Engineer is a person who understands the CELAR system and is able to interact and operate with the CELAR platform when needed. He has experience in writing custom-made resizing and deployment scripts for CELAR. As such, the engineer is someone who has knowledge of the CELAR modules and the underlying IaaS. IaaS/Application Platform The IaaS provider as well as the Application Platform interact with CELAR providing it with adequate performance measurements, indicating the application's resources usage, load information, cluster status, etc Use Cases The use cases, as they are compiled through the requirements gathered by the user partners, impose a general structure into the lifecycle of an application that is executed over the CELAR system. This is pictorially described in Figure 5: the Application User s input is required in order to describe, submit and deploy his application. During these stages, the CELAR system is provided with information used to correctly deploy, manage and monitor this application. The application is then profiled and elastically managed by CELAR. These stages correspond to the CELAR Expert and IaaS/application platform users that provide with metrics, scripts and various administrative and technical support correspondingly. Finally, the Application User may terminate his application. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 14
15 Describe Submit Deploy Profile Monitor and Manage Terminate Application User CELAR Expert IaaS/Application Platform Application User Figure 5: CELAR Application Lifecycle All CELAR functionalities are presented in a common UML use-case diagram of Figure 6. With its help, the relation between different functionalities is described in a graphical way. Describe Application «uses» CELAR «uses» «uses» «uses» Describe Structure Describe Elasticity Submit Application «uses» «uses» «uses» Describe Data/Load Set Optimization Policy Deploy Application Set Deployment Parameters Application User Save/Upload Preferences «uses» Terminate Application Profile Application «uses» Monitor Application «uses» Provide monitor statistics IaaS/Application platform Application-script Generation CELAR Expert Maintenance Figure 6: CELAR Use-case UML Diagram D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 15
16 We now describe the documented use-cases on a per-user level. The actors described previously can interact with CELAR through specific actions. For each of these actors, the use cases are: Table 1: Use Cases for the Application User Actor Name Used by Description Describe Application Submit Application Application description is given by the Application Expert in order to give specific details of the application's structure and topology. The description must be given before the submission of the application to the CELAR platform and it can be divided to a number of shorter steps like structural description, elasticity directives and Describe Structure Describe Elasticity Describe Data/Load Submit Application Set Optimization Policy Set Deployment Parameters Deploy Application Monitor Application Describe Application Describe Application Describe Application Deploy Application Submit Application Submit Application Profile Application Profile Application data/load hints, as described below. Structural description of the application provides information to the platform about the application's topology (e.g., number and types of tiers, number and types of application components pert tier, etc.) and the dependences between them. This description is provided by the Application Expert. Elasticity directives are given by the Application Expert in order to provide information about the application's elastic behaviour towards resizing actions. Data and load hints are provided by the Application Expert in order to be used by CELAR and help the platform predict the application's behaviour under different amount of skew, read/write/update schemes, load, etc. The Application Expert submits the application to the platform after the description step, where he has provided the static information of the application. The submission will proceed when details about the optimization policy and deployment are provided. Policy details are given by the owner; these details are used by the CELAR decision module to optimize the application's behaviour according to the defined preferences. Deployment details are given by the Application Expert in order to be used by CELAR to initialize the configuration of separate tiers and orchestrate them in the physical level (allocate the necessary resources). After all description and submission information has been completed, the Application User chooses to finally deploy his application over the CELAR system. Application Users have access to monitoring statistics of their application, regarding the application's performance measured by any metric available at application and D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 16
17 Save/Upload preferences Terminate Application physical level. Different Application Users may have different privileges in the monitoring interface. - Preferences of the application's deployment or policy input given by the policy expert or owner may be saved and uploaded any time during the application's execution, so that the user can retrieve older configurations and use them. - The owner of an application chooses to terminate the execution of his application over the CELAR platform. Table 2: Use Cases for the CELAR Expert Actor Name Used by Description Profile Application - Application profiling is the process where the application is executed under different deployment setups in order to export conclusions about the application's behaviour under different loads/committed resources. These conclusions will be very helpful to the decision module. Profiling uses the Deploy Application and Monitor Application use cases. The CELAR Engineer is responsible Applicationscript Generation for invoking and controlling the profiling. - The CELAR Engineer helps the Application Expert to create custom scripts so that resizing actions can be correctly implemented at the application in hand. Maintenance - The CELAR Admin is responsible for the maintenance of the platform. Table 3: Use Cases for the IaaS/Application Platform Name Used By Description Provide monitor statistics Monitor Application The IaaS/Application platform will provide monitor statistics to CELAR, used by the monitor application use case. 2.4 Functional Requirements This section aims to derive the functional requirements from the previously described use cases and elaborate on the way the required functionality is expected to be realized by the CELAR system. Application Submission: Application Owners should be able to use a CELAR UI that will allow them to submit all necessary information in order for their application to be deployed and run over a cloud infrastructure. The first step is to be able to provide, via a user-friendly interface, meaningful information about the D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 17
18 application to be deployed and elastically managed by CELAR. In order to assist CELAR and accommodate the general application case, a minimum set of hints relating to the structure of the application, its dependencies, sample elasticity directives and workload/data usage are expected to be provided. The second step includes (but is not limited to) providing an Optimization Policy for CELAR and selecting the appropriate VM images. The user will be able to pick one of the base VM images available from the IaaS provider. Alternatively, he can use custom machine images built and configured over the base images. Building and configuring custom snapshots is a job aided by automated tools. Application Deployment: Application Experts should be able to perform the deployment of their application using the CELAR technology. In detail, this means that after submitting all relevant information, the system should reserve the right type and amount of cloud resources relevant to the given hints and application profiling so that the initial application execution performs within the user-defined policy. Real-time Application Monitoring: Application Users should be able to monitor current and past application performance using a user-friendly UI. Moreover, they should have access to aggregated statistics on cost and performance based on metrics of their choice. In order to provide a complete and accurate such view, the monitoring system should be able to collect metrics from multiple infrastructure layers, combine and evaluate them against costs and benefits before presenting them. Real-time, Automated and User-defined Resource Provisioning: The fundamental requirement from the CELAR system is to perform elastic resource allocation in a completely transparent manner: Users and owners should be able to perceive the performance and corresponding costs of their applications to vary, at all times, within the limits they defined when submitting the application. The CELAR system should thus adaptively add and remove resources in real time, so that the perceived behaviour range is always bound by the user s requirements. Customizable System Interaction: The users should be able to adjust the system s behaviour and output in various important aspects: First and foremost, the users should be able to change the policies governing their application behaviour if they wish so; moreover, they should be able to alter or refine their application or its description and deployment requirements; finally, they should be able to dynamically alter the importance of metrics or the detail granularity at which they will be reported to them. Application Termination: The Application Owner should be able, besides submitting and starting an application to also terminate its execution under CELAR. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 18
19 2.5 Non-Functional Requirements Apart from the functional requirements described above, which specify the system behaviour and reflect the use cases that the CELAR actors can perform, the CELAR architecture is equally driven by several non-functional requirements which define the qualities of the system. Scalability Scalability is of paramount importance for the CELAR system. As the platform is expected to handle multiple I/O intensive and data intensive applications, it is obvious that scaling both to the number of managed applications as well as to the load/data that each one produces is a hard requirement. In essence, scalability in CELAR relates to: i. Efficient management of multiple deployments both relative to monitoring multiple application layers in real-time and maintaining the required metadata per application. ii. Taking elastic resize actions over multiple applications and huge resource pools from the IaaS provider. High Availability Availability of the CELAR system is an important aspect: Users should be able to manage their applications consistently and reliably via CELAR. Consequently, the system should exhibit very high levels of robustness both against hardware and software failures, utilize redundancy, loadbalancing, etc, in order to ensure that CELAR components and services will be highly available. Efficiency The CELAR system will require many computation and store steps and resources for analysing large amounts of monitoring and application deployment data in a reasonable time, mainly in order to provide fast and accurate resize actions. Thus, it is imperative that efficient data management schemes (both in data store and data processing technologies) be employed on multiple stages of the CELAR Workflows: During monitoring/profiling and processing of the metrics, during decision making and during actual deployments. Wide Applicability To ensure a wider usage of the CELAR system after the end of the project by different organizations and environments, it is necessary to develop a system that is portable, easy to deploy and maintain, intuitive to use and extend. One step towards that direction is to provide CELAR as a service: Services offer a higher level of flexibility, as they can be composed on demand to provide new functionalities. Furthermore services can be spread and replicated on other machines ensuring a good quality of service. CELAR has the potential of being offered by different IaaS providers as a service that will dynamically manage application resource allocation. Portability can be ensured by a series of choices such as: i. Clear API and interaction definitions: Each module in the CELAR architecture must specify a list of public methods (services) for interaction. Specifying these APIs for the software modules hides the implementation details and eases workflow creation and changes. ii. Portable programming languages and standards: Utilize platform independent languages like Java, standard tools and libraries that exist on a wide variety of platforms. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 19
20 User-friendliness CELAR offers a set of tools and interfaces to allow Application Users and experts to interact with the system. As the level of interaction with CELAR requires novel information exchange (e.g., elasticity constraints per module, load hints, Optimization Policy, etc.), it is imperative that the interface must be designed in a user-friendly and user-intuitive manner: users should not be forced to input information unknown to them, yet they should provide useful hints for CELAR operations. D1.1 User Requirements and System Architecture V1 20
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